@article{Webster1984,
abstract = {Focuses on the research which is designed to examine cable's effect on the consumption of local television news. Effect of increased cable competition on broadcasters and the viewing public; Impact of cable television on audience for local news; Consideration of lesser cable audience as grounds for Federal communications Commission policy.},
author = {Webster, JG},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
keywords = {cable television},
mendeley-tags = {cable television},
number = {2},
pages = {419--422},
title = {{Cable television's impact on audience for local news}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/61/2/419.full.pdf+html},
volume = {61},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Sartori1991,
abstract = {I seek to explain the disappointing performance of the field of comparative politics addressing the three basic questions: Why compare? What is comparable? and How? I also challenge the view that the methodology of comparison is pretty well known and established. Hosts of unsettled issues remain, while a growing cause of frustration and failure is the undetected proliferation of `cat-dogs' (or worse), that is, nonexistent aggregates which are bound to defy, on account of their non-comparable characteristics, any and all attempts at law-like generalizations. The bottom line is that the comparative endeavor suffers from loss of purpose.},
author = {Sartori, G},
doi = {10.1177/0951692891003003001},
issn = {0951-6298},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Politics},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {243--257},
title = {{Comparing and Miscomparing}},
url = {http://jtp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/243},
volume = {3},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Kidwell2013,
abstract = {The authors develop a conceptual model of how the congruence of political ideology and persuasive appeals enhances sustainable behaviors. In study 1, persuasive appeals consistent with individualizing and binding moral foundations were de- veloped to enhance liberal and conservative recycling. In study 2, individualizing and binding appeals were tested on actual recycling behavior using a longitudinal field study to demonstrate the effectiveness of messages congruent with the moral foundations of liberals and conservatives. Study 3 demonstrated that enhanced fluency represents the underlying psychological process that mediates the rela- tionship between message congruence and intentions. Moreover, study 3 estab- lished that spillover effects resulting from increased intentions to engage in sustainable disposition behavior enhance intentions to engage in sustainable ac- quisition and consumption behaviors. Finally, study 4 ruled out potential message confounds to demonstrate the robustness of the findings. Practical implications for marketers and public policy officials interested in increasing sustainable behaviors are offered. A},
author = {Kidwell, Blair and Farmer, Adam and Hardesty, David M},
doi = {10.1086/670610},
isbn = {0093-5301},
issn = {0093-5301},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Research},
number = {2},
pages = {350--367},
title = {{Getting Liberals and Conservatives to Go Green: Political Ideology and Congruent Appeals}},
url = {https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/670610},
volume = {40},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Seymour-Ure1982,
author = {Seymour-Ure, C},
title = {{The American president: Power and communication}},
url = {http://www.getcited.org/pub/102209143},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Pfau2000,
author = {Pfau, M and Holbert, R L and Zubric, S J and Pasha, N H and Lin, W K},
isbn = {1521-3269},
journal = {Media Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {1--33},
title = {{Role and influence of communication modality in the process of resistance to persuasion}},
volume = {2},
year = {2000}
}
@book{Tourangeau2000,
abstract = {Drawing on classic and modern research from cognitive psychology, social psychology, and survey methodology, this book examines the psychological roots of survey data, how survey responses are formulated, and how seemingly unimportant features of the survey can affect the answers obtained. Topics include the comprehension of survey questions, the recall of relevant facts and beliefs, estimation and inferential processes people use to answer survey questions, the sources of the apparent instability of public opinion, the difficulties in getting responses into the required format, and distortions introduced into surveys by deliberate misreporting.},
author = {Tourangeau, Roger and Rips, Lance J. and Rasinski, Kenneth A.},
isbn = {0521576296},
pages = {401},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{The Psychology of Survey Response}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=bjVYdyXXT3oC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Walton2007,
author = {Walton, G M and Cohen, G L},
journal = {Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT},
title = {{Mere belonging}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Brewer2008,
author = {Brewer, M B},
journal = {Improving intergroup relations},
title = {{Deprovincialization: Social identity complexity and outgroup acceptance}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444303117.ch11/summary},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Zaller1992a,
author = {Zaller, J},
keywords = {Asymmetry,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry,selexppol},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{The nature and origins of mass opinion}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=83yNzu6toisC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR8{\&}ots=6nEyjKWzSU{\&}sig=Hn5S8qOXX{\_}4jwvBY0bD{\_}hC42wVQ},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Pasek2010,
abstract = {This article provides a summary of the literature's suggestions on survey design research. In doing so, it points researchers toward question formats that appear to yield the highest measurement reliability and validity. Using the American National Election Studies as a starting point, it shows the general principles of good questionnaire design, desirable choices to make when designing new questions, biases in some question formats and ways to avoid them, and strategies for reporting survey results. Finally, it offers a discussion of strategies for measuring voter turnout in particular, as a case study that poses special challenges. Scholars designing their own surveys should not presume that previously written questions are the best ones to use. Applying best practices in questionnaire design will yield more accurate data and more accurate substantive findings about the nature and origins of mass political behavior.},
author = {Pasek, Josh and Krosnick, Jon A},
doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199235476.003.0003},
isbn = {9780191584848},
issn = {1083-6101},
journal = {The Oxford Handbook of American Elections and Political Behavior},
keywords = {American National Election Studies,Optimization,Political science,Question formats,Survey questionnaire design,Voter turnout},
title = {{Optimizing Survey Questionnaire Design in Political Science: Insights from Psychology}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Anduiza2012,
abstract = {Media availability and fragmentation and the resulting possibilities of content selection have risen dramatically with the expansion of new digital media. Previous research has found that this may increase knowledge gaps among citizens with different resources and motivations. This article analyses how Internet use affects political knowledge gaps due to education and to political interest in Spain. As expected, frequent Internet users are more knowledgeable about politics than non-users. Furthermore, Internet use increases knowledge more for the highly educated than for citizens with lower levels of education. Thus, the political knowledge gap related to education seems to be growing with the introduction of new media. However, the knowledge gap between citizens with high and low levels of political interest is smaller for frequent Internet users than for non-users. These ndings provide a complex picture and partially contradict the pessimistic theory about the impact of increasing media choice on political knowledge.},
author = {Anduiza, Eva and Gallego, Aina and Jorba, L},
journal = {REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE SOCIOLOG{\'{I}}A},
keywords = {Internet,Knowledge Gap,Knowledge New Media,Political knowledge.,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
number = {1},
pages = {129--151},
title = {{INTERNET USE AND THE POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE GAP IN SPAIN}},
url = {http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2011/117219/revintsoc{\_}a2012m1-4v70n1p129.pdf},
volume = {70},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Maas2005,
abstract = {An important problem in multilevel modeling is what constitutes a sufficient sample size for accurate estimation. In multilevel analysis, the major restriction is often the higher-level sample size. In this paper, a simulation study is used to determine the influence of different sample sizes at the group level on the accuracy of the estimates (regression coefficients and variances) and their standard errors. In addition, the influence of other factors, such as the lowest-level sample size and different variance distributions between the levels (different intraclass correlations), is examined. The results show that only a small sample size at level two (meaning a sample of 50 or less) leads to biased estimates of the second-level standard errors. In all of the other simulated conditions the estimates of the regression coefficients, the variance components, and the standard errors are unbiased and accurate.},
author = {Maas, Cora J M and Hox, Joop J},
doi = {10.1027/1614-2241.1.3.86},
journal = {Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences},
keywords = {polpar},
month = {jan},
number = {3},
pages = {86--92},
title = {{Sufficient Sample Sizes for Multilevel Modeling}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.1.3.86},
volume = {1},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Clarke2013,
abstract = {This paper uses data gathered in the British Election Study's 2011 AV Referendum Survey to investigate the impact of party leader images on referendum voting. The emphasis on leader images accords well with research showing that leader heuristics have sizable effects on voting in major referendums and general elections in Britain and other mature democracies. Reacting to these findings, some analysts have argued that the effects of leader images are heterogeneous, being stronger for voters with lower levels of political knowledge. In contrast, consistent with recent research in experimental economics and political psychology, it can be hypothesized that more knowledgeable voters rely more heavily on leader heuristics than do less knowledgeable individuals. Using multivariate statistical techniques developed for interpreting interaction effects in nonlinear models, analyses indicate that a political knowledge index focusing on the electoral system does not have statistically significant effects on referendum voting. However, voters' knowledge of leaders' positions on AV does interact with leader images. The analyses show that voters with higher levels of political knowledge are influenced more strongly by leader heuristics than are those who are less knowledgeable. ?? 2012 Elsevier Ltd.},
author = {Clarke, Harold D and Sanders, David and Stewart, Marianne C and Whiteley, Paul},
doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2012.10.006},
isbn = {0261-3794},
issn = {02613794},
journal = {Electoral Studies},
keywords = {AV referendum,Heuristics,Interaction effects,Political knowledge},
number = {2},
pages = {224--235},
title = {{Leader heuristics, political knowledge and voting in Britain's AV referendum}},
volume = {32},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Tourangeau1996,
author = {Tourangeau, R and Smith, T W},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {275},
title = {{Asking sensitive questions: The impact of data collection mode, question format, and question context}},
volume = {60},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Norris2012a,
author = {Norris, Pippa},
doi = {10.1007/s12286-012-0130-9},
issn = {1865-2646},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"{u}}r Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft},
month = {sep},
number = {1},
pages = {71--98},
title = {{‘To them that hath{\ldots}'. News media and knowledge gaps}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12286-012-0130-9},
volume = {6},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Lord1979,
author = {Lord, Charles G and Ross, Lee and Lepper, Mark R},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
number = {11},
pages = {2098--2109},
title = {{Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence}},
volume = {37},
year = {1979}
}
@article{finkel1998,
abstract = {Theory: Recent research contends that campaign "attack" advertising demobilizes the electorate, with particularly strong effects among political Independents. We dispute this claim, arguing instead that there is little reason to expect a powerful relationship between the tone of campaign advertising and voter turnout. Attack advertising may depress turnout among some voters, but it is likely to stimulate others by increasing their store of political information about the candidates, by increasing the degree to which they care about the election's outcome, or by increasing ties to their party's nominee. Hypothesis: The amount of a campaign's attack political advertising will be unrelated to overall voter turnout and to turnout among Independents. Methods: We employ a multi-method research design, combining a systematic content analysis of presidential campaign advertisements from 1960 to 1992 with aggregate data on turnout and the pooled National Election Studies survey data set. Correlational, linear, and logistic regression analyses are performed. Results: Controlling for other variables known to influence turnout, we find that attack advertising does not influence either overall turnout rates or individual self-reported votes. Similarly, we find no demobilizing effect for negative advertisements among Independent voters. Further survey analyses show that the effect of attack advertisements on voter withdrawal is weakest among individuals who are most highly attentive to the mass media, and thus who are most likely to have read about or seen the negativity of the campaign.},
author = {Finkel, Steven E and Geer, John G},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
number = {2},
pages = {pp. 573--595},
publisher = {Midwest Political Science Association},
title = {{A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2991771},
volume = {42},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Fennema1999,
abstract = {Abstract This article examines the political participation and political trust of four ethnic groups in Amsterdam. We explore, first, the degree to which Turks, Moroccans, Surinamese and Antilleans participate and the extent to which they trust the democratic institutions of the city. Second, we address how differences in participation and trust can be explained. For this we will turn to the civic community perspective which was reintroduced powerfully by Robert Putnam in his Making Democracy Work (Putnam 1993). In order to measure the civic community of ethnic groups we focus on ethnic organisations in Amsterdam and the links between them. Additionally, we will also report data on the use of mass media. We conclude that there is a rank correlation between the degree of civic community of the various ethnic groups in Amsterdam and the levels of political participation and political trust in local ? non?ethnic ? political institutions. Civic engagement and social capital are the most powerful determinants of the quality of multicultural democracy.
Abstract This article examines the political participation and political trust of four ethnic groups in Amsterdam. We explore, first, the degree to which Turks, Moroccans, Surinamese and Antilleans participate and the extent to which they trust the democratic institutions of the city. Second, we address how differences in participation and trust can be explained. For this we will turn to the civic community perspective which was reintroduced powerfully by Robert Putnam in his Making Democracy Work (Putnam 1993). In order to measure the civic community of ethnic groups we focus on ethnic organisations in Amsterdam and the links between them. Additionally, we will also report data on the use of mass media. We conclude that there is a rank correlation between the degree of civic community of the various ethnic groups in Amsterdam and the levels of political participation and political trust in local ? non?ethnic ? political institutions. Civic engagement and social capital are the most powerful determinants of the quality of multicultural democracy.},
author = {Fennema, Meindert and Tillie, Jean},
doi = {10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976711},
issn = {1369-183X},
journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {703--726},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Political participation and political trust in Amsterdam: Civic communities and ethnic networks}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976711},
volume = {25},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Tourangeau2004,
author = {Tourangeau, R},
title = {{Survey research and societal change}},
year = {2004}
}
@unpublished{Krosnick2000,
author = {Krosnick, J A and Fabrigar, L R},
publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
title = {{The handbook of questionnaire design}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Cheung1999,
author = {Cheung, G W and Rensvold, R B},
journal = {Journal of Management},
number = {1},
pages = {1},
title = {{Testing factorial invariance across groups: A reconceptualization and proposed new method}},
volume = {25},
year = {1999}
}
@article{green_macropartisanship:_1998,
author = {Green, D and Palmquist, B and Schickler, E},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
pages = {883--899},
shorttitle = {Macropartisanship},
title = {{Macropartisanship: A replication and critique}},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Arceneaux2016,
abstract = {News media play a central role in democratic politics, yet we know little about how media affect the behavior of policy makers. To understand the conditions under which news media influence political elites, we advance a theory of strategic responsiveness, which contends that elected representatives are more likely to heed their constituents' preferences when voters are attentive. Accordingly, news media's influence on legislative behavior should be most apparent near elections and dependent on the partisan composition of the constituency. We capitalize on the incremental rollout of the conservative Fox News Channel in the late 1990s to evaluate our theoretical predictions. Fox News caused both Republicans and Democrats in Congress to increase support for the Republican Party position on divisive votes, but only in the waning months of the election cycle and among those members who represent districts with a sizable portion of Republican voters.},
author = {Arceneaux, Kevin and Johnson, Martin and Lindst{\"{a}}dt, Ren{\'{e}} and {Vander Wielen}, Ryan J},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12171},
isbn = {00925853},
issn = {15405907},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {5--29},
title = {{The Influence of News Media on Political Elites: Investigating Strategic Responsiveness in Congress}},
volume = {60},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Cho2007,
abstract = {This paper investigates relationships between community characteristics and levels of knowledge and participation examined at both the individual and the community levels. This research extends the knowledge gap concept to a parallel phenomenon, the participation gap. Results from the Social Capital Benchmark Survey 2000 showed that community density, education, and cohesion were significant positive predictors of knowledge but less consistent predictors of participation at the individual level. At the community level, relationships were even stronger, though cohesion was associated with higher mean levels of participation and reduced participation gaps, whereas population density was associated with lower levels of participation and increased gaps.},
author = {Cho, Jaeho and McLeod, Douglas M},
issn = {0021-9916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {aggregate level,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,individual level,internet},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {205--228},
title = {{Structural Antecedents to Knowledge and Participation: Extending the Knowledge Gap Concept to Participation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00340.x},
volume = {57},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Brundidge2010,
author = {Brundidge, Jennifer},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01509.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {680--700},
title = {{Encountering “Difference” in the Contemporary Public Sphere: The Contribution of the Internet to the Heterogeneity of Political Discussion Networks}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01509.x},
volume = {60},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Davis2003,
author = {Davis, D W and Silver, B D},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {33--45},
title = {{Stereotype threat and race of interviewer effects in a survey on political knowledge}},
volume = {47},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Dustmann2013,
abstract = {This paper analyses the effect immigration has on wages of native workers. Unlike most previous work, we estimate wage effects along the distribution of wages. We derive a flexible empirical strategy that does not rely on pre-allocating immigrants to particular skill groups. In our empirical analysis, we demonstrate that immigrants downgrade considerably upon arrival. As for the effects on native wages, we find that immigration depresses wages below the 20th percentile of the wage distribution, but leads to slight wage increases in the upper part of the wage$\backslash$r$\backslash$ndistribution. The overall wage effect of immigration is slightly positive. The positive wage effects we find are, although modest, too large to be explained by an$\backslash$r$\backslash$nimmigration surplus. We suggest alternative explanations, based on the idea that immigrants are paid less than the value of what they contribute to production, generating therefore a surplus, and we assess the magnitude of these effects.},
author = {Dustmann, Christian and Frattini, Tommaso and Preston, Ian P},
doi = {10.1093/restud/rds019},
isbn = {0034-6527 1467-937X},
issn = {00346527},
journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
keywords = {Immigration,Impact,Wage distribution,imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {1},
pages = {145--173},
title = {{The effect of immigration along the distribution of wages}},
volume = {80},
year = {2013}
}
@article{malhotra2008completion,
author = {Malhotra, Neil},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {5},
pages = {914--934},
publisher = {AAPOR},
title = {{Completion time and response order effects in web surveys}},
volume = {72},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Kwak1999,
abstract = {The findings of this study support the significance of motivational variables and media use in modifying the relationship between education and knowledge acquisition. People's behavioral involvement in the 1992 presidential campaign influenced the knowledge gap between education groups such that the gap was significantly smaller among those with a higher level of involvement. Also, respondents' television news viewing during the campaign significantly reduced the knowledge gap between education groups; thus, the more frequently people watched news stories on television, the smaller the impact of education on knowledge acquisition. The results also showed that there was a significant three-way interaction among education, campaign interest, and newspaper news attention, which indicates that the contribution of newspaper news attention to the knowledge gap between education groups differed depending on respondents' campaign interests.},
author = {Kwak, N},
doi = {10.1177/009365099026004002},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {385--413},
title = {{Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Education, Motivation, and Media Use}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/009365099026004002},
volume = {26},
year = {1999}
}
@inproceedings{Hindman2003,
author = {Hindman, M and Tsioutsiouliklis, K and Johnson, J A},
pages = {1--33},
title = {{Googlearchy: How a few heavily-linked sites dominate politics on the web}},
volume = {4},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Oberholzer-Gee2009,
author = {Oberholzer-Gee, Felix and Waldfogel, Joel},
doi = {10.1257/aer.99.5.2120},
issn = {0002-8282},
journal = {American Economic Review},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {dec},
number = {5},
pages = {2120--2128},
title = {{Media Markets and Localism: Does Local News en Espa{\{}{\~{n}}{\}}ol Boost Hispanic Voter Turnout?}},
url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.99.5.2120},
volume = {99},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Stroud2011,
author = {Stroud, Natalie Jomini},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
publisher = {Oxford University Press, USA},
title = {{Niche News: The Politics of News Choice: The Politics of News Choice}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Dumitrescu2010,
author = {Dumitrescu, D and Mughan, A},
journal = {Handbook of Politics},
pages = {477--491},
title = {{Mass Media and Democratic Politics}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Grand2002,
author = {le Grand, Carl and Szulkin, Ryszard and le Grand, Carl and Szulkin, Ryszard},
doi = {10.1111/1467-9914.00186},
issn = {1121-7081},
journal = {Labour},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {37--64},
title = {{Permanent Disadvantage or Gradual Integration: Explaining the Immigrant-Native Earnings Gap in Sweden}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-9914.00186},
volume = {16},
year = {2002}
}
@book{Alvarez1998,
abstract = {R. Michael Alvarez examines how voters make their decisions in presidential elections. He begins with the assumption that voters have neither the incentive nor the inclination to be well-informed about politics and presidential candidates. Candidates themselves have incentives to provide ambiguous information about themselves, their records and their issue positions. Yet the author shows that a tremendous amount of information is made available about presidential candidates. And he uncovers clear and striking evidence that people are not likely to vote for candidates about whom they know very little. Alvarez explores how voters learn about candidates through the course of a campaign. He provides a detailed analysis of the media coverage of presidential campaigns and shows that there is a tremendous amount of media coverage of these campaigns, that much of this coverage is about issues and is informative, and that voters learn from this coverage. The paperback edition of this work has been updated to include information on the 1996 Presidential election. Information and Elections is a book that will be read by all who are interested in campaigns and electoral behavior in presidential and other elections. "Thoughtfully conceptualized, painstakingly analyzed, with empirically significant conclusions on presidential election voting behavior, this book is recommended for both upper-division undergraduate and graduate collections." –Choice R. Michael Alvarez is Associate Professor of Political Science, California Institute of Technology.},
address = {Ann Arbor},
author = {Alvarez, R M},
doi = {10.3998/mpub.15100},
isbn = {9780472107797},
pmid = {519643},
publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
title = {{Information and Elections}},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Monin2007,
author = {Monin, B},
journal = {Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale},
number = {1},
pages = {53},
title = {{Holier than me? Threatening social comparison in the moral domain}},
volume = {20},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Tolbert2003,
abstract = {While a long tradition of research documents the demographic and psychological determinants of political participation, there is also evidence to suggest that changes in communication technology may play an important role in influencing electoral behavior. We suggest traditional models of voter turnout may be under-specified with respect to changes in the media, especially use of new information technologies. The Internet may enhance voter information about candidates and elections, and in turn stimulate increased participation. Using NES survey data and multivariate analysis we find respondents with access to the Internet and online election news were significantly more likely to report voting in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections. This was true even after controlling for socioeconomic status, partisanship, attitudes, traditional media use, and state environmental factors. Simulations suggest access to Internet and online election news significantly increased the probability of voting by an average of 12 percent and 7.5 percent, respectively, in the 2000 election. The mobilizing potential of the Internet in 2000 was also associated with increased participation beyond voting. The findings help us understand how technology can impact voting and American political participation.},
author = {Tolbert, C J and Mcneal, R S},
doi = {10.1177/106591290305600206},
issn = {1065-9129},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {175--185},
title = {{Unraveling the Effects of the Internet on Political Participation?}},
url = {http://prq.sagepub.com/content/56/2/175.refs},
volume = {56},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Flaxman2013,
abstract = {Scholars have argued that online social networks and personalized web search increase ideological segregation.  We investigate the impact of these potentially polarizing channels on news consumption by examining web browsing histories  for 50,000 U.S.-located users who regularly read online news.  We find that individuals indeed exhibit substantially higher segregation when reading articles shared on social  networks or returned by search engines, a pattern driven by opinion pieces. However, these polarizing articles from social media and web search constitute only 2{\%} of news consumption.  Consequently, while recent technological changes do increase ideological segregation,  the magnitude of the effect is limited.},
author = {Flaxman, Seth and Goel, Sharad and Rao, Justin M.},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2363701},
issn = {1556-5068},
journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
keywords = {big data,broadbandpolarization,confirmation bias,information acquisition,media bias,media economics,online behavior},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {dec},
title = {{Ideological Segregation and the Effects of Social Media on News Consumption}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2363701},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Jobber1985,
author = {Jobber, D and Sanderson, S},
isbn = {0019-8501},
journal = {Industrial Marketing Management},
number = {2},
pages = {119--121},
title = {{The effect of two variables on industrial mail survey returns}},
volume = {14},
year = {1985}
}
@article{doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818,
author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Hopkins, Daniel J},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {null},
title = {{Voter Attitudes Toward Immigration}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Markus2004,
author = {Markus, H R},
journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
number = {1},
pages = {75--83},
title = {{Culture and personality: Brief for an arranged marriage}},
volume = {38},
year = {2004}
}
@article{FiorinaAbrams2008,
abstract = {For more than two decades political scientists have discussed rising elite polarization in the United States, but the study of mass polarization did not receive comparable attention until fairly recently. This article surveys the literature on mass polarization. It begins with a discussion of the concept of polarization, then moves to a critical consideration of different kinds of evidence that have been used to study polarization, concluding that much of the evidence presents problems of inference that render conclusions problematic. The most direct evidence—citizens' positions on public policy issues—shows little or no indication of increased mass polarization over the past two to three decades. Party sorting—an increased correlation between policy views and partisan identification—clearly has occurred, although the extent has sometimes been exaggerated. Geographic polarization—the hypothesized tendency of like-minded people to cluster together—remains an open question. To date, there is no conclusive e...},
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( 


Political Polarization in the American Public


- Fiorina, Morris P.; Abrams, Samuel J. )

},
author = {Fiorina, Morris P. and Abrams, Samuel J.},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836},
issn = {1094-2939},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
keywords = {culture war,elite polarization,lelkeswestwood,mass polarization,party sorting,xnat},
language = {en},
mendeley-tags = {lelkeswestwood,xnat},
month = {jun},
number = {1},
pages = {563--588},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
title = {{Political Polarization in the {\{}A{\}}merican Public}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836},
volume = {11},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Hetherington2009a,
author = {Hetherington, Marc J and Weiler, Jonathan D},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Authoritarianism and polarization in American politics}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{PRESSER1980,
abstract = {Five split-ballot experiments, plus replications, were carried out in several national surveys to compare the effects of offering or omitting a middle alternative in forced-choice attitude questions. Explicitly offering a middle position significantly increases the size of that category, but tends not to otherwise affect univariate distributions. The relation of intensity to the middle position is somewhat greater on Offered forms than on Omitted forms (less intense respondents being more affected by question form than those who feel more strongly), but in general form does not alter the relationship between an item and a number of other respondent characteristics. Finally, in one instance there is evidence that form can change the conclusion about whether two attitude items are related, but the results are of uncertain reliability.},
author = {PRESSER, STANLEY and SCHUMAN, HOWARD},
journal = {Public Opin Q},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {70--85},
title = {{The Measurement of a Middle Position in Attitude Surveys}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/1/70},
volume = {44},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Roberts1981,
author = {Roberts, D F and Bachen, C M},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {307--356},
title = {{Mass communication effects}},
volume = {32},
year = {1981}
}
@book{Johnston2017,
author = {Johnston, Christopher D and Lavine, Howard G and Federico, Christopher M},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Open versus closed: Personality, identity, and the politics of redistribution}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{VanderWurff2011,
abstract = {Media policies in Europe traditionally promote a diverse media supply. This article investigates for the first time under what conditions audience members actually receive diversity. It focuses on the reception of diverse ideas on European integration from mainstream news media in Ireland and the Netherlands. Results show that exposure to a variety of media outlets predicts to some extent the reception of diverse ideas, especially for citizens with lower education. But interest and knowledge are better predictors. This indicates that policies that favour a diverse supply are necessary but not sufficient. New ideas are required to stimulate audiences to receive the diversity that is sent, especially in modern online societies.},
author = {van der Wurff, R},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {328--342},
title = {{Do audiences receive diverse ideas from news media? Exposure to a variety of news media and personal characteristics as determinants of diversity as received}},
url = {http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/26/4/328.short},
volume = {26},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Tajfel1970,
abstract = {The author reports the results of experiments run with schoolchildren, who were arbitrarily separated in two groups and then asked to assign rewards and punishment to members of their own groups vs. outgroup members, or vs. other ingroup members, or etween 2 outgroup members. The results are striking: even though the children all knew each other, and di not know who was part of their group, they tended to favour ingroup members, and instead be fair when judging in vs. in or out vs. out. A second experiment confirms that children preferred maximum profit for ingroup and of difference in profit.},
author = {Tajfel, Henri and Taijfel, H},
journal = {Scientific American},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
number = {5},
pages = {96--102},
pmid = {5482577},
publisher = {Psychology Press},
title = {{Experiments in intergroup discrimination}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5482577},
volume = {223},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Jacobson2005,
author = {Jacobson, Gary C},
journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {199--218},
title = {{Polarized Politics and the 2004 Congressional and Presidential Elections}},
volume = {120},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Elenbaas2013,
abstract = {Representative democracy requires that citizens know the facts about political performance, and if more such facts are available in the media, citizens have more opportunity to acquire them. In view of increasing media choice, such an opportunity may vary from one individual media environment to another. However, it remains unclear how differences in information acquisition correspond with differences in the information available specifically in those sources that citizens choose to use on a routine basis. Drawing on data from a two-wave panel survey and media content analysis, this article examines if greater availability of performance-relevant information in the media facilitates acquisition of such information among those reliant on these media. It also examines when and how strongly this effect differs for people with different levels of learning motivation. Using a multilevel model, we find that citizens are more likely to learn facts about political performance when their preferred sources offer a greater quantity of performance-relevant information. We also find that motivation moderates the influence of availability, such that strongly motivated individuals gain comparatively the most from a greater supply of information. The implications of our findings for representative democracy are considered. [Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource: overview of political information questions.] Representative democracy requires that citizens know the facts about political performance, and if more such facts are available in the media, citizens have more opportunity to acquire them. In view of increasing media choice, such an opportunity may vary from one individual media environment to another. However, it remains unclear how differences in information acquisition correspond with differences in the information available specifically in those sources that citizens choose to use on a routine basis. Drawing on data from a two-wave panel survey and media content analysis, this article examines if greater availability of performance-relevant information in the media facilitates acquisition of such information among those reliant on these media. It also examines when and how strongly this effect differs for people with different levels of learning motivation. Using a multilevel model, we find that citizens are more likely to learn facts about political performance when their preferred sources offer a greater quantity of performance-relevant information. We also find that motivation moderates the influence of availability, such that strongly motivated individuals gain comparatively the most from a greater supply of information. The implications of our findings for representative democracy are considered. [Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource: overview of political information questions.]},
author = {Elenbaas, Matthijs and Boomgaarden, Hajo G and Schuck, Andreas R T and de Vreese, Claes H},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {1--16},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{The Impact of Media Coverage and Motivation on Performance-Relevant Information}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.737411},
volume = {30},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Falck2014,
author = {Falck, Oliver and Gold, Robert and Heblich, Stephan},
doi = {10.1257/aer.104.7.2238},
issn = {0002-8282},
journal = {American Economic Review},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {2238--2265},
title = {{E-lections: Voting Behavior and the Internet †}},
url = {http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.104.7.2238},
volume = {104},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Anderson2008,
abstract = {Recent years have seen increased attention to integrating what we know about individual citizens with what we know about macro-level contexts that vary across countries. This article discusses the growing literature on how people's interpretations, opinions, and actions are shaped by variable contextual parameters and provides a novel substantive application. Using surveys conducted in 20 European democracies, the authors examine the effect of income inequality on people's attitudes about the functioning of the political system and trust in public institutions. They find that citizens in countries with higher levels of income inequality express more negative attitudes toward public institutions. Moreover, they show that the negative effect of inequality on attitudes toward the political system is particularly powerful among individuals on the political left. In contrast, inequality's negative effect on people's faith in the system is muted among those on the right.},
author = {Anderson, C J and Singer, M M},
doi = {10.1177/0010414007313113},
issn = {0010-4140},
journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {apr},
number = {4-5},
pages = {564--599},
title = {{The Sensitive Left and the Impervious Right: Multilevel Models and the Politics of Inequality, Ideology, and Legitimacy in Europe}},
url = {http://cps.sagepub.com/content/41/4-5/564.short},
volume = {41},
year = {2008}
}
@article{jones2004responsible,
author = {Jones, D.R. R and McDermott, M.L. L},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {1--12},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{The responsible party government model in House and Senate elections}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00052.x/full},
volume = {48},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Clarke1974,
abstract = {Arguments are presented for looking at cognitive outcomes as dependent variables in communication research rather than placing emphasis only on affective realms. This approach also brings attention to the independent-dependent variable emphases found in the communication literature over the last few decades. The social context of media use and the motivations that spring from this contextual embeddedness are also discussed with regard to information utility and the distribution of information availability. Finally a comment is offered on how these perspectives may relate to developments in new media technology.},
author = {Clarke, P and Kline, F G},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {224--240},
title = {{Media Effects Reconsidered: Some New Strategies for Communication Research}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/1/2/224},
volume = {1},
year = {1974}
}
@article{Steuer1992,
author = {Steuer, J},
journal = {Journal of communication},
number = {4},
pages = {73--93},
title = {{Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence}},
volume = {42},
year = {1992}
}
@unpublished{Barone2012,
abstract = {Can biased information persuade in the long run? Political information on Italian TV has been biased towards Berlusconi's party since 1994. We exploit a shock to viewers' exposure to Berlusconi bias: idiosyncratic deadlines to switch to digital TV from 2008 to 2012. Digital TV increased the number of freeview channels tenfold. As a consequence, viewership of Berlusconi-controlled channels by digital users dropped by 19{\%} from 2008 to 2010 elections. Although the control of most pre-digital outlets by Berlusconi was widely known, the switch caused a drop in his coalition vote share by 5.5 to 7.5 percentage points. The e ect was stronger in towns with older and less educated voters. At least 30{\%} of digital users had not ltered out the bias from 1994 to 2010. Moving to digital TV a ected voting via turnout: previous Berlusconi supporters went to vote less than others, hence his vote share dropped. We discuss several Bayesian interpretations, and argue that they cannot fully explain these results. Coarse thinking, selective attention, and persuasion bias are broadly consistent with the evidence.},
author = {Barone, G and D'Acunto, F and Narciso, G},
institution = {Trinity Economics Papers},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television},
title = {{Trinity Economics Papers}},
url = {http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/TEP/2012/TEP0412.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Popkin1979,
author = {Popkin, S L},
title = {{The rational peasant: The political economy of rural society in Vietnam}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=K5CoY{\_}Xw4MkC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR9{\&}dq=popkin+{\&}ots=oJ5PlvSvmx{\&}sig=CFvC483HAOcyHmgjiFPjX{\_}kriNU},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Faria1996,
author = {Faria, A J and Dickinson, J R},
isbn = {0885-8624},
journal = {Journal of Business {\&} Industrial Marketing},
number = {1},
pages = {66--76},
title = {{The effect of reassured anonymity and sponsor on mail survey response rate and speed with a business population}},
volume = {11},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Devine1989,
author = {Devine, P G},
isbn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {5--18},
title = {{Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components}},
volume = {56},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Layman1997,
author = {Layman, G C},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
pages = {288--316},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Religion and political behavior in the United States: The impact of beliefs, affiliations, and commitment from 1980 to 1994}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2749553},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Donohue1975,
abstract = {A principal consequence of mass media coverage about national public affairs issues, particularly from print media, appears to be an increasing "knowledge gap" between various social strata. Previous data presented by the authors were concerned with issues largely external to the local community. More recent work raises the question whether social conflict about a community issue will tend to open the gap further, or close it. Survey data from fifteen Minnesota communities experiencing conflicts of varying magnitude indicate that as level of conflict about local issues increases, the knowledge gap actually tends to decline. Level of interpersonal communication about the issue appears to be a major intervening variable. Thus, it appears that the knowledge gap hypothesis needs to be modified according to the type of issue involved and the conflict dimensions of the issue within the community.},
author = {Donohue, G A and Tichenor, P J and Olien, C N},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {3--23},
title = {{Mass Media and the Knowledge Gap: A Hypothesis Reconsidered}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/2/1/3},
volume = {2},
year = {1975}
}
@article{DAngelo2002,
abstract = {A large and growing body of mass media research centers on the concept of framing. This article responds to Entman's (1993) call for the establishment of a paradigm of news framing research, drawing on work in the sociology of knowledge to argue that news framing research operates according to principles of a Lakatosian research program (Lakatos, 1974) in which researchers employ and refine specific theories to generate findings in particular studies about a common core of irrefutable conjectures. In the metatheory developed here, the research program is inclusive of 3 paradigmatic outlooks, called cognitive, constructionist, and critical, that provide researchers with specific images with which to examine the interaction of media frames and individual- or social-level reality. Thus, contra Entman (1993), I argue that there is not, nor should there be, a single mended paradigm of framing research. The research program has benefited the communication discipline by encouraging researchers to use specific theories to progressively explicate a complex process.},
author = {D'Angelo, Paul},
doi = {10.1093/joc/52.4.870},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {4},
pages = {870--888},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd},
title = {{News Framing as a Multiparadigmatic Research Program: A Response to Entman}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1093/joc/52.4.870},
volume = {52},
year = {2002}
}
@article{elliott1961effects,
author = {Elliott, Lois Lawrence},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Effects of item construction and respondent aptitude on response acquiescence.}},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Petty1997,
author = {Petty, R E and Wegener, D T and Fabrigar, L R},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {609--647},
title = {{Attitudes and attitude change}},
volume = {48},
year = {1997}
}
@incollection{Barbera2017a,
abstract = {The chapter uses Twitter data to investigate the extent to which British, Italian, and Spanish journalists employ Twitter to comment on the news as well as reporting on national and European topics, and, conversely, the degree to which the audiences these journalists manage to attract on Twitter reflect the journalists' or their media outlets' political affiliations. Our findings suggest that national contexts matter, as journalists working in media environments characterised by lower degrees of parallelism are less likely to use Twitter to provide commentary on the news than those working in outlets or systems where parallelism is higher. We also show that both journalists and news outlets are less likely to editorialise when they tweet about the EU than when they focus on domestic politics.},
address = {London},
author = {Barber{\'{a}}, Pablo and Vaccari, Cristian and Valeriani, Augusto},
booktitle = {Social Media and European Politics: Rethinking Power and Legitimacy in the Digital Era},
doi = {10.1057/978-1-137-59890-5_2},
editor = {Barisione, Mauro and Michailidou, Asimina},
isbn = {978-1-137-59890-5},
pages = {25--52},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
title = {{Social Media, Personalisation of News Reporting, and Media Systems' Polarisation in Europe}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59890-5{\_}2},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Tewksbury2005,
abstract = {Contemporary normative concerns that the Internet might fragment national audiences and polities are based on suggestions that the medium is particularly conducive to specialized use. However, relatively little quantitative research has explicitly examined this contention. This study evaluates outlet specialization within the context of online news reading. Analyses of news viewing by a nationally representative panel of Internet users reveal that the user demographic profiles of news sites are individually distinct. More important, the topics that readers view vary by the sites they access. In sum, the provision of news over the Internet exhibits ample signs of outlet specialization. Contemporary normative concerns that the Internet might fragment national audiences and polities are based on suggestions that the medium is particularly conducive to specialized use. However, relatively little quantitative research has explicitly examined this contention. This study evaluates outlet specialization within the context of online news reading. Analyses of news viewing by a nationally representative panel of Internet users reveal that the user demographic profiles of news sites are individually distinct. More important, the topics that readers view vary by the sites they access. In sum, the provision of news over the Internet exhibits ample signs of outlet specialization.},
author = {Tewksbury, David},
issn = {0883-8151},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {332--348},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{The Seeds of Audience Fragmentation: Specialization in the Use of Online News Sites}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4903{\_}5},
volume = {49},
year = {2005}
}
@book{Sniderman2012,
author = {Sniderman, Paul M and Stiglitz, E H},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{The Reputational Premium}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?q=Sniderman+and+stiglitz+2012{\&}btnG={\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}0},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Korn1964,
author = {Korn, Harold A and Giddan, Norman S},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
number = {4},
pages = {867--874},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Scoring methods and construct validity of the dogmatism scale.}},
volume = {24},
year = {1964}
}
@inproceedings{Sniderman2008,
author = {Sniderman, P M and Stiglitz, E H},
pages = {1},
title = {{Race and the moral character of the modern American experience}},
volume = {6},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Lautenschlager1990,
author = {Lautenschlager, Gary J and Flaherty, Vicki L},
doi = {10.1037//0021-9010.75.3.310},
isbn = {doi:10.1037//0021-9010.75.3.310},
issn = {0021-9010},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {310--314},
title = {{Computer administration of questions: More desirable or more social desirability?}},
url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/computer-administration-questions-more-desirable-more-social-desirability-1/ http://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/search/?query=Lautenschlager+{\&}+Flaherty},
volume = {75},
year = {1990}
}
@book{Keith1992,
author = {Keith, Bruce E and Magleby, David B and Nelson, Candice J and Orr, Elizabeth and Westlye, Mark C},
publisher = {University of California Press},
title = {{The myth of the independent voter}},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Atkin1978,
abstract = {Elementary school children frequently watch child-oriented news segments on Saturday morning television, and occasionally view network newscasts. News viewing is mildly associated with both political knowledge and public affairs interest for older children, but younger viewers learn little. Parent-child discussion of news is also related to newscast exposure.},
author = {Atkin, Charles K. and Gantz, Walter},
doi = {10.1086/268442},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
number = {2},
pages = {183},
title = {{Television News and Political Socialization}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/2/183.short},
volume = {42},
year = {1978}
}
@article{cohen_party_2003,
author = {Cohen, G L},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {5},
pages = {808},
shorttitle = {Party over policy},
title = {{Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs.}},
volume = {85},
year = {2003}
}
@incollection{Krosnick1997,
address = {New York},
author = {Krosnick, Jon a. and Fabrigar, L R},
booktitle = {Survey Measurement and Process Quality},
editor = {Lyberg, L. and Biemer, P. and Collins, M. and Decker, L. and DeLeeuw, E. and Dippo, C. and Schwarz, N. and Trewin, D.},
publisher = {Wiley-Interscience},
title = {{Designing rating scales for effective measurement in surveys}},
url = {http://courses.essex.ac.uk/SC/SC101/restricted/krosnick and fabrigar 1997.pdf http://courses.essex.ac.uk/SC/SC101/restricted/krosnick and fabrigar 1997.pdf},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Bem1972,
author = {Bem, D J},
journal = {Advances in experimental social psychology},
pages = {1--62},
title = {{Self-Perception Theory1}},
volume = {6},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Skinner1974,
author = {Skinner, Q},
journal = {The Philosophy of History},
title = {{Social meaning and the explanation of social action}},
volume = {114},
year = {1974}
}
@article{Christiansen2004,
abstract = {In recent years, especially with the advent Digital Broadcasting Satellite (DBS) technology, transnational media has become central in the consumption of news by   immigrant populations. This has received some attention as a factor associated with the lack of integration into their new societies. The present article demonstrates   that diaspora as an analytic term is indeed relevant for observations and empirical investigations of media practices among contemporary immigrants, leaving   room for questions of multiple belonging with implications for everyday life. According to recent data, people with migrant experience tend to seek news very   broadly. Extensive news media consumption, desire for more international news than found in the national television channels, and a critical stance towards the news  from these channels, are also part of the picture. A diaspora perspective transforms the prospect presented by observers and journalists, worried about integration  processes, and prompts considerations that immigrants are also emigrants.},
author = {Christiansen, Connie Car{\o}e},
doi = {10.1177/1468796804042603},
issn = {14687968},
journal = {Ethnicities},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {185--207},
title = {{News Media Consumption among Immigrants in Europe: The Relevance of Diaspora}},
url = {http://etn.sagepub.com/content/4/2/185.short},
volume = {4},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Yilmaz2016,
abstract = {Previous studies relating low-effort or intuitive thinking to political conservatism are limited to Western cultures. Using Turkish and predominantly Muslim samples, Study 1 found that analytic cognitive style (ACS) is negatively correlated with political conservatism. Study 2 found that ACS correlates negatively with political orientation and with social and personal conservatism, but not with economic conservatism. It also examined other variables that might help to explain this correlation. Study 3 tried to manipulate ACS via two different standard priming procedures in two different samples, but our manipula-tion checks failed. Study 4 manipulated intuitive thinking style via cognitive load manipulation to see whether it enhances conservatism for contextualized political attitudes but we did not find a significant effect. Overall, the results indicate that social liberals tend to think more analytically than conservatives and people's long term political attitudes may be resistant to experimental manipulations.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Yilmaz, Onurcan and Saribay, S Adil},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {19302975},
journal = {Judgment and Decision Making},
keywords = {Turkey,analytic cognitive style,conservatism,dual process model,liberalism,political ideology},
number = {3},
pages = {287--300},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{An attempt to clarify the link between cognitive style and political ideology: A non-western replication and extension}},
volume = {11},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Narayan1996,
author = {Narayan, S A and Krosnick, Jon a.},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
title = {{Education moderates some response effects in attitude measurement}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/60/1/58.short},
year = {1996}
}
@phdthesis{Devine2011,
abstract = {Spatial conceptualizations of ideology dominate the political science literature. In this dissertation, I challenge the comprehensiveness of such conceptualizations, and the standard self-placement measure associated with them, by analyzing the social identity components of ideological identification. My theoretical motivation for this analysis is Social Identity Theory (SIT), which posits that individuals often view valued social groups as extensions of self-identity, which in turn motivate group-based thought and action. SIT is highly influential within the social science literature, and it has become increasingly influential in political science. Yet scholars have never examined the potential for ideological social identity and what effects it might have on political attitudes and behavior, by itself and in combination with other politically-relevant social identities. 
In this dissertation, I use two original surveys and data from the 1984-2008 American National Election Studies (ANES) to study the credibility and empirical value of a social identity approach to ideological identification. My analysis indicates that ideological social identity (ISI) represents a distinct dimension of ideological identification not adequately captured by the standard ideological self-placement measure. In the mass public, and particularly among party elites, feelings of psychological attachment to an ideological in-group are common today and they have become increasingly common over the past quarter-century. For approximately one-quarter of the mass public, and one-third of party elites, ideological social identity even exceeds the strength of partisan social identity. What is more, ISI is somewhat stronger among conservatives and it clearly becomes stronger in response to electoral competition. 
Most importantly, ideological social identity influences a variety of important political attitudes and behaviors. ISI significantly impacts evaluations of political in-groups and out-groups; as ISI becomes stronger, inter-group bias toward ideological groups, partisan groups, and ideological sub-groups within parties also becomes stronger. ISI also causes ideological constraint to increase, because, I argue, individuals with strong ISI are likely to seek out and follow in-group behavioral cues in order to maintain group norms and a stable sense of social identity. 
Finally, I find strong evidence of an interaction effect whereby ideological social identity conditions ideological self-placement's relevance to vote choice in various elections. Across most experimental and actual elections, and each of the 1984-2008 presidential elections, self-placement's effect on vote choice is significant only when ISI is at least moderate in strength. As ISI becomes stronger, self-placement's effect on vote choice becomes greater. These findings support my argument that integrating the ISI and self-placement scales yields an exceptionally comprehensive measure of ideological identification more capable than traditional measures of precisely estimating ideology's behavioral significance. 
Together, these analyses attest to the credibility as well as theoretical and empirical value of accounting for psychological attachment to ideological groups when evaluating the nature and political significance of ideological identification. I discuss the scholarly contributions of this dissertation, and the many ways in which future research might expand and improve upon my analysis.},
author = {Devine, C J Christopher John},
title = {{Ideological Social Identity: How Psychological Attachment to Ideological Groups Shapes Political Attitudes and Behaviors}},
url = {http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc{\_}num=osu1305968870 http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Devine Christopher John.pdf?osu1305968870{\&}dl=y},
year = {2011}
}
@book{Kernell1997,
abstract = {In this new edition of his authoritative work, Samuel Kernell examines the increasingly frequent presidential practice of "going public" - appealing for support directly to the American public, often bypassing Congress. Updated to include timely analyses of the public strategies of President Clinton, who by most measurements has engaged in more public activities than any other president, the third edition carefully traces the history of this practice and explores the key political role played by the news media. Trends in presidential speeches, public appearances, and travel receive special attention as does the influence of public opinion. Kernell contends that the presidential practice of going public has fundamentally altered the relationship between the executive and legislative branches. He supports his argument with many examples of going public from recent presidencies.},
author = {Kernell, Samuel},
booktitle = {New Biologist},
isbn = {1568028997},
pages = {236},
publisher = {CQ Press},
title = {{Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential Leadership}},
url = {http://www.amazon.com/Going-Public-Strategies-Presidential-Leadership/dp/1568028997},
volume = {4th Editio},
year = {1997}
}
@misc{Soroka2013,
abstract = {Public service broadcasters (PSBs) are a central part of national news media landscapes. In many countries, PSBs are the first choice of citizens when it comes to news providers. And in perhaps more countries still, PSBs are thought of as specialists in provision of hard news. We test this proposition here using survey data from a large crossnational survey involving indicators of current affairs knowledge and media consumption. Specifically, we examine whether exposure to public versus commercial news influences the knowledge citizens possess about current affairs, both domestically and internationally. We also test, using propensity score analysis, whether there is variation across PSBs in this regard. Results indicate that compared to commercial news, watching PSB has a net positive influence on knowledge of hard news, though not all PSBs are equally effective in contributing to knowledge acquisition. This knowledge gap between PSB and commercial news media consumption appears to be mitigated by factors such as de jure independence,proportion of public financing, and audience share.},
author = {Soroka, S and Andrews, B and Toril, A and Shanto, I and Curran, J and Coen, S and Hayashi, K and Jones, P},
booktitle = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Comparative Media,Digital Technology and the Creative Economy,Media,polpar},
mendeley-tags = {Comparative Media,polpar},
month = {jan},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Auntie knows best? public broadcasters and current affairs knowledge}},
url = {http://usir.salford.ac.uk/27294/1/AuntieKnowsBest{\_}complete.pdf},
year = {2013}
}
@article{layman_culture_1999,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ({\{}“Culture{\}} Wars” in the American Party System - Layman, G.C. C)

From Duplicate 1 ( {\{}“Culture{\}} Wars” in the American Party System - Layman, G C )
},
author = {Layman, G.C. C},
journal = {American Politics Research},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
number = {1},
pages = {89--121},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{{\{}“Culture{\}} Wars” in the American Party System}},
url = {http://apr.sagepub.com/content/27/1/89.short},
volume = {27},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Singer1983,
author = {Singer, E and Frankel, M R and Glassman, M B},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {68},
title = {{The effect of interviewer characteristics and expectations on response}},
volume = {47},
year = {1983}
}
@misc{Blumenthal2013,
author = {Blumenthal, Max},
booktitle = {The Nation},
title = {{Israel Cranks Up the PR Machine}},
url = {http://www.thenation.com/article/176703/israel-cranks-pr-machine},
urldate = {2014-05-10},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Rachlin1991,
author = {Rachlin, H and Raineri, A and Cross, D},
journal = {Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior},
keywords = {subjective probabilities},
number = {2},
pages = {233},
title = {{Subjective probability and delay.}},
volume = {55},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Brewer1999a,
author = {Brewer, Marilynn B.},
doi = {10.1111/0022-4537.00126},
issn = {0022-4537},
journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
month = {jan},
number = {3},
pages = {429--444},
title = {{The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/0022-4537.00126},
volume = {55},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Huber2011,
author = {Huber, John D and Powell, G Bingham},
doi = {10.2307/2950684},
issn = {0043-8871},
journal = {World Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jun},
number = {03},
pages = {291--326},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Congruence between Citizens and Policymakers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0043887100010017},
volume = {46},
year = {2011}
}
@article{HajnalZ.2016,
abstract = {The proliferation of increasingly strict voter identification laws around the country has raised concerns about voter suppression. Although there are many reasons to suspect that these laws could harm groups like racial minorities and the poor, existing studies have generally failed to demonstrate a link between voter ID laws and voter turnout among these groups. We question these null effects. We argue that because most of the studies occurred before states enacted strict identification requirements, they uncover few effects. By using validated voting data from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study for several recent elections, we are able to offer a more definitive test. The analysis shows that strict identification laws have a differentially negative impact on the turnout of racial and ethnic minorities in primaries and general elections. We also find that voter ID laws skew democracy toward those on the political right.},
author = {{Hajnal Z.}, Lajevardi N {\&} Nielson L},
doi = {10.7910/DVN/TYIVYZ},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
pages = {0--38},
title = {{Voter Identification Laws and the Suppression of Minority Votes}},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Granka2011,
author = {Granka, Laura Ann},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
publisher = {Stanford University},
title = {{Media Imagery and Political Choice: How Visual Cues Influence the Citizen News Diet}},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{Neyfakh2017,
author = {Neyfakh, Leon},
booktitle = {Slate.com},
title = {{Nate Silver said Donald Trump had no shot. Where did he go wrong?}},
url = {http{\%}3A{\%}2F{\%}2Fwww.slate.com{\%}2Farticles{\%}2Fnews{\_}and{\_}politics{\%}2Fpolitics{\%}2F2016{\%}2F01{\%}2Fnate{\_}silver{\_}said{\_}donald{\_}trump{\_}had{\_}no{\_}shot{\_}where{\_}did{\_}he{\_}go{\_}wrong.html},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Bartels1996,
abstract = {Theory: Recent scholarship has emphasized the potential importance of cues, information shortcuts, and statistical aggregation processes in allowing relatively uninformed citizens to act, individually or collectively, as if they were fully informed. Hypotheses: Uninformed voters successfully use cues and information shortcuts to behave as if they were fully informed. Failing that, individual deviations from fully informed voting cancel out in a mass electorate, producing the same aggregate election outcome as if voters were fully informed. Methods: Hypothetical "fully informed" vote choices are imputed to individual voters using the observed relationship between political information and vote choices for voters with similar social and demographic characteristics, estimated by probit analysis of data from National Election Study surveys conducted after the six most recent United States presidential elections. Results: Both hypotheses are clearly disconfirmed. At the individual level, the aver- age deviation of actual vote probabilities from hypothetical "fully informed" vote probabilities was about ten percentage points. In the electorate as a whole, these deviations were significantly diluted by aggregation, but by no means eliminated: incumbent presidents did almost five percentage points better, and Democratic candidates did almost two percentage points better, than they would have if voters had in fact been "fully informed."},
author = {Bartels, Larry M.},
doi = {10.2307/2111700},
isbn = {0092-5853},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {194--230},
title = {{Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111700?origin=crossref},
volume = {40},
year = {1996}
}
@misc{Larcinese2007,
abstract = {A number of recent formal models predict a positive effect of political knowledge on turnout. Both information acquisition and turnout, however, are likely to be determined by a similar set of variables, rendering hard the identification of a causal link in empirical investigations. Available empirical regularities should therefore be interpreted as mere correlations. I address this problem by using an intrumental variables approach, where the instruments are represented by various proxies of information supply on mass media. Using survey data from the 1997 British General Election Study, I show that political knowledge has a sizeable influence on the probability of voting and that mass media play an important role in influencing political participation.},
author = {Larcinese, Valentino},
booktitle = {Public Choice},
doi = {10.1007/s11127-006-9122-0},
isbn = {00485829},
issn = {00485829},
keywords = {,British politics,Information,Information aggregation,Mass media,Political participation,Voting},
month = {may},
number = {3-4},
pages = {387--411},
publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers},
title = {{Does political knowledge increase turnout? Evidence from the 1997 British general election}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-006-9122-0},
volume = {131},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Tworzecki2012,
abstract = {Political communications literature has long been concerned with the question of whether media exposure results in symptoms of "malaise"--disaffection and withdrawal from politics--or, alternatively, whether it can mobilize people for political activity. Thus far, the results of research into this question have been inconclusive and at times contradictory in nature. However, nearly all such studies have been conducted in the context of the United States or other advanced democracies, and in these countries media use competes with a variety of other--perhaps much stronger--factors influencing political engagement, such as well-developed partisanship, strong group loyalties, lifelong personal experiences with the political system, and so forth. We chose to investigate the "malaise versus mobilization" question in the context of three new democracies--the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland--where the above-mentioned factors have not yet had a chance to mature, and where media use could potentially have an especially strong impact on attitudes and behavior. The project utilizes a series of comparable questions on national random-sample surveys carried out in each country during the parliamentary election campaigns of 2005 and 2006 to map party supporters and media audiences, and assess questions about malaise versus mobilization. Our maps of party supporters and media audiences show that TV news and tabloids reach larger and more diverse audiences than broadsheets and some niche broadcasting channels. In all three countries, while there were no significant relationships between media use and trust in government, there was some evidence to support the mobilization hypothesis: the use of broadsheets and politically opinionated weekly news magazines had a strong positive relationship with political engagement that remained when controlling for political interest and a number of sociodemographic characteristics. Our research suggests that the malaise versus mobilization debate continues to be an important basis for studying these more recent democracies.},
author = {Tworzecki, H. and Semetko, H. A.},
doi = {10.1177/1940161212452450},
issn = {1940-1612},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {407--432},
title = {{Media Use and Political Engagement in Three New Democracies: Malaise versus Mobilization in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/17/4/407.short},
volume = {17},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Sigel1965,
abstract = {Political socialization refers to the learning process by which the political norms and behaviors acceptable to an ongoing political system are transmitted from generation to generation. The goal of political socialization is so to train or develop individuals that they become well-functioning mem bers of political society. Such learning begins very early in the person's life and need not be acquired solely through deliberate indoctrination. In fact, most of this norm-internalization goes on casually and imperceptibly--most of the time with out our ever being aware that it is going on. It proceeds so smoothly precisely because we are unaware of it. We take the norms for granted, and it does not occur to us to question them. The stability of a political system depends in no small measure on the political socialization of its members. A well- functioning citizen is one who accepts (internalizes) society's political norms and who will then transmit them to future gen erations. Without a body politic so in harmony with the on going political values, a political system would have trouble functioning smoothly and perpetuating itself safely. And sur vival, after all, is a prime goal of the political organism just as it is of the individual organism.--Ed.},
author = {Sigel, R.},
doi = {10.1177/000271626536100101},
issn = {0002-7162},
journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {1--9},
title = {{Assumptions About the Learning of Political Values}},
url = {http://ann.sagepub.com/content/361/1/1.short},
volume = {361},
year = {1965}
}
@unpublished{Young2014,
abstract = {The study assesses the nature of selective exposure and avoidance behaviors among political liberals and conservatives using a survey of 351 American citizens obtained through Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Analyses of a new “homogeneity of media diet” measure indicate that although liberals and conservatives consume a comparable total number of media sources, the homogeneity of those media sources is significantly higher among liberals than it is among conservatives. In fact, whether looking at political ideology or party affiliation, the story is the same: people on the left are significantly more likely than conservatives to selectively attend to ideologically-consonant media sources and are significantly more likely than conservatives to selectively avoid ideologically-divergent media sources. Analyses include an examination of partisan perceptions of the ideological leanings of various media sources as well as the predictive power of self-reported selective exposure. Implications for democratic theory are discussed.},
author = {Young, Dannagal G and Anderson, Katherine},
institution = {University of Delaware},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
pages = {1--35},
title = {{Homogeneity of Media Diet in a Fragmented Media Landscape}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2452366},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Mays2007,
abstract = {Persistent and vexing health disadvantages accrue to African Americans despite decades of work to erase the effects of race discrimination in this country. Participating in these efforts, psychologists and other social scientists have hypothesized that African Americans' continuing experiences with racism and discrimination may lie at the root of the many well-documented race-based physical health disparities that affect this population. With newly emerging methodologies in both measurement of contextual factors and functional neuroscience, an opportunity now exists to cleave together a comprehensive understanding of the ways in which discrimination has harmful effects on health. In this article, we review emerging work that locates the cause of race-based health disparities in the external effects of the contextual social space on the internal world of brain functioning and physiologic response. These approaches reflect the growing interdisciplinary nature of psychology in general, and the field of race relations in particular.},
author = {Mays, Vickie M and Cochran, Susan D and Barnes, Namdi W},
institution = {Department of Health Services, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Public Health, 90095-1563, USA. mays@ucla.edu},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
keywords = {african continental ancestry group,african continental ancestry group psychology,allostasis,allostasis physiology,amygdala,amygdala physiopathology,arousal,arousal physiology,brain,brain physiopathology,chronic disease,chronic disease ethnology,gyrus cinguli,gyrus cinguli physiopathology,humans,prejudice,psychophysiologic disorders,psychophysiologic disorders ethnology,psychophysiologic disorders psychology,psychosocial deprivation,risk factors},
number = {August 2006},
pages = {201--225},
pmid = {16953796},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
title = {{Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953796},
volume = {58},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Kahneman1979,
author = {Kahneman, D and Tversky, A},
isbn = {0012-9682},
journal = {Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society},
pages = {263--291},
title = {{Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk}},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Green2017a,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}This study evaluates the turnout effects of direct mail sent in advance of the 2014 New Hampshire Senate election. Registered Republican women were sent up to 10 mailings from a conservative advocacy group that encouraged participation in the upcoming election. We find that mail raises turnout, but no gains are achieved beyond five mailers. This finding is shown to be consistent with other experiments that have sent large quantities of mail. We interpret these results in light of marketing research on repetitive messaging.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Green, Donald P. and Zelizer, Adam},
doi = {10.1017/XPS.2017.5},
issn = {2052-2630},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Political Science},
keywords = {Voter turnout,field experiment,political advertising},
month = {sep},
number = {02},
pages = {107--118},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{How Much GOTV Mail is Too Much? Results from a Large-Scale Field Experiment}},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2052263017000057/type/journal{\_}article},
volume = {4},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hurd2009,
author = {Hurd, M D},
title = {{Subjective probabilities in household surveys}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Mitchell2012,
author = {Mitchell, Amy and Rosenstiel, Tom and Christian, Leah},
journal = {The State of the News Media 2012: An Annual Report on American Journalism},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
title = {{What Facebook and Twitter mean for news}},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Laqueur2006,
abstract = {For thirty years the director of the Wiener Library in London--the leading institute for the study of anti-Semitism--Walter Laqueur here offers both a comprehensive history of anti-Semitism as well as an illuminating look at the newest wave of this phenomenon. Laqueur begins with an invaluable historical account of this pernicious problem, tracing the evolution from a predominantly religious anti-Semitism--stretching back to the middle ages--to a racial anti-Semitism that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The author then uses this historical account as backdrop to a brilliant analysis of the newest species of anti-Semitism, explaining its origins and rationale, how it manifests itself, in what ways and why it is different from anti-Semitism in past ages, and what forms it may take in the future. The book reveals that what was historically a preoccupation of Christian and right-wing movements has become in our time even more frequent among Muslims and left-wing groups. Moreover, Laqueur argues that we can't simply equate this new anti-Semitism with anti-Zionism and write it off as merely anti-Israel sentiments. If Israel alone is singled out for heated condemnation, is the root of this reaction simply anti-Zionism or is it anti-Semitism? Here is both a summing up of the entire trajectory of anti-Semitism--the first comprehensive history of its kind--and an exploration of the new wave of anti-Semitism. "Walter Laqueur provides us with powerful new insights into an age-old problem. Distinguished scholarship and an authoritative moral voice are the hallmarks of this important book. Anyone wanting to understand the history and persistence of anti-Jewish hatred should read it." --Abraham H. Foxman, National Director, Anti-Defamation League},
author = {Laqueur, Walter},
isbn = {0199774730},
pages = {240},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=IaloAgAAQBAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2006}
}
@book{Boydstun2015,
author = {Boydstun, Amber E.},
booktitle = {Political Communication},
isbn = {10.1080/10584609.2015.1018108},
language = {en},
month = {mar},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{After Broadcast News: Media Regimes, Democracy, and the New Information Environment, by Bruce A. Williams and Michael X. Delli Carpini}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2015.1018108},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Buckley1998,
author = {Buckley, William F},
journal = {National Review},
month = {jun},
title = {{Barry Goldwater, RIP}},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Stroud2010,
author = {Stroud, Natalie Jomini},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,polpar,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,polpar,selexppol},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {556--576},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Polarization and partisan selective exposure}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x},
volume = {60},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Asch1983,
author = {Asch, S E},
journal = {Organizational influence processes},
pages = {260--269},
title = {{Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments}},
year = {1983}
}
@book{Lupia1998,
author = {Lupia, A and McCubbins, M D},
title = {{The democratic dilemma: Can citizens learn what they need to know?}},
url = {https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=2Vv6BhLC6HUC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR9{\&}dq=+Lupia+and+McCubbins+1998+{\&}ots=Uns{\_}e7H9WF{\&}sig=MV7EUUliM59TBWa0dDrOVy88GDM https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=2Vv6BhLC6HUC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR9{\&}dq=+Lupia+and+McCubbins+1998+{\&}ots=Uns{\_}},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Olson1997,
author = {Olson, M J and Budescu, D V David V},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199706)10:2<117::AID-BDM251>3.0.CO;2-7},
issn = {0894-3257},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision {\ldots}},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {117--131},
title = {{Patterns of preference for numerical and verbal probabilities}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199706)10:2{\%}3C117::AID-BDM251{\%}3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/{\%}28SICI{\%}291099-0771{\%}28199706{\%}2910{\%}3A2{\%}3C117{\%}3A{\%}3AAID-BDM251{\%}3E3.0.CO{\%}3B2-7},
volume = {10},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Hill2009,
author = {Hill, S},
journal = {Social Europe Journal},
number = {2},
pages = {9--15},
title = {{World Wide Webbed: The Obama campaign's masterful use of the Internet'}},
volume = {4},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Martin2018,
author = {Martin, Gregory J and Mccrain, Josh},
title = {{Local News and National Politics}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Miner2015,
abstract = {Can the introduction of the Internet undermine incumbent power in a semi-authoritarian regime? I examine this question using evidence from Malaysia, where the incumbent coalition lost its 40-year monopoly on power in 2008. I develop a novel methodology for measuring Internet penetration, matching IP addresses with physical locations, and apply it to the 2004 to 2008 period in Malaysia. Using distance to the backbone to instrument for endogenous Internet penetration, I find that Internet exposure accounts for 6.6 points, nearly half the swing against the incumbent party in 2008. I find limited evidence of increased turnover, and no evidence of an effect on turnout.},
author = {Miner, Luke},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.10.002},
issn = {00472727},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
keywords = {Internet diffusion,Malaysian elections,Political economy of the media},
month = {dec},
pages = {66--78},
title = {{The unintended consequences of internet diffusion: Evidence from Malaysia}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047272715001802 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272715001802},
volume = {132},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Jamison,
author = {Jamison, A and Baum, M A},
title = {{Forthcoming in Oxford Handbook of Public Opinion and the Media}}
}
@article{Barnett1998,
author = {Barnett, J},
journal = {Journal of Managerial Psychology},
keywords = {anonymity,response effects,sensitive questions,survey},
number = {1/2},
pages = {63--76},
title = {{Sensitive questions and response effects: an evaluation}},
volume = {13},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Ensley2007,
abstract = {Although it has been long established that ideology influences the decisions of American voters, scholars have begun more recently to delineate which voters under what conditions will vote ideologically. Although these studies have been illuminating, most analyses have failed to account for one critical contextual factor: candidate ideological divergence. Using a random-effects probit model and data from the 1988 to 1992 American Senate Election Studies, I show that the ideological divergence among Senate candidates conditions the influence of ideology on vote choice, at least among the more politically knowledgeable segment of the population. This reinforces and extends the findings of Wright and Berkman that ideologically polarized candidates produce ideological voters.},
author = {Ensley, M. J.},
doi = {10.1177/1532673X06294318},
issn = {1532-673X},
journal = {American Politics Research},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {103--122},
title = {{Candidate Divergence, Ideology, and Vote Choice in U.S. Senate Elections}},
url = {http://apr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/35/1/103},
volume = {35},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Fazio1995,
abstract = {The research examines an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes based on the evaluations that are automatically activated from memory on the presentation of Black versus White faces. Study 1, which concerned the technique's validity, obtained different attitude estimates for Black and White participants and also revealed that the variability among White participants was predictive of other race-related judgments and behavior. Study 2 concerned the lack of correspondence between the unobtrusive estimates and Modern Racism Scale (MRS) scores. The reactivity of the MRS was demonstrated in Study 3. Study 4 observed an interaction between the unobtrusive estimates and an individual difference in motivation to control prejudiced reactions when predicting MRS scores. The theoretical implications of the findings for consideration of automatic and controlled components of racial prejudice are discussed, as is the status of the MRS.},
author = {Fazio, R H and Jackson, J R and Dunton, B C and Williams, C J},
issn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
keywords = {African Americans,African Americans: psychology,Arousal,Attitude,European Continental Ancestry Group,European Continental Ancestry Group: psychology,Female,Humans,Individuality,Male,Mental Recall,Paired-Associate Learning,Prejudice,Race Relations},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {1013--1027},
pmid = {8531054},
title = {{Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline?}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8531054},
volume = {69},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Heibli2014,
abstract = {While various studies have already shown that people prefer high- over low-skilled migrants, we know surprisingly little why this is so. This article tries to close this gap by investigating three explanatory models. (i) According to the labour market competition model, citizens oppose immigrants with the same skill levels who are perceived as competitors on the job market. (ii) According to the welfare state model, low-skilled immigrants' use of public services is disproportionally higher than their contribution to tax revenues contrary to high-skilled immigrants. (iii) According to the deservingness model, high-skilled immigrants are preferred, as low-skilled immigrants are considered as lazy people who would be as well off as natives if they only tried harder. As one of the first studies outside the United States, these arguments are tested by means of an experimental online survey in Switzerland. Respondents were randomly assigned to evaluate low- and high-skilled immigrants. We find that different groups prefer high- over low-skilled immigrants for different reasons: While the labour market competition model does not play a role, the welfare state model only holds for natives who are well off in regions with low taxes. Finally, attitudes on deservingness explain preference of high-skilled immigrants only if the respondents have a high income.},
author = {Helbling, Marc and Kriesi, Hanspeter},
doi = {10.1093/esr/jcu061},
issn = {14682672},
journal = {European Sociological Review},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
month = {jun},
number = {5},
pages = {595--614},
title = {{Why citizens prefer high-over low-skilled immigrants. Labor market competition, welfare state, and deservingness}},
url = {http://esr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/06/10/esr.jcu061.abstract},
volume = {30},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Kernell,
abstract = {Research on economic expectations increasingly focuses on the role of education in shaping information acquisition and preference formation. Yet knowledge is more than a static, personal trait. Individuals become more informed as current information about the economy becomes less reliable. In this article we address two questions about how the broader economic and political environments shape knowledge. As economic conditions change, do people adjust their monitoring activity accordingly? And if so, do adjustments increase or decrease heterogeneity? Drawing on respondents' abilities to recall changes in business conditions from monthly national surveys spanning over thirty-four years, we confirm that people systematically adjust monitoring in response to changes in key economic indicators and short-term forces - such as crises and alternations in party control of the presidency. Moreover, while the information gap persists, we find that individuals from all education levels increase or decrease economic monitoring at (or near) the same rate.},
author = {Kernell, G and Kernell, S},
journal = {faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
title = {{Monitoring the Economy}},
url = {http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/gkernell/resources/monitoring-the-economy.pdf}
}
@article{mudde_single-issue_1999,
author = {Mudde, C},
journal = {West European Politics},
keywords = {muslim},
number = {3},
pages = {182--197},
shorttitle = {The single-issue party thesis},
title = {{The single-issue party thesis: extreme right parties and the immigration issue}},
volume = {22},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Seymour-Ure2001,
author = {Seymour-Ure, C},
journal = {Britain at the Polls},
title = {{New Labour and the Media}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?hl=en{\&}q=Seymour-Ure{\&}btnG={\&}as{\_}sdt=1{\%}2C5{\&}as{\_}sdtp={\#}{\%}237},
year = {2001}
}
@article{karp2007,
author = {Karp, Jeffrey A. and Banducci, Susan A. and Bowler, Shaun},
doi = {10.1017/S0007123408000057},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
language = {English},
month = {dec},
number = {01},
pages = {91--112},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Getting Out the Vote: Party Mobilization in a Comparative Perspective}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0007123408000057},
volume = {38},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Hillygus2009,
abstract = {The use of wedge issues such as abortion, gay marriage, and immigration has become standard political strategy in contemporary presidential campaigns. Why do candidates use such divisive appeals? Who in the electorate is persuaded by these controversial issues? And what are the consequences for American democracy? In this provocative and engaging analysis of presidential campaigns, Sunshine Hillygus and Todd Shields identify the types of citizens responsive to campaign information, the reasons they are responsive, and the tactics candidates use to sway these pivotal voters. The Persuadable Voter shows how emerging information technologies have changed the way candidates communicate, who they target, and what issues they talk about. As Hillygus and Shields explore the complex relationships between candidates, voters, and technology, they reveal potentially troubling results for political equality and democratic governance.The Persuadable Voter examines recent and historical campaigns using a wealth of data from national surveys, experimental research, campaign advertising, archival work, and interviews with campaign practitioners. With its rigorous multimethod approach and broad theoretical perspective, the book offers a timely and thorough understanding of voter decision making, candidate strategy, and the dynamics of presidential campaigns.},
author = {Hillygus, D. Sunshine and Shields, Todd G.},
isbn = {0691143366},
pages = {280},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{The Persuadable Voter: Wedge Issues in Presidential Campaigns}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Tesler2015,
author = {Tesler, Michael},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12157},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {806--824},
title = {{Priming Predispositions and Changing Policy Positions: An Account of When Mass Opinion Is Primed or Changed}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ajps.12157},
volume = {59},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Morris2007,
abstract = {This study examines the modern-day television "news grazer" in American politics. We define news grazers as those individuals who watch television news with remote control in hand and switch to another channel when an uninteresting topic comes up. Using survey data from the Pew Research Center, we find that news grazers differ significantly from nongrazers in news-gathering habits, political knowledge, and behavior. These effects remain significant even when controlling for other factors associated with news-grazing frequency, such as age and gender. The implications for the present and future of democratic political engagement are discussed.},
author = {Morris, J S and Forgette, R},
issn = {1081-180X},
journal = {The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {91--107},
title = {{News Grazers, Television News, Political Knowledge, and Engagement}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/12/1/91.short},
volume = {12},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Gamson1989,
abstract = {Media discourse and public opinion are treated as two parallel sys- tems of constructing meaning. This paper explores their relation- ship by analyzing the discourse on nuclear power in four general audience media: television news coverage, newsmagazine accounts, editorial cartoons, and syndicated opinion columns. The analysis traces the careers of different interpretive packages on nuclear power from 1945 to the present. This media discourse, it is argued, is an essential context for understanding the formation of public opinion on nuclear power. More specifically, it helps to account for such survey results as the decline in support for nuclear power before Three Mile Island, a rebound after a burst of media publicity has died out, the gap between general support for nuclear power and support for a plant in one's own community, and the changed relationship of age to support for nuclear power from 1950 to the present},
author = {Gamson, William A and Modigliani, Andre},
doi = {10.1086/229213},
isbn = {00029602},
issn = {0002-9602},
journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
number = {1},
pages = {1--37},
pmid = {1323},
title = {{Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach}},
url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/229213},
volume = {95},
year = {1989}
}
@article{reese2001understanding,
author = {Reese, Stephen D},
journal = {Journalism Studies},
number = {2},
pages = {173--187},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Understanding the global journalist: A hierarchy-of-influences approach}},
volume = {2},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Kong1986,
author = {Kong, A and Barnett, GO},
journal = {New England Journal of  {\ldots}},
title = {{How medical professionals evaluate expressions of probability}},
url = {http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198609183151206},
year = {1986}
}
@book{hillygus2008persuadable,
author = {Hillygus, D.S. S and Shields, T.G. G},
isbn = {0691133417},
publisher = {Princeton Univ Pr},
title = {{The persuadable voter: wedge issues in presidential campaigns}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=lxPNJH4cqaUC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PP9{\&}dq=hillygus+cross-pressured{\&}ots=QlA7MOfYRB{\&}sig=VHMKwKKGpw2Rcep4hs8v2d8lKoY},
year = {2008}
}
@inproceedings{Gaziano2012,
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between education and ideology in order to better understand belief gaps between conservatives and liberals, especially with regard to conservatives' skepticism about scientific explanations of phenomena and their greater credibility about religious explanations. The study used 2008 American National Election Study data to compare conservatives, moderates, and liberals by education on several characteristics, values, and actions. When respondents were divided into six groups by high and low education and liberal, moderate, and conservative ideology, well educated liberals diverged from other groups in espousing more nurturing child rearing values, being less religious, being opinionated, liking complexity in problem solving, and greater political involvement. Predictors of ideology were being white, male, having lower education, having higher incomes, lacking ability to perceive more than one side of an argument as having merit, having authoritarian child rearing values, mistrusting media to report news fairly, and being high in religiosity. While knowledge gap and belief gap studies often use education as an indicator of SES, none considers situations where education and income define opposing groups, since education and income tend to be highly correlated. Although beliefs and knowledge were not measured, the results suggest that when belief gaps occur, one of the main explanations may be income. It appears that income, combined with conservatism, is now coming to play an unexpected and complicating part in defining beliefs about how to interpret facts. A reformulation of the belief gap hypothesis is suggested, based on differences in social power and social-cultural constructions of knowledge.},
address = {Chicago},
author = {Gaziano, C},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
pages = {1--42},
publisher = {Annual Meeting of the Midwest Association for Public Opinion Research},
title = {{Predictors of Ideology}},
url = {http://www.mapor.org/confdocs/absandpaps/2012/2012{\_}papers/1M2{\_}Gaziano{\_}paper.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Rosenbaum1984,
author = {Rosenbaum, P R},
isbn = {0035-9238},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General)},
number = {5},
pages = {656--666},
title = {{The consquences of adjustment for a concomitant variable that has been affected by the treatment}},
volume = {147},
year = {1984}
}
@book{Hamilton2004,
author = {Hamilton, James},
isbn = {9780691116808},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{All the news that's fit to sell: how the market transforms information into news}},
year = {2004}
}
@inproceedings{Kim2012a,
abstract = {This study attempts to understand how the use of new communication technology, specifically mobilephone use, is associated with offline homogeneous, heterogeneous communication, and political mediause in the case of Colombia. Whether and how social stratification of the public may influence theserelationship is also investigated. After conducting correlation and regression analyses, findings showthat the use of mobile phone has a strong, positive effect on facilitating all the outcome measures:offline homogeneous communication, heterogeneous communication, and political media use. Thestudy also revealed that the more people use their mobile technologies to achieve social and politicalmobilization, the more frequently they seek political information through various media outlets. Mostinterestingly, our study finds significant interaction effects between mobile technology use and socialstratum of individuals on heterogeneous communication and political media use, such that mobilephone use especially benefits people of lower social strata. Further discussion on the study findings isoffered.},
address = {Phoenix},
author = {Kim, S C and Hopke, J and Rojas, H},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
pages = {1--20},
publisher = {annual International Communication association conference},
title = {{The Power of “Talking on the Phone”: Effects of Mobile Technology on Social Divides}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?start=20{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=2005{\&}sciodt=0,5{\&}cites=4408298639581433096{\&}scipsc={\#}0},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Behr1985,
author = {Behr, R L and Iyengar, S},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {38},
title = {{Television news, real-world cues, and changes in the public agenda}},
volume = {49},
year = {1985}
}
@article{SHAH2001,
abstract = {This research explores the influence of mass media use and community context on civic engagement. The article presents a multilevel test of print, broadcast, and Internet effects on interpersonal trust and civic participation that acknowledges there are (a) micro-level differences in the motives underlying media use, (b) age-cohort differences in patterns of media use and levels of civic engagement, and (c) macro-level differences in community / communication context. Accordingly, the effects of individual differences in media use and aggregate differences in community context are analyzed within generational subsamples using a pooled data set developed from the 1998 and 1999 DDB Life Style Studies. The data suggest that informational uses of mass media are positively related to the production of social capital, whereas social-recreational uses are negatively related to these civic indicators. Informational uses of mass media were also found to interact with community context to influence civic engagement. Analyses within subsamples find that among the youngest adult Americans, use of the Internet for information exchange more strongly influences trust in people and civic participation than do uses of traditional print and broadcast news media.},
author = {SHAH, D V and McLEOD, J M and YOON, S.-H.},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {464--506},
title = {{Communication, Context, and Community: An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/28/4/464.short},
volume = {28},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Jackman1973,
annote = {Social class can influence acquiescence},
author = {Jackman, Mary R},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
pages = {327--339},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Education and prejudice or education and response-set?}},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Mann2010,
abstract = {Abstract Using social pressure to mobilize voters has gener increases in turnout (Gerber et al. Am Polit Sci Rev 102:33{\^{}}8, voters may have negative reactions to social pressure treatments effectiveness. Social psychologists have observed this 'reactan pressure about other behavior, but it has been overlooked in vote Using a large-scale field experiment, we find treatments designe tance are just as effective as heavy-handed social pressure treatm voters. The success of gentler social pressure treatments should m social pressure more palatable to voter mobil},
author = {Mann, Christopher B},
doi = {10.1007/s11109-010-9124-y},
isbn = {0190-9320},
issn = {01909320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {Field experiment,Reactance,Social pressure,Voter mobilization,Voting},
number = {3},
pages = {387--407},
pmid = {749555681},
title = {{Is There Backlash to Social Pressure? A Large-scale Field Experiment on Voter Mobilization}},
volume = {32},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Arnett1995,
author = {Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen},
doi = {10.1007/BF01537054},
issn = {0047-2891},
journal = {Journal of Youth and Adolescence},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {519--533},
title = {{Adolescents' uses of media for self-socialization}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01537054},
volume = {24},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Jacoby1994,
abstract = {This study examines the nature, sources, and consequences of citizens' attitudes toward government spending. Data from the 1984 CPS National Election Study are used to perform a scaling analysis of mass spending preferences across a set of 10 public policies. The empirical results indicate that there is a coherent structure underlying citizens' attitudes toward social welfare spending. In contrast, spending preferences for nonwelfare programs are separate and largely unrelated concerns. I argue that this distinction is essential for understanding public opinion on government spending. And further analyses incorporating the difference between welfare and nonwelfare spending preferences provide important, theoretically relevant insights about the relationship between citizens in the mass public and stimuli in the political world.},
author = {Jacoby, William G},
isbn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {336--361},
title = {{Public Attitudes toward Government Spending}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111407},
volume = {38},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Brown2011,
author = {Brown, David S. and Touchton, Michael and Whitford, Andrew},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.02.006},
issn = {0305750X},
journal = {World Development},
keywords = {,corruption,development,governance,polarization,xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {1516--1529},
title = {{Political Polarization as a Constraint on Corruption: A Cross-national Comparison}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.02.006},
volume = {39},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Miller2003,
author = {Miller, J G and Schaberg, L and MAINSTREAM, A T.O.C.I.N},
journal = {Handbook of Psychology: Personality and social psychology},
pages = {31},
title = {{Cultural Perspectives on Personality and Social Psychology}},
volume = {41},
year = {2003}
}
@article{stoker1995life,
author = {Stoker, Laura and Jennings, M Kent},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
pages = {421--433},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Life-cycle transitions and political participation: The case of marriage}},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Fiorina2006,
author = {Fiorina, M P and Levendusky, M S},
journal = {Red and blue nation},
pages = {49--71},
shorttitle = {Disconnected},
title = {{Disconnected: The political class versus the people}},
volume = {1},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Sosik1997,
author = {Sosik, J J and Avolio, B J and Kahai, S S},
isbn = {0021-9010},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {89--103},
title = {{Effects of Leadership Style and Anonymity on Group Potency and Effectiveness in a Group Decision Support System Environment* 1}},
volume = {82},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Brundidge2014,
abstract = {This study examined the association between political ideology and linguistic indicators of integrative complexity and opinion leadership in U.S. political blog posts (N = 519). Using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) text analysis, we found that the posts of conservative bloggers were more integratively simple than those of liberal bloggers. Furthermore, in support of a proposed opinion leadership model of integrative complexity, the relationship between ideology and integrative complexity was mediated by psychological distancing (an indicator of a hierarchical communication style). These findings demonstrate an ideological divide in the extent to which the blogosphere reflects deliberative democratic ideals.},
author = {Brundidge, Jennifer and Reid, Scott A. and Choi, Sujin and Muddiman, Ashley},
doi = {10.1111/pops.12201},
isbn = {1467-9221},
issn = {14679221},
journal = {Political Psychology},
keywords = {Blogs,Deliberative democracy,Ideology,Integrative complexity,Internet,LIWC,Linguistic Inquiry Word Count,Opinion leadership,Political},
number = {6},
pages = {741--755},
title = {{The Deliberative Digital Divide: Opinion Leadership and Integrative Complexity in the U.S. Political Blogosphere}},
volume = {35},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Shor2016,
abstract = {{{\}}pA large class of theoretical models posits that voters choose candidates on the basis of issue congruence, but convincing empirical tests of this key claim remain elusive. The most persistent difficulty is obtaining comparable spatial estimates for winning and losing candidates, as well as voters. We address these issues using candidate surveys to characterize the electoral platforms for winners and losers, and large issue batteries in 2008 and 2010 to estimate voter preferences. Questions that were answered by both candidates and citizens allow us to jointly scale these estimates. We find robust evidence that vote choice in congressional elections is both strongly associated with spatial proximity and that individual-level and contextual variables commonly associated with congressional voting behavior condition the magnitude of its importance. Our results have important implications for theories of voter decision-making and electoral institutions./p},
author = {Shor, Boris and Rogowski, Jon C},
doi = {10.1017/psrm.2016.23},
issn = {2049-8470},
journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
pages = {1--19},
title = {{Ideology and the US Congressional Vote}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S2049847016000236},
year = {2016}
}
@article{VanderWeele2016,
author = {VanderWeele, Tyler J},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402},
isbn = {1545-2093},
issn = {0163-7525},
journal = {Annual Review of Public Health},
keywords = {direct effects,indirect effects,mechanism,pathway analysis},
number = {1},
pages = {annurev----publhealth----032315----021402},
pmid = {26653405},
title = {{Mediation Analysis: A Practitioner's Guide}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402},
volume = {37},
year = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{Mutz2001,
author = {Mutz, D C},
booktitle = {American Political Science Association},
pages = {97--114},
shorttitle = {Facilitating communication across lines of politic},
title = {{Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media}},
volume = {95},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Cialdini1997,
author = {Cialdini, R B and Brown, S L and Lewis, B P and Luce, C and Neuberg, S L},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
pages = {481--494},
title = {{Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness}},
volume = {73},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Barber1969,
author = {Barber, T X and Others},
journal = {Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {1--6},
title = {{Five attempts to replicate the experimenter bias effect}},
volume = {33},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Lenski1960,
author = {Lenski, Gerhard E and Leggett, John C},
journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
number = {5},
pages = {463--467},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Caste, class, and deference in the research interview}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2774074},
volume = {65},
year = {1960}
}
@article{McClosky2009,
author = {McClosky, H and Chong, D},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
number = {03},
pages = {329--363},
title = {{Similarities and differences between left-wing and right-wing radicals}},
volume = {15},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Saks2006,
author = {Saks, A M and McCarthy, J M},
journal = {Journal of Business and Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {175--191},
title = {{Effects of discriminatory interview questions and gender on applicant reactions}},
volume = {21},
year = {2006}
}
@inproceedings{Mahon-Haft2010,
author = {Mahon-Haft, T A and Dillman, D A},
pages = {43--59},
title = {{Does Visual Appeal Matter? Effects of Web Survey Aesthetics on Survey Quality}},
volume = {4},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Schuman1996,
author = {Schuman, H and Presser, S},
isbn = {9780761903598},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
series = {Quantitative Studies in Social Relations},
title = {{Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=Je640UKqNaYC},
year = {1996}
}
@misc{Butler2010,
abstract = {During the 2008 presidential election, the authors submitted letters to the editor at 100 major U.S. newspapers as part of a field experiment to test whether interest in the letter depended on which candidate the letter supported. The authors find, contrary to what charges of a liberal media bias would suggest, that newspapers expressed more interest in pro-McCain letters than pro-Obama letters. Furthermore, it was found that papers were most likely to be interested in letters supporting the candidate they did not endorse, a result that is consistent with the idea that editors seem to be using their gatekeeping powers to allow dissenting opinions to be heard.},
author = {Butler, Daniel M. and Schofield, Emily},
booktitle = {American Politics Research},
doi = {10.1177/1532673X09349912},
issn = {1532673X},
keywords = {2008 presidential election,Barack Obama,Election campaigns,Field experiments,Letters to the editor,Newspapers},
number = {2},
pages = {356--371},
title = {{Were newspapers more interested in pro-Obama letters to the editor in 2008? Evidence from a field experiment}},
volume = {38},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Gigerenzer2002,
abstract = {In a complex and uncertain world, humans and animals make decisions under the constraints of limited knowledge, resources, and time. Yet models of rational decision making in economics, cognitive science, biology, and other fields largely ignore these real constraints and instead assume agents with perfect information and unlimited time. About forty years ago, Herbert Simon challenged this view with his notion of "bounded rationality." Today, bounded rationality has become a fashionable term used for disparate views of reasoning.This book promotes bounded rationality as the key to understanding how real people make decisions. Using the concept of an "adaptive toolbox," a repertoire of fast and frugal rules for decision making under uncertainty, it attempts to impose more order and coherence on the idea of bounded rationality. The contributors view bounded rationality neither as optimization under constraints nor as the study of people?s reasoning fallacies. The strategies in the adaptive toolbox dispense with optimization and, for the most part, with calculations of probabilities and utilities. The book extends the concept of bounded rationality from cognitive tools to emotions; it analyzes social norms, imitation, and other cultural tools as rational strategies; and it shows how smart heuristics can exploit the structure of environments.},
author = {Gigerenzer, Gerd},
isbn = {0262571641},
pages = {377},
publisher = {MIT Press},
title = {{Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=dVMq5UoYS3YC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Elvestad2014,
abstract = {With more media choices, people can easily remove themselves from news and current affairs. This has arguably led to an increased impact of political interest and an audience polarization dividing people into news-seekers and news-avoiders. Using data from the European Social Survey, this study investigate polarization of news consumption in 34 European countries from 2002 to 2010. The results show a general increase in the amount of news-avoiders, while the share of news-seekers has decreased. On a European level, news-avoiders now outnumber news-seekers, but there are important cross-national differences. The impact of political interest on news consumption has not increased.},
author = {Elvestad, Eiri and Blekesaune, Arild and Aalberg, Toril},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2469713},
issn = {1556-5068},
journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
keywords = {European Social Survey,News media use,democracy,news-avoiders,news-seekers},
month = {jul},
title = {{The Polarized News Audience? A Longitudinal Study of News-Seekers and News-Avoiders in Europe}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2469713},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Shehata2010,
abstract = {This article addresses a key democratic question that has not been fully answered by political communication research: How do the news media influence gaps in participation between socioeconomic groups? The main purpose is to develop and propose an institutional framework for analyzing how the news media influence participation gaps in different countries. It is argued that past research on media malaise and mobilization effects has not paid attention to the joint influence of two media system characteristics: (1) the strength of media institutions with respect to influencing political participation and (2) the distinctiveness of their population base. European Social Survey data from four democratic corporatist countries are used to analyze both these dimensions of the institutional framework. The results indicate that newspapers and television news might have different influences on participation gaps in these countries, and the findings are discussed in light of the specific media system characteristics of democratic corporatist countries. Finally, some suggestions for future cross-national comparative research based on the proposed institutional framework are discussed.},
author = {Shehata, A},
doi = {10.1177/1940161209360930},
issn = {1940-1612},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {295--318},
title = {{Pathways to Politics: How Media System Characteristics Can Influence Socioeconomic Gaps in Political Participation}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/04/26/1940161209360930.abstract},
volume = {15},
year = {2010}
}
@article{LICHTENSTEIN,
abstract = {188 SS GAVE NUMERICAL PROBABILITY ESTIMATES FOR EACH OF 41 PROBABILITY-RELATED WORDS AND PHRASES. WHILE THE RESPONSES WERE REASONABLY CONSISTENT, ASYMMETRY BETWEEN MIRROR-IMAGE PHRASES, E.G., QUITE LIKELY (.79) AND QUITE UNLIKELY (.11) WERE FOUND. THUS VERBAL LABELS ON NUMERICAL PROBABILITY RESPONSE SCALES MAY NOT BE PRACTICABLE. },
author = {LICHTENSTEIN, SARAH and Newman, J. ROBERT JR},
journal = {Psychonomic science},
number = {10},
pages = {563--564},
title = {{Empirical scaling of common verbal phrases associated with numerical probabilities.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1968-05548-001},
volume = {9},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Lu2010,
abstract = {Objectives. There is disagreement in the literature on immigration attitudes regarding the relative importance of ethnic stereotypes and more general cultural and economic concerns about increasing immigration in the formation of those attitudes. We argue that the impact of stereotypes relative to these other factors may have been underestimated for a variety of reasons.Methods. We test the impact of stereotypes on immigration preferences in data from the Multi-Ethnic Module of the 2000 General Social Survey. Because the dependent variables analyzed herein are ordinal, we estimate ordered logistic regressions that correct for diagnosed hetereoskedacticity.Results. Statistical analyses confirm that negative stereotypes are a significantly larger predictor of ethnicity-specific immigration preferences relative to general attitudes about immigration. Intervening variables analyses also suggest that the impact of stereotypes has been underestimated relative to cultural and economic anxieties because these variables significantly mediate its observed impact.Conclusions. The results suggest that ethnic stereotypes are significantly more important in determining immigration preferences among Americans than has been reported in previous research.},
author = {Lu, Lingyu and Nicholson-Crotty, Sean},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00733.x},
issn = {00384941},
journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
month = {dec},
number = {5},
pages = {1312--1328},
pmid = {21125762},
title = {{Reassessing the impact of hispanic stereotypes on white americans' immigration preferences}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00733.x},
volume = {91},
year = {2010}
}
@incollection{mullen2008linguistic,
author = {Mullen, Brian and Leader, Tirza},
booktitle = {On the Nature of Prejudice},
editor = {Dovidio, John F. and Glick, Peter and Rudman, Lauren},
pages = {192},
publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
title = {{Linguistic factors: Antilocutions, ethnonyms, ethnophaulisms, and other varieties of hate speech}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Wattenberg1999,
abstract = {As political campaigns become increasingly adversarial, scholars are giving some much-needed attention to the effect of negative advertising on turnout. In a widely recognized Review article and subsequent book, Ansolabehere and his colleagues (1994, 1995) contend that attack advertising drives potential voters away from the polls.},
author = {Wattenberg, Martin P and Brians, Craig Leonard},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {4},
pages = {891--899},
publisher = {American Political Science Association},
title = {{Negative Campaign Advertising : Demobilizer or Mobilizer ?}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2586119},
volume = {93},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Zaller1996,
author = {Zaller, J},
journal = {Political persuasion and attitude change},
pages = {17--78},
title = {{The myth of massive media impact revived: New support for a discredited idea}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=nzfHh3spvQ0C{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA17{\&}dq=zaller+1992{\&}ots=Yn5Zig9ybX{\&}sig=ewi3xV{\_}YCywqPZq0bMkltXXVeMk http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=nzfHh3spvQ0C{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA17{\&}dq=zaller+1992{\&}ots=Ymb2},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Calsyn1992,
abstract = {This study demonstrated that acquiescence response set can inflate estimates of agency awareness in needs assessment studies of the elderly. However, acquiescence does not appear to inflate estimates of service utilization or service need. Contrary to past survey research, less educated respondents were no more likely to exhibit acquiescence than better educated respondents. Similarly, the hypothesis that African-Americans would display more acquiescence than Caucasians received only minimal support.},
annote = {Education level may not affect acquiescence bias},
author = {Calsyn, R J and Roades, L A and Calsyn, D S},
doi = {10.1093/geront/32.2.246},
issn = {0016-9013},
journal = {The Gerontologist},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {246--252},
title = {{Acquiescence in Needs Assessment Studies of the Elderly}},
url = {http://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/2/246.abstract},
volume = {32},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Cacioppo1984,
abstract = {A short form for assessing individual differences in need for cognition is described.},
author = {Cacioppo, J T and Petty, R E and Kao, C F},
doi = {10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_13},
isbn = {00223891},
issn = {0022-3891},
journal = {Journal of Personality Assessment},
number = {3},
pages = {306--307},
pmid = {16367530},
title = {{The efficient assessment of need for cognition.}},
volume = {48},
year = {1984}
}
@article{GilesHertz1994,
author = {Giles, Micheal and Hertz, Kaenan},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {2},
pages = {317--326},
title = {{Racial Threat and Partisan Identification}},
volume = {88},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Collier1993,
abstract = {Comparison is a fundamental tool of analysis. It sharpens our powers of description, and plays a central role in concept-formation by bringing into focus suggestive similarities and contrasts among cases. Routinely used in testing hypotheses, it can also contribute to the inductive discovery of new hypotheses and to theory-building. This chapter examines distinct perspectives from the past two decades on the comparative method – understood as the systematic comparison of a relatively small number of cases – focusing specifically on its relationship to experimental, statistical, and case-study approaches. Three main areas of innovation and analytic alternatives have emerged which strengthen the viability of the comparative method: within-case analysis, quantitative techniques employing a relatively small number of cases, and systematic comparison of a small number of cases with the goal of causal analysis, as Lijphart originally advocated. All three of these approaches will persist; substantial exposure to and training in the basic writings on the philosophy of science and logic of inquiry can provide a framework for more informed choices about these methodological alternatives. In this way, the foundation can be laid for an eclectic practice of small-N analysis that takes advantage of opportunities on both sides of what could otherwise be a major intellectual divide.},
author = {Collier, David},
keywords = {Case Study,Comparative,Experimental},
title = {{The Comparative Method}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1540884},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Boczkowski2011,
abstract = {This article contributes to understanding whether there is a thematic gap between journalists' and consumers' preferences, and whether the media converge or diverge across nations. The concurrent news choices of journalists and consumers in 11 online newspapers from six countries in Western Europe and Latin America were examined. A comparison of the most prominently displayed stories on the homepages of each of these sites and the most frequently clicked stories on these sites shows a pattern of convergence across divergence: A thematic gap in the online news choices of journalists and consumers that is shared by all sites despite different levels of preference for public affairs reportage (news about political, economic, and international topics). The theoretical implications and social relevance of these findings are discussed.},
author = {Boczkowski, P J and Mitchelstein, E and Walter, M},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {aggregate level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level},
month = {dec},
number = {3},
pages = {376--396},
title = {{Convergence Across Divergence: Understanding the Gap in the Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers in Western Europe and Latin America}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/38/3/376},
volume = {38},
year = {2011}
}
@article{nisbett1980trait,
author = {Nisbett, R.E.},
journal = {Retrospections on social psychology},
pages = {109--130},
publisher = {Oxford University Press, USA},
title = {{The trait construct in lay and professional psychology}},
year = {1980}
}
@incollection{Tajfel1979,
address = {Monterey, CA},
author = {Tajfel, H and Turner, JC},
booktitle = {The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations},
editor = {Austin, William G. and Worchel, Stephen},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
publisher = {Wadsworth, 1979},
title = {{An integrative theory of intergroup conflict}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?cluster=13473420418353764092{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}3},
year = {1979}
}
@article{husek1961acquiescence,
author = {Husek, T R},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
pages = {295--307},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Acquiescence as a response set and as a personality characteristic.}},
volume = {21},
year = {1961}
}
@book{Almond1963,
abstract = {This classic text is a comparative political study, based on extensive survey data that defined and analysed the Greek concept of civic virtuelture: the political and social attitudes that are crucial to the success of modern democracy in Western nations. Cited extensively, the book was origionall published in 1963.},
address = {Princeton},
author = {Almond, Gabriel A and Verba, Sidney},
booktitle = {Political attitudes and democracy in five nations},
doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01106-2},
isbn = {0803935595},
pmid = {771795},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{The Civic Culture}},
year = {1963}
}
@article{Greene2002,
author = {Greene, Steven},
journal = {Political Behavior},
number = {3},
pages = {171--197},
title = {{The Social-Psychological Measurement of Partisanship}},
volume = {24},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Hallin2002,
abstract = {This article explores the relationship between political clientelism and the development of media systems in southern Europe and Latin America, considering the cases of Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Mexico, Colombia and Brazil. Common characteristics of the media systems in these countries include low newspaper circulation, a tendency towards political instrumentalization of the media, limited development of journalism as a differentiated and autonomous profession, and regulatory agencies that are at the same time party-politicized and relatively weak. We argue that these media-system characteristics must be understood in relation to a broader history of political clientelism - though a number of forces, including commercialization of media industries and globalization, have tended in recent years to undermine clientelistic relationships.},
author = {Hallin, D C and Papathanassopoulos, S},
doi = {10.1177/016344370202400202},
issn = {0163-4437},
journal = {Media, Culture {\&} Society},
keywords = {comparative media},
mendeley-tags = {comparative media},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {175--195},
title = {{Political clientelism and the media: southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective}},
url = {http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/24/2/175.short},
volume = {24},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Lau1999,
author = {Lau, R R and Sigelman, L and Heldman, C and Babbitt, P},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {4},
pages = {851--875},
title = {{The effects of negative political advertisements: A meta-analytic assessment}},
volume = {93},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Huddy2015,
abstract = {Party identification is central to the study of American political behavior, yet there remains disagreement over whether it is largely instrumental or expressive in nature. We draw on social identity theory to develop the expressive model and conduct four studies to compare it to an instrumental explanation of campaign involvement. We find strong support for the expressive model: a multi-item partisan identity scale better accounts for campaign activity than a strong stance on subjectively important policy issues, the strength of ideological self-placement, or a measure of ideological identity. A series of experiments underscore the power of partisan identity to generate action-oriented emotions that drive campaign activity. Strongly identified partisans feel angrier than weaker partisans when threatened with electoral loss and more positive when reassured of victory. In contrast, those who hold a strong and ideologically consistent position on issues are no more aroused emotionally than others by party threats or reassurances. In addition, threat and reassurance to the party's status arouse greater anger and enthusiasm among partisans than does a threatened loss or victory on central policy issues. Our findings underscore the power of an expressive partisan identity to drive campaign involvement and generate strong emotional reactions to ongoing campaign events.},
author = {Huddy, Leonie and Mason, Lilliana and Aar{\o}e, Lene},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055414000604},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {1--17},
title = {{Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity}},
volume = {109},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Patterson2000,
author = {Patterson, T E},
publisher = {Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University},
title = {{Doing well and doing good: How soft news and critical journalism are shrinking the news audience and weakening democracy-and what news outlets can do about it}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{lacour2012balanced,
author = {LaCour, Michael J},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
title = {{A Balanced News Diet, Not Selective Exposure: Evidence from a Direct Measure of Media Exposure}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Traugott1979,
abstract = {This paper presents the results of a project which validated the reported registration and voting behavior of respondents in a national election study. The accuracy of reported voting behavior in the 1976 general election is assessed in terms of the demographic characteristics of the respondents to the Center for Political Studies National Election Study as well as the extent of their participation in a survey panel begun in 1972. Increased levels of registration and turnout are observed in association with the number of interviews in which respondents participated, and three alternative social psychological models of the effects of preelection interviews are evaluated. Although the interview apparently served as a stimulus to voting, neither a model associated with self-concept theory nor alienation theory appears to explain the phenomenon adequately. The interview effect is significant and appears to be cumulative, indicating that researchers usingthe survey method with panel designs should be sitive to the effects of their method on the behavior which they are tryingto measure.},
author = {Traugott, Michael W. and Katosh, John P.},
doi = {10.1086/268527},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {3},
pages = {359},
title = {{Response Validity in Surveys of Voting Behavior}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/43/3/359},
volume = {43},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Baumgartner2012,
abstract = {Using panel data of young adults, we find evidence that exposure to Tina Fey's impersonation of Sarah Palin's performance in the 2008 vice-presidential debate on Saturday Night Live is associated with changes in attitudes toward her selection as VP candidate and presidential vote intentions. These effects are most pronounced among self-identified Independents and Republicans.},
author = {Baumgartner, J C and Morris, J S and Walth, N L},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfr060},
issn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {95--104},
title = {{The Fey Effect: Young Adults, Political Humor, and Perceptions of Sarah Palin in the 2008 Presidential Election Campaign}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/76/1/95},
volume = {76},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Anderson2007,
abstract = {Democratic elections are designed to create unequal outcomes: for some to win, others have to lose. This book examines the consequences of this inequality for the legitimacy of democratic political institutions and systems. Using survey data collected in democracies around the globe, the authors argue that losing generates ambivalent attitudes towards political authorities. Because the efficacy and ultimately the survival of democratic regimes can be seriously threatened if the losers do not consent to their loss, the central themes of this book focus on losing: how losers respond to their loss and how institutions shape losing. While there tends to be a gap in support for the political system between winners and losers, it is not ubiquitous. The book paints a picture of losers' consent that portrays losers as political actors whose experience and whose incentives to accept defeat are shaped both by who they are as individuals as well as the political environment in which loss is given meaning. Given that the winner-loser gap in legitimacy is a persistent feature of democratic politics, the findings presented in this book contain crucial implications for our understanding of the functioning and stability of democracies.},
author = {Anderson, Christopher J and Blais, Andr{\'{e}} and Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd and Listhaug, Ola},
isbn = {0199232008},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
pages = {240},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Losers' Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=4RJVAAAAYAAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Alwin1991a,
annote = {correlational linkage between observed variables and some conception of a "true" variable, and only under certain conditions of design would correlations among survey measures be expected to provide an estimate of reliability.




Under conditions of random error in the measures, the covariance between two or more attempts to measure the same thing reflects true score variance, whereas the variance of replicate measures contain both true variance and random error variance.




Moreover, it is also the case that the amount of measurement error may be affected by the measuring instrument,that is, by those aspects of data collection that depend not on the population being measured, but on the characteristics of survey questions.




If some respondents do select answers randomly when they lack attitudes, their behavior would increase the amount of random variation in attitude reports.




Internal cues indicating attitudes are sometimes ambiguous...highly conflicting or ambiguous cues...forcing respondents to choose a single point on an attitude continuum may cause them to make such choices randomly, and such internal ambiguity will increase the amount of random measurement error.},
author = {Alwin, Duane F and Krosnick, Jon A},
journal = {Sociological Methods and Research},
keywords = {deliberative,fool},
mendeley-tags = {deliberative,fool},
number = {1},
pages = {139--181},
title = {{The reliability of survey attitude measurement: the influence of question and respondent attributes}},
volume = {20},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Padfield1996,
author = {Padfield, M and Procter, I},
journal = {Sociology},
number = {2},
pages = {355--366},
title = {{RESEARCH NOTE THE EFFECT OF INTERVIEWER'S GENDER ON THE INTERVIEWING PROCESS: A COMPARATIVE ENQUIRY1}},
volume = {30},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Roccas2005,
author = {Roccas, S},
journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
title = {{Religion and value systems}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00430.x/full},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bolderdijk2013,
abstract = {Environmental campaigns often promote energy conservation by appealing to economic (for example, lower electricity bills) rather than biospheric concerns (for example, reduced carbon emissions), assuming that people are primarily motivated by economic self-interest. However, people also care about maintaining a favourable view of themselves (they want to maintain a ‘positive self-concept'), and may prefer to see themselves as ‘green' rather than ‘greedy'. Consequently, people may find economic appeals less attractive than biospheric appeals. Across two studies, participants indicated feeling better about biospheric (‘Want to protect the environment? Check your car's tire pressure') than economic (‘Want to save money? Check your car's tire pressure') tyre-check appeals. In a field experiment,we found that an economic tyre-check appeal (‘Do you care about your finances? Get a free tire check') elicited significantly less compliance than parallel biospheric and neutral appeals. Together, these studies discredit the conventional wisdom that appealing to economic self-interest is the best way to secure behaviour change.At least in some cases, our studies suggest, this strategy is not effective. P},
author = {Bolderdijk, J W and Steg, L and Geller, E S and Lehman, P K and Postmes, T},
doi = {10.1038/nclimate1767},
isbn = {1758-678X$\backslash$r1758-6798},
issn = {1758678X},
journal = {Nature Climate Change},
number = {4},
pages = {413--416},
title = {{Comparing the effectiveness of monetary versus moral motives in environmental campaigning}},
volume = {3},
year = {2013}
}
@unpublished{Cage2014,
abstract = {This paper investigates the impact of increased media competition on the quantity and quality of news provided and, ultimately, changes in political participation. Drawing from the literature on vertical product di erentiation to model the production choices of newspapers, I show how an increase in the number of newspapers can decrease both the quantity and quality of news provided. I build a new county-level panel dataset of local newspaper presence, newspapers' costs and revenues and political turnout in France, from 1945 to 2012. I estimate the e ect of newspaper entry by comparing counties that experience entry to similar counties in the same years that do not. These counties exhibit similar trends prior to newspaper entry, but newspaper entry then leads to substantial declines in the total number of journalists. More newspapers are also associated with fewer news articles and lower hard news provision. These e ects are concentrated in counties with homogeneous populations, as predicted by the model, with little impact on counties with heterogeneous populations. Newspaper entry, and the associated decline in information provision, is ultimately found to decrease voter turnout.},
author = {Cag{\'{e}}, Julia},
institution = {Harvard University},
keywords = {aggregate level,hard news,media competition,newspaper's content,political participation,product differentiation,soft news},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level},
title = {{Media Competition, Information Provision and Political Participation}},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Herbst1993,
abstract = {How are numbers generated by public opinion surveys used to describe the national mood? Why have they gained such widespread respect and power in American life? Do polls enhance democracy, or simply accelerate the erosion of public discourse? Quantifying the American mood through opinion polls has come to seem an unbiased means for assessing what people want. But in Numbered Voices Susan Herbst demonstrates that how public opinion is measured affects the ways that voters, legislators, and journalists conceive of it. Exploring the history of public opinion in the United States from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day, Herbst analyzes how quantitative descriptions of public opinion became so authoritative. She shows how numbers served instrumental functions, but symbolic ones as well: public opinion figures convey authority and not only neutral information. Case studies and numerous examples illustrate how and why quantitative public opinion data have been so critical during and between American elections. Herbst then addresses how the quantification of public opinion has affected contemporary politics, and its implications for the democratic process. She shows that opinion polling is attractive because of its scientific aura, but that surveys do not necessarily enhance public debate. On the contrary, Herbst argues, polling often causes us to ignore certain dimensions of public problems by narrowing the bounds of public debate. By scrutinizing the role of opinion polling in the United States, Numbered Voices forces us to ask difficult but fundamental questions about American politics - questions with important implications for the democratic process.},
author = {Herbst, Susan},
isbn = {0226327426},
pages = {227},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=Tx7JUgaU8FQC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Squire1988,
author = {Squire, P and Smith, E.R.A.N.},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {1},
pages = {169--179},
title = {{The effect of partisan information on voters in nonpartisan elections}},
volume = {50},
year = {1988}
}
@misc{Tait2014,
author = {Tait, Robert},
booktitle = {The Telegraph},
title = {{Benjamin Netanyahu accuses UN of 'hypocrisy' over human rights votes}},
url = {http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/10732788/Benjamin-Netanyahu-accuses-UN-of-hypocrisy-over-human-rights-votes.html},
urldate = {2014-10-05},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Paulhus1984,
author = {Paulhus, Delroy L D L},
issn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
keywords = {Attitude scale,D{\'{e}}sirabilit{\'{e}} sociale,Echelle attitude,Homme,Human,Interaction sociale,Psychometrics,Psychom{\'{e}}trie,Social desirability,Social interaction},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
pages = {598--609},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Two-component models of socially desirable responding}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/46/3/598/ http://www.citeulike.org/group/1662/article/547225 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN{\&}cpsidt=9728830},
volume = {46},
year = {1984}
}
@book{Stimson1991,
address = {Boulder},
author = {Stimson, James A},
isbn = {0813311659},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {156},
publisher = {Westview Press},
title = {{Public opinion in America: Moods, cycles, and swings}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=-Tm7AAAAIAAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Mutz2002,
author = {Mutz, Diana},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {111--126},
title = {{Cross-Cutting Social Networks: Testing Democratic Theory in Practice}},
volume = {96},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Uebersax2006,
author = {Uebersax, J S},
journal = {Statistical methods for rater agreement web site},
keywords = {,statistics},
title = {{The tetrachoric and polychoric correlation coefficients}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Fischer1946,
author = {Fischer, R P},
isbn = {0021-9010},
journal = {Journal of applied psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {220--225},
title = {{Signed versus unsigned personal questionnaires}},
volume = {30},
year = {1946}
}
@article{franklin_measurement_1992,
author = {Franklin, CH H},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {morethanideology},
number = {3},
pages = {297--309},
title = {{Measurement and the dynamics of party identification}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/t52834008l7637j4.pdf},
volume = {14},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Prentice1993,
author = {Prentice, D A and Miller, D T},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
pages = {243},
title = {{Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm}},
volume = {64},
year = {1993}
}
@article{VanGorp2007,
abstract = {This article aims, within the constructionist paradigm, at integrating culture into the framing process. Four characteristics are important for this approach: the distinction between the event, the media content, and the frame; the explicit attention to the reconstruction of frame packages; the relationship between frame packages and cultural phenomena; and the interaction between frame sponsors, key events, media content, schemata, and the stock of frames. An elaborated framing model is presented, and, subsequently, the constructionist approach is compared with priming and agenda setting. Finally, the methodological implications are discussed, in order to develop a strategy to reconstruct frame packages.},
author = {{Van Gorp}, Baldwin},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00329.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {60--78},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Inc},
title = {{The Constructionist Approach to Framing: Bringing Culture Back In}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00329.x},
volume = {57},
year = {2007}
}
@article{carmines1997value,
author = {Carmines, E.G. and Layman, G.C.},
journal = {Political Behavior},
number = {4},
pages = {283--316},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Value priorities, partisanship and electoral choice: The neglected case of the United States}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/G3356T8631760281.pdf},
volume = {19},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Druckman2018,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1403.4940v1},
author = {Druckman, James and Levendusky, Matthew S.},
eprint = {arXiv:1403.4940v1},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/wp-18-12.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {June},
pages = {1--30},
title = {{What Do We Measure When We Measure Affective Partisanship ?}},
year = {2018}
}
@misc{Slack2012,
author = {Slack, D.},
booktitle = {POLITICO.COM},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination,slack2012},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
title = {{RIP positive ads in 2012}},
url = {http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1112/83262.html},
urldate = {2013-04-07},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Werner1978,
author = {Werner, C},
isbn = {1559-1816},
journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {145--162},
title = {{Intrusiveness and Persuasive Impact of Three Communication Media1}},
volume = {8},
year = {1978}
}
@unpublished{Duca2014,
abstract = {Rising income inequality and political polarization have led some to hypothesize that the two are causally linked. Properly interpreting such correlations is complicated by the multiple factors that drive each of these phenomena, potential feedbacks between inequality and polarization, measurement issues, and statistical challenges for modeling non-stationary variables. We find that a more precise measure of inequality (the inverted Pareto-Lorenz coefficient) is statistically related to polarization while a less precise one (top 1{\%} income share) is not, and that there are bi-directional feedbacks between polarization and inequality. Findings support a nuanced view of the links between polarization and inequality.},
address = {Dallas},
author = {Duca, J V and Saving, J L},
institution = {Federal Reserve Bank},
keywords = {inequality,political polarization},
pages = {1--35},
title = {{Income Inequality and Political Polarization: Time Series Evidence Over Nine Decades}},
url = {https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/papers/2014/wp1408.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Xenos2007,
abstract = {Given the significant rise in the number of Americans who turn to the Internet for political information, we examine the effects of these behaviors on political and civic engagement in an evolving media landscape. Specifically, we test hypotheses derived from competing models—the instrumental approach, which posits direct effects of Internet use and a psychological approach, which predicts contingent effects. Analyses of the 2004 American National Election Studies (N = 1,212) reveal a pattern of direct effects of Internet use on basic information acquisition and use but contingent effects for concrete acts of civic or political engagement. These results provide an important window on the political impacts of contemporary Internet use and suggest that future reassessments of the Internet's role in public life should continue to probe for direct as well as differential effects.},
author = {Xenos, Michael and Moy, Patricia},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00364.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {704--718},
title = {{Direct and Differential Effects of the Internet on Political and Civic Engagement}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00364.x},
volume = {57},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Durante2012,
abstract = {This paper examines whether and how viewers respond to changes in partisan bias in media news. We use data from Italy, where the main private television network is owned by Silvio Berlusconi, the leader of the center-right coalition, and the public television corporation is largely controlled by the ruling coalition.We first document that after the 2001 national elections, when the control of the government moved from the center-left to the center-right, news content on public television shifted to the right. Using individual survey data, we find robust evidence that viewers responded to these changes bymodifying their choice of favorite news programs.Onthe one hand, right-leaning viewers increased their propensity towatch public channels which, even after the change, remained to the left of private channels. On the other hand, left-wing viewers reacted by switching from the main public channel to another public channel that was controlled by the left during both periods.We show that this behavioral response, which tended to shift ideological exposure to the left, significantly, though only partially, offset the movement of public news content to the right. (JEL:},
author = {Durante, Ruben and Knight, Brian},
doi = {10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01060.x},
isbn = {15424766},
issn = {15424766},
journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
number = {3},
pages = {451--481},
title = {{Partisan control, media bias, and viewer responses: Evidence from berlusconi's italy}},
volume = {10},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Jackson1979,
author = {Jackson, Douglas N and Helmes, Edward},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {12},
pages = {2278},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Personality structure and the circumplex.}},
volume = {37},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Dunning2010,
author = {Dunning, T and Harrison, L},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {01},
pages = {21--39},
title = {{Cross-cutting cleavages and ethnic voting: An experimental study of cousinage in Mali}},
volume = {104},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Baird2012,
abstract = {This paper formalizes the design of experiments intended specifically to study spillover effects. By first randomizing the intensity of treatment within clusters and then ran- domizing individual treatment conditional on this cluster-level intensity, a novel set of research questions can be addressed. Not only do we gain direct evidence as the impact of the treatment on untreated units, but the experimental variation in the treatment in- tensity allows the researcher a straightforward way to observe saturation and threshold effects among treated and untreated units alike. We present a framework in which to back out a rich set of treatment effects from such an experiment, and provide formulae for power calculations with two-level randomization. The technique is implemented using a Cash Transfer program in Malawi; we find spillover effects to be relatively muted at the cluster level but more potent within households. Conditional cash transfers appear to exert a broad positive educational spillover in treated villages, and we find no evidence that the program protects beneficiaries from HIV by diverting harm onto others},
author = {Baird, Sarah and Bohren, Aislinn and McIntosh, Craig and Ozler, Berk},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2402749},
issn = {1556-5068},
keywords = {aids,c93,cash transfers,experimental design,hiv,i25,jel codes,o22,spillover effects},
number = {March},
pages = {1--61},
title = {{Designing Experiments to Measure Spillover and Threshold Effects}},
year = {2012}
}
@incollection{Popkin1999,
abstract = {Bringing together new work from many of the leading experts on democratic citizenship, this volume presents both normative argument and empirical analysis to help deepen our understanding of the various competences that citizens require if there is to be a flourishing democratic political order in our present age. The essays explore the following themes: (1) the essential components of democratic citizenship and how these can be fostered; (2) the state of citizen competence in various democratic regimes; (3) civil society as a crucial site for the exercise and development of democratic citizenship; (4) new findings that show democratic citizens to have more political information and behave more rationally than hitherto supposed; and (5) the theory and practice of new institutional forms for democratic deliberation and democratic control. The final section of the book explores new and revitalized forms of democratic participation as well as the kind of participation that is likely to foster a wide variety of citizen competences. The discussion runs from what we know and can expect from town meetings, to the value of public work in fostering a democratic citizenry, to entirely new forms for expressing citizen judgment. The Contributors are Benjamin Barber, Harry C. Boyte, Frank M. Bryan, Michael A. Dimock, Stephen L. Elkin, James S. Fishkin, Norman Frohlich, John Gaventa, Elizabeth Gerber, Alan Kay, Robert E. Lane, Arthur Lupia, Jane Mansbridge, Joe A. Oppenheimer, Benjamin Page, Samuel Popkin, Nancy Rosenblum, Robert Shapiro, Karol Edward Soltan, Marion Smiley, and David Steiner.},
author = {Popkin, Samuel L and Dimock, Michael A},
booktitle = {Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions},
isbn = {0271018178},
pages = {424},
title = {{Political Knowledge and Citizen Competence}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=0BTA2m9ZNnkC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Citrin1997,
abstract = {This paper tests hypotheses concerning the effects of economic factors on public opinion toward immigration policy. Using the 1992 and 1994 National Election Study surveys, probit models are employed to test diverse conceptualizations of the effects of economic adversity and anxiety on op- position to immigration. The results indicate that personal economic circumstances play little role in opinion formation, but beliefs about the state of the national economy, anxiety over taxes, and gen- eralized feelings about Hispanics and Asians, the major immigrant groups, are significant determinants of restrictionist sentiment. This restricted role of economic motives rooted in one's personal circum- stances held true across ethnic groups, among residents in communities with different numbers of foreign-born, and in both 1992 and 1994.},
author = {Citrin, Jack and Green, Donald P and Muste, Christopher and Wong, Cara},
doi = {10.2307/2998640},
isbn = {9789164180322},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {858},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381600052543},
volume = {59},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Rubin1998,
abstract = {Distinctions are made between global and specific, personal and social, and trait and state self-esteem, and these are used to structure a review of over 40 studies concerning social identity theory's hypothesis that (1) intergroup discrimination elevates self-esteem and (2) low self-esteem motivates discrimination. It is observed that researchers have tended to employ measures of global personal trait self-esteem in their investigations of this self- esteem hypothesis, and it is argued that measures of specific social state self-esteem are more consistent with social identity theory's assumptions. Although no convincing evidence is found for the self-esteem hypothesis in its full and unqualified form, it is argued that this is due to a lack of specificity in its formulation and it is suggested that a more qualified and specific version of the hypothesis may be more appropriate},
author = {Rubin, Mark and Hewstone, Miles},
doi = {10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_3},
isbn = {1088-8683},
issn = {10888683},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
number = {1},
pages = {40--62},
pmid = {15647150},
title = {{Social identity theory's self-esteem hypothesis: A review and some suggestions for clarification}},
volume = {2},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Jacobson2010,
author = {Jacobson, G C},
journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
title = {{Perception, memory, and partisan polarization on the Iraq war}},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/taps/psq/2010/00000125/00000001/art00002},
year = {2010}
}
@incollection{Knight1999,
abstract = {{Reviews measures of particular political attitudes by focusing on the central concept in the study of politics, political ideology. The author reviews 15 separate scales measuring this construct, 3 of which attempt to cover the spectrum most broadly, 6 of which appear more tied to research on authoritarianism, 3 of which are more directed to radicalism and the "left" extreme of the ideological spectrum, and 3 of which examine the "right" end of the spectrum. Knight provides an extensive review of the vast number of single liberal–conservative items used by most survey organizations. Although they may not yield agreement on what proportion of the country is liberal or conservative, these different organizational measures all seem to show that there has been no simple, consistent shift to the right or to the left over the last quarter century. The author concludes the chapter with a useful summary guide concerning which aspects of ideology each of the 15 scales does (or does not) address. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA{\}}, all rights reserved)},
address = {{San Diego, CA, US{\}}},
author = {Knight, Kathleen},
booktitle = {Measures of political attitudes.},
isbn = {{0-12-590242-5 (Hardcover); 0-12-590245-X (Paperback){\}}},
keywords = {measurement of liberal {\&} conservative political at},
pages = {59--158},
publisher = {Academic Press},
series = {Measures of social psychological attitudes, Vol. 2.},
title = {{Liberalism and conservatism}},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Lemert1993,
abstract = {Most researchers agree that presidential debates inform voters, but they disagree about whether debates only serve to widen a knowledge gap. The alternative perspective is that the holding of televised debates serves to inform a wider spectrum of voters than not holding them would. Re-analysis of pre-debate and post-debate surveys from the fall 1988 campaign shows: 1) knowledge gap indices gained predictive power once debates began, but 2) even after controlling for knowledge gap indices, presidential debate exposure still predicted knowledge gains.},
author = {Lemert, James B},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
pages = {83--94},
title = {{Do Televised Presidential Debates Help Inform Voters}},
url = {http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jbem37{\&}id=93{\&}div={\&}collection=journals},
volume = {37},
year = {1993}
}
@book{Fishkin1997,
abstract = {In this thoughtful and highly readable critique of contemporary politics and government in the United States, James Fishkin evaluates modern democratic practices, explains how the voice of the people has struggled to make itself heard in the past, and joins this with a review of ideas and experiments – including Fishkin's idea for a National Issues Convention that was adapted by PBS in January 1996 – to legitimately rediscover the people's voice."(The book) has impressive breadth, describing the influence of public opinion from Plato's cave to modern times". – Richard L. Berke, New York Times Book Review"Fishkin has greatly enlivened debate about public opinion and democracy.... He offers an engaging view of the virtues of direct democracy". – Robert Y. Shapiro, American Political Science Review"A book about a fundamental problem of American democracy. ... Anyone ... will find this slim, well-written volume an invaluable launching pad for further thinking and discussion". – Doris A. Graber, Political Science Quarterly"Fishkin's thesis is that governments have lost touch with the 'voice of the people, ' which has been submerged in a welter of polling, petitions and lobbying. (He wishes) to discover what people really believe – or would believe if they had a proper technique called Deliberative Polling.... Empowerment or enlightenment? A bit of both, perhaps". – Economist},
author = {Fishkin, James S},
isbn = {0300072554},
pages = {252},
publisher = {Yale University Press},
title = {{The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=D2uh2dbM-YsC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1997}
}
@book{Simon2002,
author = {Simon, A F},
isbn = {0521001919},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Pr},
title = {{The winning message: Candidate behavior, campaign discourse, and democracy}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Piercey2009,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (Motivated reasoning and verbal vs. numerical probability assessment: Evidence from an accounting context - Piercey, MD D)

From Duplicate 1 ( 

Motivated reasoning and verbal vs. numerical probability assessment: Evidence from an accounting context

- Piercey, M D )








From Duplicate 2 ( 

Motivated reasoning and verbal vs. numerical probability assessment: Evidence from an accounting context

- Piercey, MD )

},
author = {Piercey, M D D},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision  {\ldots}},
number = {2},
pages = {330--341},
title = {{Motivated reasoning and verbal vs. numerical probability assessment: Evidence from an accounting context}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074959780800071X},
volume = {108},
year = {2009}
}
@misc{haidt2012look,
author = {Haidt, Jonathan and Hetherington, Marc J.},
booktitle = {The New York Times},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
title = {{Look How Far We've Come Apart}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Milikowski2000,
abstract = {While ethnicization refers to the formation of social boundaries aiming to protect the integrity of (presumed) ethnic-cultural heritages, de-ethnicization refers to the `undoing' of such boundaries. Media can support developments in either direction. The conceptual model that is developed in this article distinguishes between two dimensions of discursive (de-)-ethnicization, the first dimension addressing ethnic-cultural difference as such, and the second dimension addressing social and political implications. The model is subsequently applied to make sense of empirical findings which suggest that Turkish satellite television, viewed in the context of the Netherlands, has the rather unexpected effect of de-ethnicizing young Turkish migrants' perceptions of cultural difference.},
author = {Milikowski, M},
doi = {10.1177/0267323100015004001},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {443--468},
title = {{Exploring a Model of De-Ethnicization: The Case of Turkish Television in the Netherlands}},
url = {http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/15/4/443.short},
volume = {15},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Cor2012,
author = {Cor, M Ken and Haertel, Edward and Krosnick, Jon A and Malhotra, Neil},
journal = {Social science research},
number = {5},
pages = {1003--1016},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Improving ability measurement in surveys by following the principles of IRT: The Wordsum vocabulary test in the General Social Survey}},
volume = {41},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Stanley2010,
author = {Stanley, H W and Niemi, R G},
publisher = {Washington, DC: CQ Press},
title = {{Vital Statistics on American Politics 2009-2010}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Gordon1987,
abstract = {A demonstration of social desirability bias in survey research suitable for moderate to large class sizes is described. The method used to reduce subjects' response bias involved a manipulation of instructions on a questionnaire. The standard instruction format requested subjects to respond to three questions on dental hygiene behavior and not to sign their names on the questionnaires. The modified instructions included additional information regarding the anonymity of the subjects' responses, the need for accurate information, and the role of the subject as a contributor of valuable information. The results from the demonstration are reported and topics for classroom discussion are suggested.
A demonstration of social desirability bias in survey research suitable for moderate to large class sizes is described. The method used to reduce subjects' response bias involved a manipulation of instructions on a questionnaire. The standard instruction format requested subjects to respond to three questions on dental hygiene behavior and not to sign their names on the questionnaires. The modified instructions included additional information regarding the anonymity of the subjects' responses, the need for accurate information, and the role of the subject as a contributor of valuable information. The results from the demonstration are reported and topics for classroom discussion are suggested.},
author = {Gordon, Randall A.},
doi = {10.1207/s15328023top1401_11},
isbn = {0098-6283},
issn = {0098-6283},
journal = {Teaching of Psychology},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {40--42},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Social desirability bias: A demonstration and technique for its reduction}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1401{\_}11},
volume = {14},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Kraut1975,
abstract = {Tested the effect of putting opinion survey items in different positions in a questionnnaire. Equivalent samples of 284 and 281 employees in an industrial corporation completed similar questionnaires in which the placement of 46 Likert-type items were reversed. Respondents answered with less extreme responses and were slightly more likely to omit replies when items were placed later in the questionnaire. Findings suggest that comparisons of responses to identical items used in different surveys may be misleading if they appeared in different position or context.},
author = {Kraut, Allen I. and Wolfson, Alan D. and Rothenberg, Alan},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {6},
title = {{Some effects of position on opinion survey items.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/60/6/774},
volume = {60},
year = {1975}
}
@article{Helberger2011,
abstract = {With the rapid growth of digital content, meaningful media diversity depends on users and the choices they make. The challenge is no longer facilitating content, but capturing attention, which is not subject to regulatory control. Empowering users with information, as exemplified in consumer law, thus becomes a more important element in the regulatory toolbox. According to Professor Helberger, the informational approach to advancing the goals of media diversity needs more coherent and informed reflection. In particular, she suggests the usefulness of “diversity labels” in conjunction with self-regulation, an idea that deserves further exploration of its potential for stimulating the audience's appetite for diverse media content.},
author = {Helberger, Natali},
issn = {2158-3897},
journal = {Journal of Information Policy},
keywords = {Communications,Media Studies,Public Policy,Telecommunications,Transparency},
month = {feb},
pages = {337--369},
title = {{Diversity Label: Exploring the Potential and Limits of a Transparency Approach to Media Diversity}},
url = {http://jip.vmhost.psu.edu/ojs/index.php/jip/article/view/30},
volume = {1},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Allern2011,
abstract = {On the basis of Scandinavian journalism research this article discusses the changing political roles of news organizations and journalists after the fall of the party press and the dissolution of broadcasting as a state-controlled monopoly. Given these institutional changes, we ask the following: what new roles, if any, are news organizations and journalists playing in the political system? What are the characteristics of these new roles, and how do news organizations use their newfound political power? We address these questions in the context of an institutional approach to the news coupled with Hallin and Mancini's analysis of media systems.},
author = {Allern, Sigurd and Blach-{\O}rsten, Mark},
doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2010.511958},
isbn = {1461-670X$\backslash$r1469-9699},
issn = {1461-670X},
journal = {Journalism Studies},
keywords = {Scandinavia,media systems,new institutionalism,political journalism,political parallelism},
number = {1},
pages = {92--105},
title = {{The News Media as A Political Institution}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2010.511958},
volume = {12},
year = {2011}
}
@article{BaldassarriGelman2008,
abstract = {Public opinion polarization is here conceived as a process of alignment along multiple lines of potential disagreement and measured as growing constraint in individuals' preferences. Using NES data from 1972 to 2004, the authors model trends in issue partisanship—the correlation of issue attitudes with party identification—and issue alignment—the correlation between pairs of issues—and find a substantive increase in issue partisanship, but little evidence of issue alignment. The findings suggest that opinion changes correspond more to a resorting of party labels among voters than to greater constraint on issue attitudes: since parties are more polarized, they are now better at sorting individuals along ideological lines. Levels of constraint vary across population subgroups: strong partisans and wealthier and politically sophisticated voters have grown more coherent in their beliefs. The authors discuss the consequences of partisan realignment and group sorting on the political process and potential devia...},
annote = {From Duplicate 2 ( 







Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion







- Baldassarri, Delia; Gelman, Andrew )



},
author = {Baldassarri, Delia and Gelman, Andrew},
doi = {10.1086/590649},
issn = {0002-9602},
journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
keywords = {lelkeswestwood,partisandiscrimination},
language = {en},
mendeley-tags = {lelkeswestwood,partisandiscrimination},
month = {sep},
number = {2},
pages = {408--446},
publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/590649},
volume = {114},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Kantor1991,
author = {Kantor, J},
isbn = {0889-3268},
journal = {Journal of Business and Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {309--323},
title = {{The effects of computer administration and identification on the Job Descriptive Index (JDI)}},
volume = {5},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Petrova2008,
abstract = {Popular support of redistributive policies depends on information they have about the tax system and efficiency of public projects. Mass media provides a convenient means for manipulating public opinion, even when voters understand that the media can be biased. I develop a theory of media capture in which the rich can influence information published in a media outlet at a cost. The model shows that higher inequality is associated with lower media freedom; this effect is stronger in democratic regimes. I find empirical support for the model in both panel data and cross-country analysis. {\textcopyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
author = {Petrova, Maria},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.04.004},
isbn = {0047-2727},
issn = {00472727},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
keywords = {,Inequality,Mass media,Public goods,Redistribution},
number = {1-2},
pages = {183--212},
title = {{Inequality and media capture}},
volume = {92},
year = {2008}
}
@incollection{Jacobson2006,
address = {Washington, DC},
author = {Jacobson, Gary C and Abramowitz, Alan I},
booktitle = {Red and Blue Nation? Characteristics and Causes of America's Polarized Politics},
editor = {Nivola, Pietro S and Brady., David W},
pages = {85--94},
publisher = {Brookings Institution Press.},
title = {{Comment on Disconnected: The Political Class versus the People}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Theodoridis2013,
author = {Theodoridis, Alexander George},
doi = {10.1017/S1049096513000681},
issn = {1049-0965},
journal = {PS: Political Science {\&} Politics},
language = {English},
month = {jun},
number = {03},
pages = {545--549},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Implicit Political Identity}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S1049096513000681},
volume = {46},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Baum1999,
abstract = {For the past 30 years, presidents have enlisted prime-time television to promote their policies to the American people. For most of this era, they have been able to commandeer the national airwaves and speak to "captive" viewers. Recently, however, presidents appear to be losing their audiences. Two leading explanations are the rise of political disaffection and the growth of cable. We investigate both by developing and testing a model of the individual's viewing decision using both cross-sectional (1996 NES survey) and time-series (128 Nielsen audience ratings forpresidential appearances between 1969 and 1998) data. We find that cable television but not political disaffection has ended the golden era of presidential television. Moreover, we uncover evidence that both presidents and the broadcast networks have begun adapting strategically to this new reality in scheduling presidential appearances.},
author = {Baum, Matthew A and Kernell, Samuel},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television,individual level},
number = {1},
pages = {99--114},
title = {{Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television ?}},
volume = {93},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Petty1986,
author = {Petty, R E and Cacioppo, J T},
journal = {Advances in experimental social psychology},
pages = {123--205},
title = {{The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion}},
volume = {19},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Niemi1990,
author = {Niemi, Richard G. and Grofman, Bernard and Carlucci, Carl and Hofeller, Thomas},
isbn = {doi:10.2307/2131686},
issn = {1468-2508},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
language = {English},
month = {nov},
number = {04},
pages = {1155--1181},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Measuring Compactness and the Role of a Compactness Standard in a Test for Partisan and Racial Gerrymandering}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381600040500},
volume = {52},
year = {1990}
}
@book{Shapiro2000,
abstract = {No abstract is available for this article.},
author = {Shapiro, Robert Y},
booktitle = {Political Science Quarterly},
keywords = {emotional disclosure operation,social sharing},
number = {4},
pages = {618--620},
title = {{Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community by Robert D. Putnam}},
url = {https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=rd2ibodep7UC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA13{\&}dq=putnam+bowling+alone{\&}ots=G4K7s{\_}kjUZ{\&}sig=Sgav6fqZUUs9u-x5fEIhOqASzM0},
volume = {115},
year = {2000}
}
@article{huddy_group_2003,
author = {Huddy, L},
journal = {Oxford handbook of political psychology},
title = {{Group identity and political cohesion}},
year = {2003}
}
@book{kitschelt1989logics,
author = {Kitschelt, Herbert},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
publisher = {Cornell University Press Ithaca, NY},
title = {{The logics of party formation: ecological politics in Belgium and West Germany}},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Heath1994,
author = {Heath, A},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {heath1994},
mendeley-tags = {heath1994},
title = {{The measurement of core beliefs and values: The development of balanced socialist/laissez faire and libertarian/authoritarian scales}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/194188},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Weatherford1992,
abstract = {Political legitimacy is a key concept in both macro and macro theories. Pioneers in survey-based research on alienation and system support envisioned addressing macro questions about legitimacy with the sophisticated empiricism of individual-level methodology but failed; and a succession of innovations in item wording and questionnaire construction only led to an excessive concern with measurement issues at the individual level. I return to an enumeration of the informational requirements for assessing legitimacy in hopes of finding a conceptualization that better utilizes available survey indicators to tap relevant macro dimensions. I specify formal measurement models for both conventional and revised conceptualizations of legitimacy orientations and compare the fit of the two models systematically on data from the U.S. electorate. The revised model appears preferable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.},
author = {Weatherford, M Stephen},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {pp. 149--166},
publisher = {American Political Science Association},
title = {{Measuring Political Legitimacy}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1964021},
volume = {86},
year = {1992}
}
@article{rabbie1969arousal,
author = {Rabbie, Jacob M and Horwitz, Murray},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {269},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Arousal of ingroup-outgroup bias by a chance win or loss.}},
volume = {13},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Ansolabehere1999,
abstract = {Experiments show significant demobilizing and alienating effects of negative advertising. Although internally valid, experiments may have limited external validity. Aggregate and survey data offer two ways of providing external validation for experiments. We show that survey recall measures of advertising exposure suffer from problems of internal validity due to simultaneity and measurement error, which bias estimated effects of ad exposure. We provide valid estimates of the causal effects of ad exposure for the NES surveys using instrumental variables and find that negative advertising causes lower turnout in the NES data. We also provide a careful statistical analysis of aggregate turnout data from the 1992 Senate elections that Wattenberg and Brians (1999) recommend. These aggregate data confirm our original findings. Experiments, surveys, and aggregate data all point to the same conclusion: Negative advertising demobilizes voters. CR  - Copyright {\&}{\#}169; 1999 American Political Science Association},
annote = {Experiments show significant demobilizing and alienating effects of negative advertising. Although internally valid, experiments may have limited external validity. Aggregate and survey data offer two ways of providing external validation for experiments. We show that survey recall measures of advertising exposure suffer from problems of internal validity due to simultaneity and measurement error, which bias estimated effects of ad exposure. We provide valid estimates of the causal effects of ad exposure for the NES surveys using instrumental variables and find that negative advertising causes lower turnout in the NES data. We also provide a careful statistical analysis of aggregate turnout data from the 1992 Senate elections that Wattenberg and Brians (1999) recommend. These aggregate data confirm our original findings. Experiments, surveys, and aggregate data all point to the same conclusion: Negative advertising demobilizes voters. CR  - Copyright {\&}{\#}169; 1999 American Political Science Association},
author = {Ansolabehere, Stephen D and Iyengar, Shanto and Simon, Adam},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {901--909},
publisher = {American Political Science Association},
title = {{Replicating Experiments Using Aggregate and Survey Data: The Case of Negative Advertising and Turnout}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2586120},
volume = {93},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Ottati2002,
author = {Ottati, V C and Deiger, M},
journal = {The social psychology of politics},
pages = {75--87},
title = {{Visual cues and the candidate evaluation process}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Metzger2015,
abstract = {Selective exposure research indicates that news consumers tend to seek out attitude-consistent information and avoid attitude-challenging information. This study examines online news credibility and cognitive dissonance as theoretical explanations for partisan selective exposure behavior. After viewing an attitudinally consistent, challenging, or politically balanced online news source, cognitive dissonance, credibility perceptions, and likelihood of selective exposure were measured. Results showed that people judge attitude-consistent and neutral news sources as more credible than attitude-challenging news sources, and although people experience slightly more cognitive dissonance when exposed to attitude-challenging news sources, overall dissonance levels were quite low. These results refute the cognitive dissonance explanation for selective exposure and suggest a new explanation that is based on credibility perceptions rather than psychological discomfort with attitude-challenging information. },
annote = {10.1177/0093650215613136 },
author = {Metzger, Miriam J and Hartsell, Ethan H and Flanagin, Andrew J},
doi = {10.1177/0093650215613136},
journal = {Communication Research },
month = {nov},
title = {{Cognitive Dissonance or Credibility?: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Explanations for Selective Exposure to Partisan News }},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/11/24/0093650215613136.abstract},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Blach-Ørsten2014,
abstract = {On the basis of Scandinavian journalism research this article discusses the changing political roles of news organizations and journalists after the fall of the party press and the dissolution of broadcasting as a state-controlled monopoly. Given these institutional changes, we ask the following: what new roles, if any, are news organizations and journalists playing in the political system? What are the characteristics of these new roles, and how do news organizations use their newfound political power? We address these questions in the context of an institutional approach to the news coupled with Hallin and Mancini's analysis of media systems.},
author = {Blach-{\O}rsten, Mark and Burkal, Rasmus},
doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2010.511958},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/THE NEWS MEDIA AS A POLITICAL INSTITUTION.pdf:pdf},
issn = {14031108},
journal = {Nordicom Review},
keywords = {Accuracy,Credibility,Denmark,New institutionalism,News media,Press ethics},
pages = {67--80},
title = {{Credibility and the media as a political institution}},
volume = {35},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Slothuus2010,
abstract = {Issue framing is one of the most important means of elite influence on public opinion. However, we know almost nothing about how citizens respond to frames in what is possibly the most common situation in politics: when frames are sponsored by political parties. Linking theory on motivated reasoning with framing research, we argue not only that citizens should be more likely to follow a frame if it is promoted by "their" party; we expect such biases to be more pronounced on issues at the center of party conflicts and among the more politically aware. Two experiments embedded in a nationally representative survey support these arguments. Our findings revise current knowledge on framing, parties, and public opinion.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {0806.3286},
author = {Slothuus, Rune and de Vreese, Claes H.},
doi = {10.1017/S002238161000006X},
eprint = {0806.3286},
isbn = {0022-3816$\backslash$r1468-2508},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
number = {03},
pages = {630--645},
pmid = {6527215},
title = {{Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Issue Framing Effects}},
volume = {72},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Sniderman1992,
author = {Sniderman, P and Tetlock, P E and Piazza, T},
journal = {Berkeley: Survey Research Center, University of California},
title = {{Codebook for the 1991 Race and Politics Survey}},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Sears1986,
author = {Sears, DO},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
title = {{College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/51/3/515/},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Doorn1999a,
abstract = {To determine why older people are optimistic, realistic, or pessimistic on self-rated health relative to standard medical health measures, 48 persons older than age 65 were interviewed in an in-depth, semistructured format. Comparisons were made between optimists and poor-health realists, both of whom have serious health problems, to discover the ways in which these groups develop their disparate self-ratings of health. When asked about the meanings they attach to health, respondents variously referred to topics including family history, social comparisons, subjective age, and life expectancy to form their ratings. These results begin to clarify the ways in which different people view similar states of health, building on recent research showing that health pessimists are at an elevated risk of mortality, while health optimists reduce their mortality risk.},
author = {van Doorn, C.},
doi = {10.1177/0164027599213005},
issn = {0164-0275},
journal = {Research on Aging},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {440--457},
title = {{A Qualitative Approach to Studying Health Optimism, Realism, and Pessimism}},
url = {http://roa.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/3/440},
volume = {21},
year = {1999}
}
@book{Putnam2001a,
abstract = {.In a groundbreaking book based on vast new data, Putnam shows how we have become increasingly disconnected from family, friends, neighbors, and our democratic structures- and how we may reconnect.Putnam warns that our stock of social capital - the very fabric of our connections with each other, has plummeted, impoverishing our lives and communities. Putnam draws on evidence including nearly 500,000 interviews over the last quarter century to show that we sign fewer petitions, belong to fewer organizations that meet, know our neighbors less, meet with friends less frequently, and even socialize with our families less often. We're even bowling alone. More Americans are bowling than ever before, but they are not bowling in leagues. Putnam shows how changes in work, family structure, age, suburban life, television, computers, women's roles and other factors have contributed to this decline. Contents SECTION I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: Thinking about Social Change in America SECTION II: TRENDS IN CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AND SOCIAL CAPITALCHAPTER 2: Political ParticipationCHAPTER 3: Civic ParticipationCHAPTER 4: Religious ParticipationCHAPTER 5: Connections in the WorkplaceCHAPTER 6: Informal Social ConnectionsCHAPTER 7: Altruism, Volunteering, and PhilanthropyCHAPTER 8: Reciprocity, Honesty, and TrustCHAPTER 9: Against the Tide? Small Groups, Social Movements, and the Net SECTION III: WHY?CHAPTER 10: IntroductionCHAPTER 11: Pressures of Time and MoneyCHAPTER 12: Mobility and SprawlCHAPTER 13: Technology and Mass MediaCHAPTER 14: From Generation to GenerationCHAPTER 15: What Killed Civic Engagement? Summing Up SECTION IV: SO WHAT? (with the assistance of Kristin A. Goss)CHAPTER 16: IntroductionCHAPTER 17: Education and Children's WelfareCHAPTER 18: Safe and Productive NeighborhoodsCHAPTER 19: Economic ProsperityCHAPTER 20: Health and HappinessCHAPTER 21: DemocracyCHAPTER 22: The Dark Side of Social Capital SECTION V: WHAT IS TO BE DONE?CHAPTER 23: Lessons of History: The Gilded Age and the Progressive EraCHAPTER 24: Toward an Agenda for Social Capitalists},
address = {New York},
author = {Putnam, Robert D},
booktitle = {Policy Analysis},
doi = {10.2307/3089235},
isbn = {0743203046},
issn = {00943061},
pmid = {11921822},
publisher = {Simon und Schuster},
title = {{Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community}},
year = {2001}
}
@article{layman1997cultural,
author = {Layman, G.C. and Carmines, E.G.},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
pages = {751--777},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
title = {{Cultural conflict in American politics: Religious traditionalism, postmaterialism, and US political behavior}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=6189044},
volume = {59},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Alt2006,
author = {Alt, James E. and Lassen, David Dreyer},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00200.x},
issn = {0092-5853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {530--550},
title = {{Transparency, Political Polarization, and Political Budget Cycles in OECD Countries}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00200.x},
volume = {50},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Muhlenfeld2005,
abstract = {This paper examines the differences between two factors of the tendency to give socially desirable answers in regard to sensitive questions. In contrast to the usual question of how socially desirable a certain behaviour is perceived by the interviewee, a study performed at the University of Bremen divided this question into `talking about' and `admitting' a certain behaviour, where `talking about' meant to mention a certain behaviour in public while `admitting' implied that one has already done it oneself. Additionally, the study compared two different computer mediated interview modes: a web-based questionnaire (ONLINE) and an innovative method called internet assisted personal interview (IAPI), which used a desktop video conference system to facilitate communication between the interviewer and the interviewee. This was done in order to compare the tendency to give socially desirable answers in an anonymous (ONLINE) and non-anonymous (IAPI) interview setting. Results show that there are significant differences between most of the `talking about' and `admitting' items. Nevertheless, the expected differences between the interview modes were not observed.},
author = {M{\"{u}}hlenfeld, Hans-Ullrich},
doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2004.02.023},
issn = {07475632},
journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
keywords = {anonymity,computer mediated communication,desktop video conference,social desirability},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {993--1003},
title = {{Differences between `talking about' and `admitting' sensitive behaviour in anonymous and non-anonymous web-based interviews}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.02.023},
volume = {21},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Vet2008,
author = {Vet, I T K},
pages = {1--18},
title = {{Science as knowledge derived from the facts of experience}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Morris2007a,
abstract = {This research explores the consequences of a fragmented television news audience. The recent proliferation of a wide array of television news sources has influenced the manner in which a large number of Americans get their information about politics and government. The political consequences of media fragmentation and the polarization of the U.S. television news audience are explored. Methods. I analyze data on television news-gathering habits and political attitudes collected from several surveys conducted by the Pew Research Center during the 2004 presidential election campaign. Results. The Fox News Channel has been the main beneficiary of television news fragmentation by appealing to those individuals who have become disillusioned with what they perceive as a liberally-biased mainstream media. The findings show that the Fox News audience has a distinct set of political attitudes regarding President Bush and his opposition. Evidence also indicates that the Fox News audience has distinct voting behavior patterns, even when controlling for party identification. Finally, the results illustrate that Fox News watchers have perceptions of political reality that differ from the rest of the television news audience. Conclusions. The television news audience is divided along political lines. This division could contribute toward further political polarization among the U.S. mass public as the content of television news coverage of politics becomes less and less homogenized.},
author = {Morris, Jonathan S},
issn = {0038-4941},
journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {707--728},
title = {{Slanted Objectivity? Perceived Media Bias, Cable News Exposure, and Political Attitudes}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00479.x},
volume = {88},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Dawes2009,
author = {Dawes, Christopher T and Fowler, James H},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
number = {3},
pages = {1157--1171},
title = {{Partisanship, Voting, and the Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene}},
volume = {71},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Brants2006,
abstract = {On the basis of three elections, covering a period of fifty years, the authors aim at testing the increasingly popular hypothesis that political communication is driven by media logic and by political and media system characteristics. In short: sooner or later, the modes and styles of American media will appear in Europe too. The complex and volatile relationship between media and politics in the Netherlands in the last half-century does show some, although not uni-linear signs of media logic. The strength of a public service tradition and a political culture of nonadversariality, however, seem to have stopped the developments short of a political communication style which is characterised by performance driven campaigning, horse race and poll driven reporting, orientation on the public as consumers, journalistic dominance, agenda setting and cynicism.},
author = {Brants, Kees and {Van Praag}, Philip},
doi = {10.1080/13183222.2006.11008905},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/Medialogic-Javnost.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {13183222},
issn = {13183222},
journal = {Javnost},
number = {1},
pages = {25--40},
pmid = {21560887},
title = {{Signs of media logic half a century of political communication in the Netherlands}},
volume = {13},
year = {2006}
}
@book{Miller2006,
address = {Belmont, CA},
author = {Miller, Dale T.},
publisher = {Thomson-Wadsworth},
title = {{An invitation to social psychology: Expressing and censoring the self}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Kim1997,
author = {Kim, M},
journal = {Feminist Economics},
number = {2},
pages = {99--117},
title = {{Poor women survey poor women: Feminist perspectives in survey research}},
volume = {3},
year = {1997}
}
@book{Broockman2016,
author = {Broockman, David E and Kalla, Joshua L and Sekhon, Jasjeet S},
isbn = {0001415123},
title = {{The Design of Field Experiments With Survey Outcomes : A Framework for Selecting More Efficient , Robust , and Ethical Designs}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{McKenzie2002,
author = {McKenzie, D C and Johnson, R K and Harvey-Berino, J and Gold, B C},
journal = {Obesity},
number = {6},
pages = {471--477},
title = {{Impact of interviewer's body mass index on underreporting energy intake in overweight and obese women}},
volume = {10},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Galston2001,
abstract = {After decades of neglect, civic education is back on the agenda of political science in the United States. Despite huge increases in the formal educational attainment of the US population during the past 50 years, levels of political knowl- edge have barely budged. Today's college graduates know no more about politics than did high school graduates in 1950. Recent research indicates that levels of political knowledge affect the acceptance of democratic principles, attitudes toward specific issues, and political participation. There is evidence that political participation is in part a positional good and is shaped by relative as well as absolute levels of educational attainment. Contrary to findings from 30 years ago, recent research suggests that tra- ditional classroom-based civic education can significantly raise political knowledge. Service learning—a combination of community-based civic experience and system- atic classroom reflection on that experience—is a promising innovation, but program evaluations have yielded mixed results. Longstanding fears that private schools will not shape democratic citizens are not supported by the evidence.},
author = {Galston, William A},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.217},
isbn = {1094-2939},
issn = {1094-2939},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
keywords = {democracy,higher education,participation,political socialization,service learning},
pages = {217--234},
title = {{Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education}},
volume = {4},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Jennings2009,
author = {Jennings, W},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
title = {{The public thermostat, political responsiveness and error-correction: Border control and asylum in Britain, 1994–2007}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=6296052},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Petty2009,
author = {Petty, Richard E and Fazio, Russell H and Bri{\~{n}}ol, Pablo},
isbn = {9780805858457},
publisher = {CRC Press},
title = {{Attitudes: insights from the new implicit measures}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Green2002,
author = {Green, D P and Yoon, D H},
journal = {Political Analysis},
number = {1},
pages = {1--24},
shorttitle = {Reconciling Individual and Aggregate Evidence Conc},
title = {{{Reconciling Individual and Aggregate Evidence Concerning Partisan Stability: Applying Time-Series{\}} Models to Panel Survey Data}},
volume = {10},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Wilson1980,
author = {Wilson, WJ J},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
title = {{The Declining Significance of Race: Blacks and Changing American Institutions}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?cluster=13438062229146539234{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}1},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Cook1985,
author = {Cook, S W},
isbn = {1935-990X},
journal = {American Psychologist},
number = {4},
pages = {452},
title = {{Experimenting on social issues: The case of school desegregation.}},
volume = {40},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Galinsky2000,
abstract = {Using 3 experiments, the authors explored the role of perspective-taking in debiasing social thought. In the 1st 2 experiments, perspective-taking was contrasted with stereotype suppression as a possible strategy for achieving stereotype control. In Experiment 1, perspective-taking decreased stereotypic biases on both a conscious and a nonconscious task. In Experiment 2, perspective-taking led to both decreased stereotyping and increased overlap between representations of the self and representations of the elderly, suggesting activation and application of the self-concept in judgments of the elderly. In Experiment 3, perspective-taking reduced evidence of in-group bias in the minimal group paradigm by increasing evaluations of the out-group. The role of self-other overlap in producing prosocial outcomes and the separation of the conscious, explicit effects from the nonconscious, implicit effects of perspective-taking are discussed.},
author = {Galinsky, A D and Moskowitz, G B},
issn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
keywords = {Adult,Female,Group Processes,Humans,Male,Prejudice,Role Playing,Social Control, Informal,Social Distance,Stereotyping},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {708--24},
pmid = {10794375},
title = {{Perspective-taking: decreasing stereotype expression, stereotype accessibility, and in-group favoritism.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10794375},
volume = {78},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Allan2009,
author = {Allan, Richard},
isbn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {political communication},
month = {mar},
number = {7237},
pages = {409--410},
title = {{New technologies, same old politics}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/458409a},
volume = {458},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hafer1996,
abstract = {The influence of complex language in a counterattitudinal appeal to laypeople was examined using dual process theories of persuasion. These theories propose that persuasion can result from cognitive elaboration of message arguments, or from more peripheral/heuristic strategies that do not involve argument scrutiny. One hundred four undergraduates listened to a counterattitudinal speech that varied in argument strength, wording complexity/comprehensibility, and source status. They then completed an attitude measure, a thought listing task, and an argument recall task. When arguments were easy to comprehend, attitudes were more favorable when the arguments were strong versus weak. When arguments were difficult to comprehend, attitudes were more favorable when the source was of high versus low status. Mediational analyses suggested that cognitive elaboration mediated persuasion when comprehension was easy, whereas cognitive elaboration as well as less effortful peripheral/heuristic processing mediated persuasion when comprehension was difficult.},
author = {Hafer, C L and Reynolds, K L and Obertynski, M A},
doi = {10.1521/soco.1996.14.4.317},
isbn = {0278-016X},
issn = {0278-016X},
journal = {Social Cognition},
keywords = {ELM,Elaboration},
number = {4},
pages = {317--337},
title = {{Message comprehensibility and persuasion: Effects of complex language in counter attitudinal appeals to laypeople}},
volume = {14},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Vallone1985,
author = {Vallone, Robert P and Ross, Lee and Lepper, Mark R and Others},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
number = {3},
pages = {577--585},
title = {{The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre}},
volume = {49},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Patterson2007,
author = {Patterson, T},
journal = {Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy Report, Harvard University},
title = {{Young people and news}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Stephens-Davidowitz2014,
abstract = {How can we know how much racial animus costs a black presidential candidate, if many people lie to surveys? I suggest a new proxy for an area's racial animus from a non-survey source: the percent of Google search queries that include racially charged language. I compare the proxy to Barack Obama's vote shares, controlling for the vote share of the previous Democratic presidential candidate, John Kerry. An area's racially charged search rate is a robust negative predictor of Obama's vote share. Continuing racial animus in the United States appears to have cost Obama roughly four percentage points of the national popular vote in both 2008 and 2012. The estimates using Google search data are 1.5 to 3 times larger than survey-based estimates. ?? 2014 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Stephens-Davidowitz, Seth},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.04.010},
issn = {00472727},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
keywords = {Discrimination,Google,Voting},
month = {oct},
pages = {26--40},
title = {{The cost of racial animus on a black candidate: Evidence using Google search data}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047272714000929},
volume = {118},
year = {2014}
}
@book{EllisStimson2012,
abstract = {Public opinion in the United States contains a paradox. The American public is symbolically conservative: it cherishes the symbols of conservatism and is more likely to identify as conservative than as liberal. Yet at the same time, it is operationally liberal, wanting government to do and spend more to solve a variety of social problems. This book focuses on understanding this contradiction. It argues that both facets of public opinion are real and lasting, not artifacts of the survey context or isolated to particular points in time. By exploring the ideological attitudes of the American public as a whole, and the seemingly conflicted choices of individual citizens, it explains the foundations of this paradox. The keys to understanding this large-scale contradiction, and to thinking about its consequences, are found in Americans' attitudes with respect to religion and culture and in the frames in which elite actors describe policy issues.},
address = {New York},
author = {Ellis, Christopher and Stimson, James A.},
isbn = {1107019036},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {224},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Ideology in America.}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=ruz0PJP4JRgC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Mayda2006,
abstract = {This paper empirically analyzes economic and noneconomic determinants of individual attitudes toward immigrants, within and across countries. The two survey data sets used, covering a wide range of developed and developing countries, make it possible to test for interactive effects between individual characteristics and country-level attributes. In particular, theory predicts that the correlation between pro-immigration attitudes and individual skill should be related to the skill composition of natives relative to immigrants in the destination country. Skilled individuals should favor immigration in countries where natives are more skilled than immigrants and oppose it otherwise. Results based on direct and indirect measures of the relative skill composition are consistent with these predictions. Noneconomic variables also are correlated with immigration attitudes, but they don't alter significantly the labor-market results. Copyright by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
annote = {doi: 10.1162/rest.88.3.510},
author = {Mayda, Anna Maria},
doi = {10.1162/rest.88.3.510},
isbn = {0034-6535},
issn = {0034-6535},
journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {510--530},
publisher = {MIT Press},
title = {{Who Is Against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.88.3.510},
volume = {88},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Turner1987,
author = {Turner, JC and Hogg, MA and Oakes, PJ},
title = {{Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1987-98657-000},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Lawrence2010,
author = {Lawrence, C N and Huffmon, S H},
title = {{Can We Really Have a Conversation about Race? Investigating Race-of-Interviewer Effects in the Contemporary South}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Shaw1961,
author = {Shaw, Marvin E},
journal = {The Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {133--141},
publisher = {Taylor $\backslash$ Francis},
title = {{Some Correlates of Social Acquiescence}},
volume = {55},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Tetlock1983,
abstract = {Explored the impact of accountability (the need to justify one's views to others) on the complexity of people's thinking on controversial social issues. 48 undergraduates reported their thoughts on 3 issues and then responded to a series of attitude scales relevant to each topic. Ss provided this information under 1 of 4 conditions: expecting their attitudes to be anonymous or expecting to justify their attitudes to an individual with liberal, conservative, or unknown views. Consistent with previous work on strategic attitude shifts, Ss reported more liberal attitudes when they expected to justify their views to a conservative. Accountability also increased the integrative complexity and evaluative inconsistency of the thoughts reported on each issue but only when Ss expected to justify their attitudes to an individual with unknown views. Findings suggest that accountability leads to more complex information processing only when people do not have the cognitively lazy option of simply expressing views similar to those of the individual to whom they feel accountable. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Tetlock, Philip E},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.74},
isbn = {0022-3514$\backslash$r1939-1315},
issn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
keywords = {Attitudes,Cognitive Complexity,Interpersonal Influences,Thinking,accountability,college students,complexity of thinking on controversial social iss},
number = {1},
pages = {74--83},
pmid = {24},
title = {{Accountability and complexity of thought}},
url = {http://proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=pdh{\&}AN=1984-06714-001{\&}site=ehost-live{\&}scope=site{\%}5Cnhttp://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/45/1/74/},
volume = {45},
year = {1983}
}
@article{OMuircheartaigh1995,
author = {O'Muircheartaigh, C and Gaskell, G D and Wright, D B},
journal = {Journal of Official Statistics},
pages = {295--308},
title = {{Weighing anchors: Verbal and numeric labels for response scales}},
url = {http://www.jos.nu/Articles/abstract.asp?article=113295},
volume = {11},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Reicher1994b,
abstract = {According to traditional models of deindividuation, lowered personal identifiability leads to a loss of identity and a loss of internalized control over behaviour. This account has been challenged by arguing that manipulations of identifiability affect the relative salience of personal or social identity and hence the choice of standards to control behaviour. The present study contributes to an extension of this argument according to which identifiability manipulations do not only affect the salience of social identity but also the strategic communication of social identity. Reicher and Levine (1993) have shown that subjects who are more identifiable to a powerful outgroup will moderate the expression of those aspects of ingroup identity which differ from the outgroup position and which would be punished by the outgroup. Here we seek to show that, in addition, subjects who are more identifiable to a powerful outgroup will accentuate the expression of those aspects of ingroup identity which differ from the outgroup position but which would not be punished by the outgroup. This is because, when identifiable, subjects may use such responses as a means of publicly presenting their adherence to group norms and hence as a means of establishing their right to group membership. A study is reported in which 102 physical education students are either identifiable (I) or not identifiable (NI) to their academic tutors. They are asked to respond on a number of dimensions where pilot interviews show the ingroup stereotype to differ from outgroup norms. Expressions of difference from the outgroup position would lead to punishment on some of these dimensions (P items) but would not lead to punishment for others (NP items). The predicted interaction between identifiability and item type is highly significant. As expected, for NP items identifiability accentuates responses which differentiate the ingroup stereotype from outgroup norms. All these results occur independently of shifts in the salience of social identity. The one unexpected finding is that, for P items, identifiability does lead to decreased expression of the ingroup stereotype, but the difference does not reach significance. Nonetheless, overall the results do provide further evidence for the complex effects of identifiability on strategic considerations underlying the expression of social identity in intergroup contexts.},
author = {Reicher, S and Levine, M},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {511--524},
title = {{On the Consequences of Deindividuation Manipulations for the Strategies Communication of Self Identifiablity and the Presentation of Social Identity}},
volume = {24},
year = {1994}
}
@book{Schulenberg1999,
abstract = {This book focuses on the different developmental transitions during adolescence and young adulthood and relates them to risks and benefits for young people's health and well-being. This book advocates the broadening of the concept of health promotion to include assistance with negotiating the several changes that occur as individuals move into and out of adolescence. Chapters from many of the most prominent researchers in the adolescent field from several countries are included in this edited volume.},
author = {Schulenberg, John and Maggs, Jennifer L},
isbn = {0521664373},
pages = {598},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Health Risks and Developmental Transitions During Adolescence}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=fN5GOjJuteYC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Taber2001,
author = {Taber, CS},
journal = {Citizens and politics:  {\ldots}},
title = {{The motivated construction of political judgments}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=0hpdooUVLU4C{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA198{\&}dq=taber+and+lodge+running{\&}ots=l{\_}LGoQpoXS{\&}sig=awRwoYYDb2qmW899Zwoq-Smz2-k},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Abrams2012,
author = {Abrams, Samuel J. and Fiorina, Morris P.},
isbn = {doi:10.1017/S1049096512000017},
issn = {1537-5935},
journal = {PS: Political Science {\&} Politics},
language = {English},
month = {apr},
number = {02},
pages = {203--210},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{“The Big Sort” That Wasn't: A Skeptical Reexamination}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S1049096512000017},
volume = {45},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Akerlof2007,
abstract = {Does media bias affect voting? We analyze the entry of Fox News in cable markets and its impact on voting. Between October 1996 and November 2000, the conservative Fox News Channel was introduced in the cable programming of 20 percent of U. S. towns. Fox News availability in 2000 appears to be largely idiosyncratic, conditional on a set of controls. Using a data set of voting data for 9,256 towns, we investigate if Republicans gained vote share in towns where Fox News entered the cable market by the year 2000. We ﬁnd a signiﬁcant effect of the introduction of Fox News on the vote share in Presidential elections between 1996 and 2000. Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News. Fox News also affected voter turnout and the Republican vote share in the Senate. Our estimates imply that Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure. The Fox News effect could be a temporary learning effect for rational voters, or a permanent effect for nonrational voters subject to persuasion.},
author = {Akerlof, George and Ansolabehere, Stephen and Bartels, Lawrence M and Calo, Robert and Dube, Arindrajit and Glaeser, Edward and Gentzkow, Matthew and Gerber, Alan and Hamil-, Jay and Katz, Lawrence and Krueger, Alan and Malmendier, Ulrike and Manacorda, Marco and Naidu, Suresh and Persson, Torsten and Popkin, Sam and Puglisi, Riccardo and Shapiro, Jesse and Simonsohn, Uri and Stoker, Laura and Stromberg, David and Chan, Jessica and Converse, Marguerite and Dandavati, Neil and Deryugina, Tatyana and Deza, Monica and Galicia, Melissa and Ho, Calvin and Khanchanawong, Sudhamas and Kim, Richard and Kumar, Vipul and Leung, Jonathan and Li, Clarice and Lim, Tze Yang and Mai, Ming and Parekh, Sameer and Radakrishnan, Sharmini and Relan, Rohan and Singh, Chanda and Zhang, Nan and Zhao, Sibo and Baker, Scott and Barrios, Thomas and Bhargava, Saurabh and Eben-, Avi and Pope, Devin and Sivasankaran, Anitha},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
number = {August},
pages = {1187--1234},
title = {{The fox news effect: media bias and voting* s}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Teigen1988,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (The language of uncertainty - Teigen, KH H)

From Duplicate 1 ( 


The language of uncertainty


- Teigen, K H )








From Duplicate 2 ( 


The language of uncertainty


- Teigen, KH )

},
author = {Teigen, KH H},
journal = {Acta Psychologica},
number = {1-3},
pages = {27--38},
title = {{The language of uncertainty}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0001691888900431},
volume = {68},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Choudrie2007,
abstract = {The aim of this study is to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of broadband's impact on consumer time use upon daily routine activities. The study was conducted using a postal survey. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 1600 households and a total of 358 completed replies were obtained. The study provides evidence that significant changes in the total time spent online and internet usage frequency can occur when people use broadband technology. The paper also suggests that consumers of broadband and dial-up are different in terms of time allocation patterns upon daily routine activities. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2007 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.},
author = {Choudrie, Jyoti and Dwivedi, Yogesh Kumar},
doi = {10.1504/IJMC.2007.011817},
issn = {1470949X},
journal = {International Journal of Mobile Communications},
keywords = {,broadband consumers,daily,household,impact,time allocation},
number = {2},
pages = {225--241},
title = {{Broadband impact on household consumers: online habits and time allocation patterns on daily life activities}},
url = {http://www.metapress.com/content/6eywxr740q2dfmlt},
volume = {5},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Carpini1993,
author = {Carpini, Michael X Delli and Keeter, Scott},
doi = {10.2307/2111549},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {1179--1206},
shorttitle = {Measuring political knowledge},
title = {{Measuring political knowledge: Putting first things first}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111549?origin=crossref},
volume = {37},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Taber2006,
author = {Taber, Charles S and Lodge, Milton},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x},
issn = {0092-5853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {755--769},
title = {{Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x},
volume = {50},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Saxton2013,
abstract = {New media have markedly enhanced individuals' capacity to produce and disseminate original knowledge; however, the literature has not extensively examined the broad effects of such decentralized production processes. This study thus focuses on a unique context—the stock market—in which it is possible to test the aggregate impact of blog-based information production. Using data on 150 top financial bloggers and stock returns from the S{\&}P 500, this study supports the hypothesis that financial blogging activity diminishes harmful information asymmetries between key market investors. This study thus adds to the ‘‘media effects'' literature, highlights the societal relevance of bloggers, and shows how economic concepts and financial market settings can be employed for powerfully testing communication theories.},
author = {Saxton, Gregory D and Anker, Ashley E},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {1054--1069},
title = {{The Aggregate Effects of Decentralized Knowledge Production: Financial Bloggers and Information Asymmetries in the Stock Market}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jcom.12060},
volume = {63},
year = {2013}
}
@book{kriesi2008west,
author = {Kriesi, Hanspeter and Grande, Edgar and Lachat, Romain and Dolezal, Martin and Bornschier, Simon and Frey, Timotheos and Others},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press Cambridge},
title = {{West European politics in the age of globalization}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Moehler2009a,
author = {Moehler, Devra C and Lindberg, Staffan I},
doi = {10.1017/S0022381609990120},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {oct},
number = {04},
pages = {1448},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Narrowing the Legitimacy Gap: Turnovers as a Cause of Democratic Consolidation}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381609990120},
volume = {71},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Miller1991,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( Party identification, realignment, and party voting: Back to the basics - Miller, W E )



From Duplicate 2 ( Party identification, realignment, and party voting: Back to the basics - Miller, W E )
},
author = {Miller, W E},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {2},
pages = {557--568},
shorttitle = {Party identification, realignment, and party votin},
title = {{Party identification, realignment, and party voting: Back to the basics}},
volume = {85},
year = {1991}
}
@misc{Nuzzi2018,
author = {Nuzzi, Olivia},
booktitle = {New York Magazine},
title = {{Donald Trump and Sean Hannity Like to Talk Before Bedtime}},
url = {http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/05/sean-hannity-donald-trump-late-night-calls.html},
urldate = {2018-08-13},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Lavine2002,
author = {Lavine, H},
journal = {Political psychology},
pages = {225--247},
title = {{On-line versus memory-based process models of political evaluation}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Sassenberg2003,
author = {Sassenberg, K and Boos, M},
isbn = {1368-4302},
journal = {Group Processes {\&} Intergroup Relations},
number = {4},
pages = {405},
title = {{Attitude change in computer-mediated communication: Effects of anonymity and category norms}},
volume = {6},
year = {2003}
}
@incollection{Beyth-Marom1997,
abstract = {looks at adolescents' risk behaviors from a cognitive perspective / attempts to account for behaviors that are the result of deliberate choices among alternative courses of action / one focus of this account is how seemingly unthinking behavior can be interpreted in cognitive terms / a 2nd focus is how a detailed analysis of decisions is needed to reveal the structure of tasks facing individuals and the opportunities they have to make successful choices / examines [the ability to make choices about health, family, career, peers, and school]},
author = {Beyth-Marom, Ruth and Fischhoff, Baruch},
booktitle = {Health Risks and Developmental Transitions During Adolescence},
editor = {Schulenberg, John and Maggs, Jennifer L.},
pages = {110--135},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Adolescents' decisions about risks: A cognitive perspective.}},
year = {1999}
}
@misc{Gordon2004,
abstract = {Appealing to values is an effective form of argumentation. In our analysis of the Bush-Gore debate, we found that values are fundamental in framing issues; their effectiveness is contingent on the issue context and the predisposition of the audience. Thus, merely constructing an appeal to values does not guarantee persuasiveness, as the appeal must be concrete in nature when attempting to move an audience to action. Such an appeal goes beyond creating a link between the value appeal and the issue, as the value appeal and the issue position must resonate with a defined audience. Our results indicate that most undecided voters who made up their minds as a result of the debate chose Gore, while a few chose Bush and some remained undecided. Those who chose Gore were clearly more egalitarian in their orientation than undecided voters who chose Bush or could not decide. Bush's use of individu-alism did not seem to persuade undecided voters, nor did it seem to have a detri-mental impact on support for Gore. For the most part, Bush's support remained constant before and after the debate, at least among this particular audience. An audience of 46.6 million viewers watched the October 3, 2000, presidential debate between Vice President Al Gore and Texas Governor George W. Bush (Commission on Presidential Debates, 2001). It was the first of three presidential debates in 2000, and, according to Ronald Brownstein (2000), Los Angeles Times political writer, significant issue contrasts were evident in this debate: In a campaign that some once feared would offer an echo, not a choice, the two men clashed over domestic and foreign issues ranging from tax cuts to Social Security and the use of American forces abroad. And neither hesitated to bundle together their differences into broader philosophical choices for the electorate. (p. A1)},
author = {Gordon, Ann and Miller, Jerry L},
booktitle = {Political Communication},
doi = {10.1080/10584600490273272},
issn = {10584609},
keywords = {Argumentation,Presidential debate,Values},
number = {1},
pages = {71--92},
title = {{Values and Persuasion During the First Bush-Gore Presidential Debate}},
volume = {21},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Huddy2009,
author = {Huddy, L and Feldman, S},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
pages = {423--447},
title = {{On Assessing the Political Effects of Racial Prejudice}},
volume = {12},
year = {2009}
}
@incollection{Mossberger2012,
abstract = {This article investigates the evidence and debates over the influences of the internet on how, and how much, citizens participate. It concentrates on the knowledge and involvement of individual citizens. In particular, it describes how online participation affects ‘offline' participation, the nature of participation, and political representation more generally. A key consideration is how internet use for information or participation differs from alternatives ‘offline', and whether citizens' use of the internet actually causes, or merely reflects, changes in civic engagement and participation. It argues that the internet has the potential to transform participation in several important ways. The extant evidence reveals more about links between internet use and voting than how online politics affects the decision to vote. The literature about the differences in networks and participation online strongly suggests the need for more social network analysis.},
address = {Oxford},
author = {Mossberger, K and TOLBERT, C I},
booktitle = {The Oxford handbook of American {\ldots}},
editor = {Leighley, Jan E},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{How Politics Online is Changing Electoral Participation}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=0PLNhGk-MlgC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA200{\&}ots=qBF-NhGPc5{\&}sig=ams-PZZXxHTDmm5zmjfT6A8H6NQ},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Aday2010,
abstract = {This study analyzes all stories aired on NBC Nightly News and Fox News Channel's Special Report With Brit Hume during 2005 about the U.S. wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and compares that coverage with real-world indicators to address an important question: Did the news media over-report bad news from these conflicts, as claimed by the Bush administration and as one might expect given research into the press' negativity bias? This study finds that while both channels focused a fair amount on negative storylines, overall the news actually underplayed bad news from both countries. Fox News was much more sympathetic to the administration than NBC, suggesting that scholars should consider Fox as alternative, rather than mainstream, media. Cette tude analyse tous les reportages portant sur les guerres am ricaines en Irak et en Afghanistan et diffus s en 2005 au bulletin de soir e de la cha ne NBC (NBC Nightly News) ou au Special Report with Brit Hume de la cha ne Fox News. Elle compare cette couverture aux indicateurs du monde r el pour r pondre une question importante : les m dias d'information ont-ils surrepr sent les mauvaises nouvelles concernant ces conflits, tel que l'affirmait l'administration Bush et ainsi qu'on pourrait le croire compte tenu de la litt rature sur les biais n gatifs de la presse L'analyse conclut que si les deux cha nes ont consacr beaucoup d'attention des histoires n gatives, dans l'ensemble, au contraire, les informations minimisaient les mauvaises nouvelles provenant des deux pays. Fox News tait beaucoup plus complaisante que NBC l' gard de l'administration, ce qui sugg re que les chercheurs devraient consid rer Fox News comme un m dia alternatif plut t que principal. Die Studie analysiert alle Geschichten zum Irak- und Afghanistankrieg im Jahr 2005, die auf NBC Nightly News und Fox News Channel Special Report mit Brit Hume gesendet wurden und vergleicht diese Berichterstattung mit Realwelt-Indikatoren zur Beantwortung einer wichtigen Frage: Hat die Nachrichtenberichterstattung einen Hang dazu, eher negative Geschichten von diesen Konflikten zu berichten, wie die Bush-Administration angemerkt hat und wie die Forschung zum Negativit tsbias der Presse vermuten l sst? Diese Studie zeigt, dass w hrend beide Sender eine gewisse Anzahl negativer Schlagzeilen sendeten, allerdings schlechte Nachrichten f r beide L nder sogar herunterspielten. Fox News war gegen ber der Administration sogar mitf hlender als NBC, was den Schluss zul sst, dass man als Wissenschaftler Fox eher als Alternativ- und nicht Mainstream-Medium begreifen kann. Este estudio analiza todas las historias de Noticias Nocturnas emitidas por NBC y el Reporte Especial del Canal de Noticias Fox con Brit Hume durante el a o 2005 sobre las guerras de los EE.UU. en Iraq and Afganist n, y compara la cobertura con indicadores del mundo real para tratar una pregunta importante: Han reportado los medios m s malas noticias sobre estos conflictos, como lo proclam la administraci n de Bush y como uno puede esperar dado la investigaci n sobre la predisposici n negativa de la prensa? Este estudio encuentra que ambos canales se focalizaron en una cantidad justa de l neas de historias negativas, en total las noticias actualmente quitaron importancia a las malas noticias de ambos pa ses. Las noticias de Fox fueron mucho m s favorables a la administraci n que NBC, sugiriendo que los eruditos deber an considerar a Fox como alternativa en lugar de la corriente dominante de los medios.},
author = {Aday, Sean},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01472.x},
isbn = {1460-2466},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {144--164},
title = {{Chasing the bad news: An analysis of 2005 Iraq and Afghanistan war coverage on NBC and Fox News channel}},
volume = {60},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Popkin1991,
author = {Popkin, SL L},
title = {{User profiles for popkin}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=popkin+{\&}hl=en{\&}btnG=Search{\&}as{\_}sdt=1,5{\&}as{\_}sdtp=on{\#}0},
year = {1991}
}
@article{tajfel1971social,
author = {Tajfel, Henri and Billig, Michael G and Bundy, Robert P and Flament, Claude},
journal = {European journal of social psychology},
keywords = {polpar,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {polpar,selexppol},
number = {2},
pages = {149--178},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Social categorization and intergroup behaviour}},
volume = {1},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Kreuter2007,
author = {Kreuter, Matthew W. and Green, Melanie C. and Cappella, Joseph N. and Slater, Michael D. and Wise, Meg E. and Storey, Doug and Clark, Eddie M. and O'Keefe, Daniel J. and Erwin, Deborah O. and Holmes, Kathleen and Hinyard, Leslie J. and Houston, Thomas and Woolley, Sabra},
doi = {10.1007/BF02879904},
issn = {0883-6612},
journal = {Annals of Behavioral Medicine},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {221--235},
title = {{Narrative communication in cancer prevention and control: A framework to guide research and application}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02879904},
volume = {33},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Heit,
author = {Heit, E and Nicholson, S P},
isbn = {1551-6709},
journal = {Cognitive Science},
title = {{The Opposite of Republican: Polarization and Political Categorization}}
}
@article{Tucker1983,
author = {Tucker, C},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {84},
title = {{Interviewer effects in telephone surveys}},
volume = {47},
year = {1983}
}
@article{Price1997,
abstract = {This study investigated how journalistic story frames can affect the thoughts and feelings of readers. Two hundred and seventy-eight students participated in two studies, reading and responding to a fictitious story about possible reductions in state funding of their university. Stories were presented in one of four randomly assigned versions, all containing the same information, but varying in their opening and closing paragraphs according to the frame employed: human interest, conflict, or personal consequences. A control version contained the common body only. In Study 1, thoughts listed by participants indicated that the news frames--although they had no influence on the volume of cognitive responses--significantly affected the topical focus and evaluative implications of thoughts generated. In Study 2, evaluations and opinions offered by participants indicated that the news frames also subtly could affect audience decision making about matters of public policy. Implications for shaping public opinion are discussed.},
author = {Price, Vincent and Tewksbury, David and Powers, Elizabeth},
doi = {10.1177/009365097024005002},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {481--506},
title = {{Switching Trains of Thought: The Impact of News Frames on Readers' Cognitive Responses}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/24/5/481.short},
volume = {24},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Puglisi2011,
author = {Puglisi, Riccardo and Snyder, James M.},
doi = {10.1017/S0022381611000569},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {aug},
number = {03},
pages = {931--950},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Newspaper Coverage of Political Scandals}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381611000569},
volume = {73},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Holbrook2001,
author = {Holbrook, A L and Krosnick, J A and Visser, P S and Gardner, W L and Cacioppo, J T},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {4},
pages = {930--950},
title = {{Attitudes toward presidential candidates and political parties: Initial optimism, inertial first impressions, and a focus on flaws}},
volume = {45},
year = {2001}
}
@book{Erikson2010,
abstract = {Updated in a new 8 th edition, this book goes beyond a simple presentation of data to include a critical analysis of the role of public opinion in American democracy. It provides an in-depth analysis of public opinion, beginning with its origins in political socialization, the impact of the media, the extent and breadth of democratic values, to the role of public opinion in the electoral process. Using the most current survey data from the 2008 elections and the latest literature on the subject, Erikson and Tedin analyze public opinion and its role in the policy and politics of the United States.},
author = {Erikson, Robert S. and Tedin, Kent L.},
isbn = {0205745431},
pages = {391},
publisher = {Pearson Education Canada},
title = {{American Public Opinion}},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Powell1982,
abstract = {Why do some democracies succeed while others fail? In seeking an answer to this classic problem, G. Bingham Powell, Jr. examines the record of voter participation, government stability, and violence in 29 democracies during the 1960s and 1970s. The core of the book and its most distinguishing feature is the treatment of the role of political parties in mobilizing citizens and containing violence.},
author = {Powell, G. Bingham},
isbn = {0674166876},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
pages = {279},
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
title = {{Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=q5skAJ-FgrQC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Weisberg2009,
abstract = {Der Trend zur qualitativen Forschung als Erg{\"{a}}nzung und Alternative zu einem einseitigen orientierten Vorgehen verst{\"{a}}rkt sich in den letzten Jahren in fast allen Humanwissenschaften. Viel der neuen qualitativen Ans{\"{a}}tze bleiben jedoch vage, unsystematisch, schwer nachvollziehbar. Die Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse erm{\"{o}}glicht demgegen{\"{u}}ber eine streng systematische, das hei{\ss}t theoriegeleitete und regelgeleitete Analyse sprachlichen Materials. Zur Begr{\"{u}}ndung des Vorgehens werden Hermeneutik, Qualitative Sozialforschung, Literaturwissenschaften und Psychologie herangezogen. Ausgehend von den drei Grundformen der Zusammenfassung, Explikation und Strukturierung werden einzelne Techniken durch Ablaufmodelle und Interpretationsregeln beschrieben und am Beispiel veranschaulicht.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Weisberg, Herbert F.},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-531-18939-0_31},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {978-3-531-17809-7},
issn = {2070-3481},
journal = {The Total Survey Error Approach: A Guide to the New Science of Survey Research},
keywords = {survey costs,survey effects,survey error,survey trade-offs,total survey error,total survey quality},
number = {October},
pages = {311--339},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Total Survey Error}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hamm1991,
author = {Hamm, R M},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
keywords = {subjective probabilities,verbal probabilities},
number = {2},
pages = {193--223},
title = {{Selection of verbal probabilities: A solution for some problems of verbal probability expression* 1}},
volume = {48},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Huddy2007,
author = {Huddy, L and Khatib, N},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {63--77},
title = {{American patriotism, national identity, and political involvement}},
volume = {51},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Pasek2009a,
abstract = {ABSTRACT Does Internet use have the potential to build social capital? Emerging evidence suggests that politically knowledgeable, interpersonally trusting, and civically engaged individuals share particular patterns of Internet use. In previous national survey studies, Internet use has been divided into a handful of excessively broad categories, and researchers have been unable to address newer, category-spanning Internet uses as well as the potential impact of individual Web sites. By examining the use of online social networks in a nationally representative sample of young people, this study explores the varied relationships between indicators of social capital and Internet use on a site-specific level (i.e., MySpace vs. Facebook). Indeed, differences between social networking sites are as large as those between more global categories of use (e.g., informational vs. social networking) and are robust to attempts to account for differences between the users of the sites. In explaining these relationships and exploring the differences between social networking sites, we suggest that Web site use induces a site-specific culture that can either encourage or hinder social capital. networking sites are as large as those between more global categories of use (e.g., informational vs. social networking) and are robust to attempts to account for differences between the users of the sites. In explaining these relationships and exploring the differences between social networking sites, we suggest that Web site use induces a site-specific culture that can either encourage or hinder social capital.},
author = {Pasek, Josh and More, Eian and Romer, Daniel},
doi = {10.1080/19331680902996403},
isbn = {4845574594},
issn = {1933-1681},
journal = {Journal of Information Technology {\&} Politics},
keywords = {facebook,instant information creates involvement,myspace,political knowledge,social capital,youth},
number = {3-4},
pages = {197--215},
pmid = {43428804},
title = {{Realizing the Social Internet? Online Social Networking Meets Offline Civic Engagement}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19331680902996403},
volume = {6},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Moy2005,
author = {Moy, P},
doi = {10.1177/0093650204271399},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {59--86},
title = {{Knowledge or Trust?: Investigating Linkages Between Media Reliance and Participation}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0093650204271399},
volume = {32},
year = {2005}
}
@article{hill2007opt,
author = {Hill, Seth and Lo, James and Vavreck, Lynn and Zaller, John},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
title = {{The opt-in internet panel: Survey mode, sampling methodology and the implications for political research}}
}
@article{Kraidy2011,
author = {Kraidy, Marwan M},
journal = {Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World},
pages = {177},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{The Rise of Transnational Media Systems}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Wright1985,
author = {Wright, G C},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
title = {{Measuring state partisanship and ideology with survey data}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=6246636},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Hogg2006,
author = {Hogg, Michael A and Reid, Scott A},
journal = {Communication Theory},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {1},
pages = {7--30},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Social Identity, Self-Categorization, and the Communication of Group Norms}},
volume = {16},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Batson1997,
author = {Batson, C D},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {517--522},
title = {{Self-other merging and the empathy-altruism hypothesis: Reply to Neuberg et al.(1997)}},
volume = {73},
year = {1997}
}
@article{SNIDERMAN2004,
author = {Sniderman, Paul M. and Hagendoorn, Louk and Prior, Markus},
doi = {10.1017/S000305540400098X},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {veni},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {feb},
number = {01},
pages = {35--49},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Predisposing Factors and Situational Triggers: Exclusionary Reactions to Immigrant Minorities}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S000305540400098X},
volume = {98},
year = {2004}
}
@inproceedings{Prior2007a,
abstract = {preferences? There is little disagreement about what makes the Internet different from other media: the abundance of different outlets, the chance to publish for everyone, the possibility of customization. But while optimists argue that the sheer amount of information and the vanishing influence of gatekeepers will make citizens better informed than ever, pessimists rather share the fears of Franzen's protagonist. Both camps, however, base their argumentation on one common assumption: They think that the Internet actually has changed the way we keep up with the news fundamentally. To which extent this is really the case lies at the root of this dissertation.},
author = {Prior, M},
booktitle = {Conference on the Changing Media and Political {\ldots}},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
title = {{News junkies as monitorial citizens? Conditions for political accountability in a high-choice media environment}},
url = {https://www.princeton.edu/csdp/events/ChangingMedia1107/PriorCM.pdf},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Khwaja2007,
author = {Khwaja, A},
journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
title = {{Time preference, time discounting, and smoking decisions}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167629607000197},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Baron2006,
abstract = {The news media plays an essential role in society, but surveys indicate that the public views the media as biased. This paper presents a theory of media bias that originates with private information obtained by journalists through their investigations and persists despite profit-maximizing news organizations and rivalry from other news organizations. Bias has two effects on the demand for news. First, rational individuals are more skeptical of potentially biased news and thus rely less on it in their decision-making. This skepticism reduces demand and leads the news organization to set a lower price for its publication the greater is the bias it tolerates. Lower quality news thus commands a lower price. Second, bias makes certain stories more likely than others. Given their private information, journalists may bias their stories if their career prospects can be advanced by being published on the front page. News organizations can control bias by restricting the discretion allowed to journalists, but granting discretion and tolerating bias can increase profits if it allows journalists to be hired at a lower wage. Bias is not driven from the market by a rival news organization nor by a news organization with an opposing bias, and the profits of a high-bias news organization can be higher than the profits of a low bias one. Moreover, bias can be greater with competition than with a monopoly news organization. If individuals collectively choose regulation in place of their individual decision-making, bias increases the expected stringency of regulation.},
author = {Baron, David P.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.10.006},
issn = {00472727},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
keywords = {Bias,Media,News organizations},
month = {jan},
number = {1-2},
pages = {1--36},
title = {{Persistent media bias}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272705000216},
volume = {90},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Ettema1977,
abstract = {This article focuses on audience-related factors such as ability, motivation, and media use as well as "ceiling effects" that act as contingent conditions for understanding the "knowledge gap." Ability deficits, individual differences, and ceiling effects, true or imposed, are examined to attempt a clarification of how knowledge gaps are widened or narrowed.},
author = {Ettema, J S and Kline, F G},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {179--202},
title = {{Deficits, Differences, and Ceilings: Contingent Conditions for Understanding the Knowledge Gap}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/4/2/179},
volume = {4},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Monin2001,
author = {Monin, B and Miller, D T},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {33--43},
title = {{Moral credentials and the expression of prejudice.}},
volume = {81},
year = {2001}
}
@book{gilens_why_2000,
author = {Gilens, M},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
shorttitle = {Why Americans hate welfare},
title = {{Why Americans hate welfare: Race, media, and the politics of antipoverty policy}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Paulhus2007,
author = {Paulhus, D L and Vazire, S},
journal = {Handbook of research methods in personality psychology},
pages = {224--239},
title = {{The self-report method}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Holleman2008,
author = {Holleman, B C and Murre, J M J},
journal = {Applied Cognitive Psychology},
number = {5},
pages = {709--732},
title = {{Getting from neuron to checkmark: models and methods in cognitive survey research}},
volume = {22},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Wilson2000,
abstract = {When an attitude changes from A1 to A2, what happens to A1? Most theories assume, at least implicitly, that the new attitude replaces the former one. The authors argue that a new attitude can override, but not replace, the old one, resulting in dual attitudes. Dual attitudes are defined as different evaluations of the same attitude object: an automatic, implicit attitude and an explicit attitude. The attitude that people endorse depends on whether they have the cognitive capacity to retrieve the explicit attitude and whether this overrides their implicit attitude. A number of literatures consistent with these hypotheses are reviewed, and the implications of the dual-attitude model for attitude theory and measurement are discussed. For example, by including only explicit measures, previous studies may have exaggerated the ease with which people change their attitudes. Even if an explicit attitude changes, an implicit attitude can remain the same.},
author = {Wilson, T D and Lindsey, S and Schooler, T Y},
issn = {0033-295X},
journal = {Psychological review},
keywords = {Affect,Attitude,Humans,Motivation,Object Attachment,Prejudice},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {101--126},
pmid = {10687404},
title = {{A model of dual attitudes.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10687404},
volume = {107},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Latane1969,
author = {Latan{\'{e}}, B and Darley, J M},
journal = {American scientist},
number = {2},
pages = {244},
title = {{Bystanders" apathy".}},
volume = {57},
year = {1969}
}
@article{Imai2010,
author = {Imai, Kosuke and Yamamoto, Teppei},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00446.x},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {causality},
mendeley-tags = {causality},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {543--560},
title = {{Causal Inference with Differential Measurement Error: Nonparametric Identification and Sensitivity Analysis}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00446.x},
volume = {54},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Festinger1957,
abstract = {Cognitive dissonance can be seen as an antecedent condition which leads to activity oriented toward dissonance reduction just as hunger leads to activity oriented toward hunger reduction. [This book] explores, in a wide variety of contexts, the consequences of the existence of cognitive dissonance and the attempts on the part of humans to reduce it. . . . This book explores contexts ranging from individual decision situations to mass phenomena. Since reduction of dissonance is a basic process in humans, it is not surprising that its manifestations may be observed in such a wide variety of contexts.},
author = {Festinger, Leon},
booktitle = {Stanford University Press},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
publisher = {Stanford University Press},
title = {{A theory of cognitive dissonance}},
year = {1957}
}
@article{Smyth20032006,
abstract = {For survey researchers, it is common practice to use the check-all question format in Web and mail surveys but to convert to the forced-choice question format in telephone surveys. The assumption underlying this practice is that respondents will answer the two formats similarly. In this research note we report results from 16 experimental comparisons in two Web surveys and a paper survey conducted in 2002 and 2003 that test whether the check-all and forced-choice formats produce similar results. In all 16 comparisons, we find that the two question formats do not perform similarly; respondents endorse more options and take longer to answer in the forced-choice format than in the check-all format. These findings suggest that the forced-choice question format encourages deeper processing of response options and, as such, is preferable to the check-all format, which may encourage a weak satisficing response strategy. Additional analyses show that neither acquiescence bias nor item nonresponse seem to pose substantial problems for use of the forced-choice question format in Web surveys.},
annote = {Forced choice does NOT induce acquiescence bias in web surveys},
author = {Smyth, Jolene D and Dillman, Don A and Christian, Leah Melani and Stern, Michael J},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfj007},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {66--77},
title = {{Comparing Check-All and Forced-Choice Question Formats in Web Surveys}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/70/1/66.abstract},
volume = {70},
year = {2006}
}
@misc{,
title = {{Attitudinal and Behavioral Consequenes of Published Opinion Polls}}
}
@article{Christie1958,
author = {Christie, Richard and Havel, Joan and Seidenberg, Bernard},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {143},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Is the F scale irreversible?}},
volume = {56},
year = {1958}
}
@book{Mitchell2009,
abstract = {Celebrated for its easy-to-grasp, user-oriented approach, this book puts research design into a practical context. Emphasizing that research must be internally valid, externally valid, and ethically conducted, Mitchell and Jolley show students how to use the theories of research methods, and give novices the practical advice they need to conduct successful research. Within this framework, the book encourages readers to value, create, and conduct ethical research projects. The authors introduce ethical issues in Chapter 1 and discuss ethics throughout the book.},
author = {Mitchell, Mark L. and Jolley, Janina M.},
isbn = {0495602213},
pages = {645},
publisher = {Cengage Learning},
title = {{Research Design Explained}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=Wspw-FNCM6EC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Schlenker1980,
author = {Schlenker, Barry R.},
isbn = {081850398X},
pages = {344},
publisher = {BrooKs/Cole Publishing Company},
title = {{Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=0wt{\_}QgAACAAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1980}
}
@article{2001,
abstract = {Response styles are a source of contamination in questionnaire ratings, and therefore they threaten the validity of conclusions drawn from marketing research data. In this article, the authors examine five forms of stylistic responding (acquiescence and disacquiescence response styles, extreme response style/response range, midpoint responding, and noncontingent responding) and discuss their biasing effects on scale scores and correlations between scales. Using data from large, representative samples of consumers from 11 countries of the European Union, the authors find systematic effects of response styles on scale scores as a function of two scale characteristics (the proportion of reverse-scored items and the extent of deviation of the scale mean from the midpoint of the response scale) and show that correlations between scales can be biased upward or downward depending on the correlation between the response style components. In combination with the apparent lack of concern with response styles evidenced in a secondary analysis of commonly used marketing scales, these findings suggest that marketing researchers should pay greater attention to the phenomenon of stylistic responding when constructing and using measurement instruments.},
author = {Baumgartner, Hans and Steenkamp, Jan-Benedict E M},
issn = {00222437},
journal = {Journal of Marketing Research},
number = {2},
pages = {pp. 143----156},
publisher = {American Marketing Association},
title = {{Response Styles in Marketing Research: A Cross-National Investigation}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1558620},
volume = {38},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Guadagno,
author = {Guadagno, R E},
title = {{Online Persuasion and Compliance: Social Influence on the Internet and Beyond Rosanna E. Guadagno and Robert B. Cialdini Arizona State University}}
}
@article{Coan2008,
abstract = {This paper examines if, when, and to what extent U.S. minor party labels influence individual opinions over a range of political issues. Based on data from an experimental study, we reach three general conclusions. First, as cues, party labels are more likely to influence opinions over complex issues. Second, familiarity with and trust in a party condition cue acceptance. Third, as a whole, minor party labels act as effective cues less consistently than major parties. This finding, we suggest, indicates that there exists some threshold level of familiarity and trust that minor parties must reach in the mass public in order to be effective cues. This research is valuable because it extends current work on party labels as heuristic devices and more general work on cues; our findings are additionally important given recent trends in public opinion data, which indicate that the U.S. public is becoming more accepting of minor parties as permanent features of the political system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)},
author = {Coan, Travis G. and Merolla, Jennifer L. and Stephenson, Laura B. and Zechmeister, Elizabeth J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00636.x},
isbn = {1467-9221},
issn = {0162895X},
journal = {Political Psychology},
keywords = {,Heuristics,Information shortcuts,Minor parties,Party cues},
number = {3},
pages = {389--405},
title = {{It's not easy being green: Minor party labels as heuristic aids}},
volume = {29},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Murray2014,
abstract = {We use field experiments in Texas and Wisconsin to address voter mobilization and turnout by evaluating nonpartisan get-out-the-vote (GOTV) messages delivered via mail during 2010 gubernatorial campaigns. We manipulate three factors in the messages: social pressure, descriptive- and injunctive-voting norm consistency, and message timing. The results present an initial field-based confirmation that norm-consistent messages increase turnout; demonstrate significant message timing effects, which are mediated by state election rules; and indicate social pressure's effectiveness varies significantly more than previously found. These diverse findings suggest researchers place a greater emphasis on context when evaluating experiments and the effects of mobilization messages.},
author = {Murray, Gregg R. and Matland, Richard E.},
doi = {10.1177/1065912913499234},
issn = {10659129},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
keywords = {Field experiment,Social norms,Social pressure,Voter mobilization,Voter turnout},
number = {2},
pages = {304--319},
title = {{Mobilization effects using mail: Social pressure, descriptive norms, and timing}},
volume = {67},
year = {2014}
}
@book{West2013,
author = {West, DM M},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952-2012}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?cluster=9939771116284073158{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}1},
year = {2013}
}
@article{ROSENTHAL2001,
author = {ROSENTHAL, R and DIMATTEO, M R},
journal = {Annual review of psychology},
pages = {59--82},
title = {{Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews}},
volume = {52},
year = {2001}
}
@article{bishop1982effects,
author = {Bishop, George F and Oldendick, Robert W and Tuchfarber, Alfred J},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {69--85},
publisher = {AAPOR},
title = {{Effects of presenting one versus two sides of an issue in survey questions}},
volume = {46},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Soroka2012a,
abstract = {Public service broadcasters (PSBs) are a central part of national news media landscapes, and are often regarded as specialists in the provision of hard news. But does exposure to public versus commercial news influence citizens' knowledge of current affairs? This question is investigated in this article using cross-national surveys capturing knowledge of current affairs and media consumption. Propensity score analyses test for effects of PSBs on knowledge, and examine whether PSBs vary in this regard. Results indicate that compared to commercial news, PSBs have a positive influence on knowledge of hard news, though not all PSBs are equally effective in this way. Cross-national differences are related to factors such as de jure independence, proportion of public financing and audience share.},
author = {Soroka, Stuart and Andrew, Blake and Aalberg, Toril and Iyengar, Shanto and Curran, James and Coen, Sharon and Hayashi, Kaori and Jones, Paul and Mazzoleni, Gianpetro and {Woong Rhee}, June and Rowe, David and Tiffen, Rod},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television},
month = {dec},
number = {04},
pages = {719--739},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Auntie Knows Best? Public Broadcasters and Current Affairs Knowledge}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0007123412000555},
volume = {43},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Gerber2009c,
abstract = {We conducted a field experiment to measure the effect of exposure to newspapers on political behavior and opinion. Before the 2005 Virginia gubernatorial election, we randomly assigned individuals to a Washington Post free subscription treatment, a Washington Times free subscription treatment, or a control treatment. We find no effect of either paper on political knowledge, stated opinions, or turnout in post-election survey and voter data. However, receiving either paper led to more support for the Democratic candidate, suggesting that media slant mattered less in this case than media exposure. Some evidence from voting records also suggests that receiving either paper led to increased 2006 voter turnout.},
author = {Gerber, Alan S. and Karlan, Dean and Bergan, Daniel},
doi = {<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.1.2.35">http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.1.2.35</a>},
journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
number = {2},
pages = {18},
publisher = {American Economic Association},
title = {{Does the Media Matter? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effect of Newspapers on Voting Behavior and Political Opinions}},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aea/aejae/2009/00000001/00000002/art00002},
volume = {1},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Cialdini1975,
author = {Cialdini, R B and Vincent, J E and Lewis, S K and Catalan, J and Wheeler, D and Darby, B L},
journal = {Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {206--215},
title = {{Reciprocal concessions procedure for inducing compliance: The door-in-the-face technique}},
volume = {31},
year = {1975}
}
@article{Mason2016,
abstract = {Although anecdotal stories of political anger and enthusiasm appear to be provoked largely by issues such as gay marriage or healthcare reform, social sorting is capable of playing a powerful role in driving anger and enthusiasm, undercutting the perception that only practical disagreements are driving higher levels of political rancor. Because a highly aligned set of social identities increases an individual's perceived differences between groups, the emotions that result from group conflict are likely to be heightened among well-sorted partisans. An experimental design in a national online survey manipulates political threats and reassurances, including a threat to a party and a threat to distinct policy goals. Issue positions are found to drive anger and enthusiasm in the presence of issue-based messages, but not all party-based messages. Partisan identity drives anger and enthusiasm in the presence of party-based threats and reassurances, but not all issue-based messages. Social sorting, however, drives anger and enthusiasm in response to all threats and reassurances, suggesting that well-sorted partisans are more reliably emotionally reactive to political messages. Finally, these results are driven not by the most-sorted partisans, but by the emotional dampening effect that occurs among those with the most cross-cutting identities. As social sorting increases in the American electorate, the cooler heads inspired by cross-cutting identities are likely to be taking up a smaller portion of the electorate.},
author = {Mason, Lilliana},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfw001},
issn = {15375331},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {Specialissue1},
pages = {351--377},
title = {{A cross-cutting calm: How social sorting drives affective polarization}},
volume = {80},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Hwang1999,
abstract = {This study employs a uses and gratifications approach to examine media consumption and acculturation among Chinese immigrants in Silicon Valley in the USA. It finds that the immigrants' use of the media - both English and Chinese - gratifies, to varying degrees, such acculturation needs as English skills and information and knowledge of the host society. However, the availability of Chinese-language media and a unique set of sociodemographic variables combine to hamper the impact of English media use on the immigrants' acculturation.},
author = {Hwang, B.-h. and He, Z.},
doi = {10.1177/0016549299061001001},
issn = {1748-0485},
journal = {International Communication Gazette},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {5--22},
title = {{Media Uses and Acculturation Among Chinese Immigrants in the USA: A Uses and Gratifications Approach}},
url = {http://gaz.sagepub.com/content/61/1/5.short},
volume = {61},
year = {1999}
}
@book{sniderman_when_2007,
abstract = {In 2004, Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh was brutally murdered on a busy Amsterdam street. His killer was Mohammed Bouyeri, a twenty-six-year-old Dutch Moroccan offended by van Gogh's controversial film about Muslim suppression of women. The Dutch government had funded separate schools, housing projects, broadcast media, and community organizations for Muslim immigrants, all under the umbrella of multiculturalism. But the reality of terrorism and radicalization of Muslim immigrants has shattered that dream. In this arresting book, Paul Sniderman and Louk Hagendoorn demonstrate that there are deep conflicts of values in the Netherlands. In the eyes of the Dutch, for example, Muslims oppress women, treating them as inferior to men. In the eyes of Muslim immigrants, Western Europeans deny women the respect they deserve. Western Europe has become a cultural conflict zone. Two ways of life are colliding. Sniderman and Hagendoorn show how identity politics contributed to this crisis. The very policies meant to persuade majority and minority that they are part of the same society strengthened their view that they belong to different societies. At the deepest level, the authors' findings suggest, the issue that government and citizens need to be concerned about is not a conflict of values but a clash of fundamental loyalties.},
author = {Sniderman, P M and Hagendoorn, Louk and Hagendoorn, A},
isbn = {0691129061},
keywords = {Multiculturalism,imm{\_}nl,muslim,veni},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
pages = {150},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
shorttitle = {When ways of life collide},
title = {{When ways of life collide: Multiculturalism and its discontents in the Netherlands}},
url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=o9ZeGV2WL6oC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Delavande2008,
author = {Delavande, A and Rohwedder, S},
journal = {Public opinion quarterly},
title = {{Eliciting subjective probabilities in Internet surveys}},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Grossmann2016,
author = {Grossmann, Matt and Hopkins, David A},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Asymmetric politics: Ideological Republicans and group interest Democrats}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Marin1992,
author = {Marin, Gerardo and Gamba, Raymond J and Marin, Barbara V},
journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {498--509},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Extreme Response Style and Acquiescence among Hispanics The Role of Acculturation and Education}},
volume = {23},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Menchen-Trevino,
abstract = {Today's new communication technologies provide countless choices of what to watch, listen to and read. Individuals with different preferences such as liberals and conservatives, or political “junkies” and those that prefer entertainment may share few experiences of media, even if they vote in the same elections. Are political enthusiasts constructing personalized media environments that echo their beliefs? Are the politically detached insulating themselves from political information? Are digital media uniquely enabling these behaviors? In this study political interest and partisanship do not adequately explain why participants retrieved election information online. Using a unique combination of digital observation, surveys and in-person interviews, I analyze the election information gathering process over time considering behaviors as well as motivations.},
author = {Menchen-Trevino, E},
journal = {ericka.cc},
keywords = {Elections,Internet,Knowledge gap,Political communication,Selective exposure,Web use,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
title = {{Exactly What You Want?: Political Information Retrieval and Information Polarization in the Contemporary Media Environment}},
url = {http://www.ericka.cc/exactly.pdf}
}
@article{Margolis2018,
abstract = {Scholars have consistently shown that social identities can shape political attitudes and behaviors; this article explores the reverse relationship. Are partisan identities ever strong enough to influence involvement with a politically relevant social group? Looking at an identity that has become an increasingly strong predictor of partisanship and vote choice, religion, the article develops and tests a theory that politics can affect partisans' levels of religiosity at a certain time in their lives. An experiment and two panel studies show that when people are in the process of raising children—a time that encourages many to make decisions associated with their religious identities—their partisanship may influence these religious choices. The findings highlight politics' role in shaping key aspects of partisans' social identities and, ultimately, the religious makeup of the United States.},
author = {Margolis, Michele F.},
doi = {10.1086/694688},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {experiments,panel data,public opinion,religion and politics,socialization},
number = {1},
pages = {30--43},
title = {{How Politics Affects Religion: Partisanship, Socialization, and Religiosity in America}},
url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/694688},
volume = {80},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Martin2004,
author = {Martin, P S},
isbn = {1467-9221},
journal = {Political Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {545--562},
title = {{Inside the black box of negative campaign effects: Three reasons why negative campaigns mobilize}},
volume = {25},
year = {2004}
}
@article{VanderPas2017,
abstract = {This article investigates whether agenda-setting relations between newspapers and political parties are influenced by political parallelism. Our case is the Netherlands, a country characterized by high levels of journalistic professionalization and independent media. We focus on newspaper coverage and oral parliamentary questions and use time series analysis to inspect influence both of parliament on newspapers and of newspapers on parliament. The results show that parties respond only to issues raised in newspapers their voters read, and that newspapers only respond to the agenda of parties their readers vote for. This demon- strates that even in mediatized, professionalized media contexts, parallelism is still of importance to understand the relationship between media and politics.},
author = {van der Pas, Daphne J. and van der Brug, Wouter and Vliegenthart, Rens},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2016.1271374},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
number = {00},
pages = {1--20},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Political Parallelism in Media and Political Agenda-Setting}},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2016.1271374},
volume = {00},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Fischhoff2000a,
author = {Fischhoff, Baruch and Parker, Andrew M. and {Bruine de Bruin}, W{\"{a}}ndi and Downs, Julie and Palmgren, Claire and Dawes, Robyn and Manski, Charles F.},
doi = {10.1086/317762},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {189--205},
title = {{Teen Expectations for Significant Life Events}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org},
volume = {64},
year = {2000}
}
@book{Nordlinger1972,
address = {Cambridge, MA},
author = {Nordlinger, Eric},
publisher = {Harvard University Center for International Affairs},
title = {{Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies}},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Taber2003,
author = {Taber, CS},
journal = {Oxford handbook of political psychology},
title = {{Information processing and public opinion}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}q=taber+and+lodge+running{\&}btnG=Search{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\&}as{\_}ylo={\&}as{\_}vis=0{\#}0},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Waal2007,
abstract = {This study examines changes in the profile of online news users, their uses and perceptions of online news and eventually how this affects the use of traditional media between 2002 and 2005 in the Netherlands by means of a two-wave panel survey. Findings indicate that online news users have become more mainstream in some ways, but also more distinct in others. The analyses reveal interesting differences between perceptions of online newspapers and “other,” “non-paper” news sites on the Internet. Trends in uses and effects are most evident among particular socio-demographic groups, among which young people. The first signs of media use displacement effects are visible. Under different conditions online news gradually substitutes for printed newspapers, free local newspapers and teletext, and non-paper news sites for online newspaper sites.},
author = {Waal, E De and Schoenbach, K},
journal = {New Media {\&} Society},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
pages = {477--496},
title = {{News online: Uses, perceptions and displacement effects over time}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?start=140{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=2005{\&}sciodt=0,5{\&}cites=2526544117497916729{\&}scipsc={\#}0},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Baum2010,
abstract = {Prevailing theories hold that U.S. public support for a war depends primarily on its degree of success, U.S. casualties, or conflict goals. Yet, research into the framing of foreign policy shows that public perceptions concerning each of these factors are often endogenous and malleable by elites. In this article, we argue that both elite rhetoric and the situation on the ground in the conflict affect public opinion, but the qualities that make such information persuasive vary over time and with circumstances. Early in a conflict, elites (especially the president) have an informational advantage that renders public perceptions of "reality" very elastic. As events unfold and as the public gathers more information, this elasticity recedes, allowing alternative frames to challenge the administration's preferred frame. We predict that over time the marginal impact of elite rhetoric and reality will decrease, although a sustained change in events may eventually restore their influence. We test our argument through a content analysis of news coverage of the Iraq war from 2003 through 2007, an original survey of public attitudes regarding Iraq, and partially disaggregated data from more than 200 surveys of public opinion on the war.},
author = {Baum, Matthew A. and Groeling, Tim},
doi = {10.1017/S0020818310000172},
isbn = {1531-5088},
issn = {00208183},
journal = {International Organization},
number = {3},
pages = {443--479},
title = {{Reality asserts itself: Public opinion on Iraq and the elasticity of reality}},
volume = {64},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Baum,
author = {Baum, M A},
title = {{Preaching to the Choir or Converting the Flock: Presidential Communication Strategies in the Age of Three Medias}}
}
@article{pedersen1967acquiescence,
author = {Pedersen, Darhl M},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Acquiescence and Social Desirability Response Sets and Some Personality Correlates}},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Morgan2003,
author = {Morgan, C and Cotten, S R},
journal = {CyberPsychology {\&} Behavior},
number = {2},
pages = {133--142},
title = {{The relationship between Internet activities and depressive symptoms in a sample of college freshmen}},
volume = {6},
year = {2003}
}
@techreport{Foged2013,
abstract = {Using longitudinal data on the universe of workers in Denmark during the period 1991-2008 we track the labor market outcomes of low skilled natives in response to an exogenous inflow of low skilled immigrants. We innovate on previous identification strategies by considering immigrants distributed across municipalities by a refugee dispersal policy in place between 1986 and 1998. We find that an increase in the supply of refugee-country immigrants pushed less educated native workers (especially the young and low-tenured ones) to pursue less manual-intensive occupations. As a result immigration had positive effects on native unskilled wages, employment and occupational mobility.},
author = {Foged, Mette and Peri, Giovanni},
doi = {10.3386/w19315},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
month = {aug},
number = {19315},
series = {Working Paper Series},
title = {{Immigrants' and Native Workers: New Analysis on Longitudinal Data}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w19315},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Goldman2011,
abstract = {We hypothesize that in the real world, as opposed to the lab, the norm is for people to experience friendly media that favor their political predispositions when political favoritism is perceived at all. For this reason, media are generally limited in their ability to create cross-cutting exposure. We test this hypothesis using representative survey data drawn from 11 different countries with varying media systems. We further hypothesize that television will contribute more to cross-cutting exposure than newspapers. Finally, and most importantly, we test the hypothesis that the more the structure of a country's media system parallels that of its political parties, the more that country's population will be dominated by exposure to like-minded views via mass media. We find confirmation for all 3 of these hypotheses and discuss their implications for the role of mass media in providing exposure to cross-cutting political perspectives. We hypothesize that in the real world, as opposed to the lab, the norm is for people to experience friendly media that favor their political predispositions when political favoritism is perceived at all. For this reason, media are generally limited in their ability to create cross-cutting exposure. We test this hypothesis using representative survey data drawn from 11 different countries with varying media systems. We further hypothesize that television will contribute more to cross-cutting exposure than newspapers. Finally, and most importantly, we test the hypothesis that the more the structure of a country's media system parallels that of its political parties, the more that country's population will be dominated by exposure to like-minded views via mass media. We find confirmation for all 3 of these hypotheses and discuss their implications for the role of mass media in providing exposure to cross-cutting political perspectives.},
author = {Goldman, Seth K. and Mutz, Diana C.},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2010.544280},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {comparative media,polpar},
mendeley-tags = {comparative media,polpar},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {42--66},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{The Friendly Media Phenomenon: A Cross-National Analysis of Cross-Cutting Exposure}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.544280},
volume = {28},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Lodge1991,
author = {Lodge, M and McGraw, K M and Conover, P J and Feldman, S and Miller, A H},
isbn = {0003-0554},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
number = {4},
pages = {1357--1380},
title = {{Where is the schema? Critiques}},
volume = {85},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Finnegan1996b,
author = {Finnegan, JR and Viswanath, K},
journal = {Communication yearbook},
title = {{The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: Twenty Five Years Later'}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=G8mMAgAAQBAJ{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA187{\&}dq={\%}22The+Knowledge+Gap+Hypothesis:+Twenty-Five+Years+Later.{\%}22{\&}ots=T{\_}2nzZtJ5k{\&}sig=1toKQHNwuZ1Tfwh7joClL9sP1DA},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Bjarnason2000,
author = {Bjarnason, T and Adalbjarnardottir, S},
journal = {Journal of Drug Issues},
keywords = {anonymity},
number = {2},
pages = {333--344},
title = {{Anonymity and confidentiality in school surveys on alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use.}},
volume = {30},
year = {2000}
}
@book{Iyengar2010,
abstract = {Almost twenty-five years ago, Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder first documented a series of sophisticated and innovative experiments that unobtrusively altered the order and emphasis of news stories in selected television broadcasts.  Their resulting book News That Matters, now hailed as a classic by scholars of political science and public opinion alike, is here updated for the twenty-first century, with a new preface and epilogue by the authors. Backed by careful analysis of public opinion surveys, the authors show how, despite changing American politics, those issues that receive extended coverage in the national news become more important to viewers, while those that are ignored lose credibility. Moreover, those issues that are prominent in the news stream continue to loom more heavily as criteria for evaluating the president and for choosing between political candidates. “News That Matters does matter, because it demonstrates conclusively that television newscasts powerfully affect opinion. . . . All that follows, whether it supports, modifies, or challenges their conclusions, will have to begin here.”—The Public Interest},
author = {Iyengar, Shanto and Kinder, Donald R},
isbn = {0226388581},
pages = {202},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{News That Matters: Television and American Opinion (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=SH{\_}T0RLDJaUC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Malvin1983,
author = {Malvin, J H and Moskowitz, J M},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {4},
pages = {557},
title = {{Anonymous versus identifiable self-reports of adolescent drug attitudes, intentions, and use}},
volume = {47},
year = {1983}
}
@book{bagdikian2004new,
author = {Bagdikian, Ben H},
publisher = {Beacon Press},
title = {{The new media monopoly}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Clinton2014,
author = {Clinton, Joshua D. and Enamorado, Ted},
doi = {10.1017/S0022381614000425},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Dropbox/Mendeley{\_}Files/Clinton, Enamorado - 2014 - The National News Media's Effect on Congress How Fox News Affected Elites in Congress.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
language = {English},
month = {jul},
number = {04},
pages = {928--943file:///Users/ylelkes/Downloads/24583048.pd},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{The National News Media's Effect on Congress: How Fox News Affected Elites in Congress}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381614000425},
volume = {76},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Highton2011a,
author = {Highton, Benjamin},
doi = {10.1017/S104909651100062X},
issn = {1049-0965},
journal = {PS: Political Science {\&} Politics},
language = {English},
month = {jun},
number = {03},
pages = {530--535},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Prejudice Rivals Partisanship and Ideology When Explaining the 2008 Presidential Vote across the States}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S104909651100062X},
volume = {44},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Boninger1995,
author = {Boninger, D S and Krosnick, J A and Berent, M K},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {61--80},
title = {{Origins of attitude importance: Self-interest, social identification, and value relevance.}},
volume = {68},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Iversen2015,
abstract = {Growing polarization in the American Congress is closely related to rising income inequality. Yet there has been no corresponding polarization of the U.S. electorate, and across advanced democracies, mass polarization is negatively related to income inequality. To explain this puzzle, we propose a comparative political economy model of mass polarization in which the same institutional factors that generate income inequality also undermine political information. We explain why more voters then place themselves in the ideological center, hence generating a negative correlation between mass polarization and inequality. We confirm these conjectures on individual-level data for 20 democracies, and we then show that democracies cluster into two types: one with high inequality, low mass polarization, and polarized and right-shifted elites (e.g., the United States); and the other with low inequality and high mass polarization with left-shifted elites (e.g., Sweden). This division reflects long-standing differences in educational systems, the role of unions, and social networks.},
author = {Iversen, T and Soskice, D},
doi = {10.1177/0010414015592643},
issn = {0010-4140},
journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
month = {jul},
number = {13},
pages = {1781--1813},
title = {{Information, Inequality, and Mass Polarization: Ideology in Advanced Democracies}},
url = {http://cps.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/07/27/0010414015592643},
volume = {48},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Mackie1990,
abstract = {Two studies investigated the processes mediating the persuasive impact of messages representing in-group opinions. In the 1st study, subjects read either a strong or a weak message attributed to either an in-group member or to another group. Subjects were more persuaded by a strong message from the in-group than a weak one, suggesting content-focused processing of the in-group message. Subjects were equally unpersuaded by either a strong or a weak message from the other group, and showed little sign of message processing. In the 2nd study, Ss listened to in-group or other-group messages about issues that varied in their relevance to in-group membership. When the issue was relevant to the in-group, subjects were persuaded by a strong message from the in-group, unpersuaded by a weak message from the in-group, and equally unimpressed by strong and weak messages from the other group. When the issue was irrelevant to the in-group, subjects accepted the position advocated by the in-group regardless of message quality, and again ignored messages from the other group. These results suggest that increased message processing, and not merely the impact of source persuasion cues, can underlie in-group-mediated attitude change.},
author = {Mackie, D M and Worth, L T and Asuncion, a G},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.812},
isbn = {1939-1315},
issn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
keywords = {Adult,Attention,Attitude,Female,Group Processes,Humans,Male,Mental Recall,Persuasive Communication,Thinking},
number = {5},
pages = {812--22},
pmid = {2348369},
title = {{Processing of persuasive in-group messages.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2348369},
volume = {58},
year = {1990}
}
@misc{sunstein2014,
author = {Sunstein, Cass R.},
booktitle = {Bloomberg View},
title = {{'Partyism' Now Trumps Racism - Bloomberg View}},
url = {http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-09-22/partyism-now-trumps-racism},
urldate = {2014-12-10},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Bradburn2004,
author = {Bradburn, N M and Sudman, S and Wansink, B},
isbn = {0787970883},
publisher = {Jossey-Bass Inc Pub},
title = {{Asking questions: the definitive guide to questionnaire design: for market research, political polls, and social and health questionnaires}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{IacusKingPorroKatz2012,
abstract = {We discuss a method for improving causal inferences called "Coarsened Exact Matching" (CEM), and the new "Monotonic Imbalance Bounding" (MIB) class of matching methods from which CEM is derived. We summarize what is known about CEM and MIB, derive and illustrate several new desirable statistical properties of CEM, and then propose a variety of useful extensions. We show that CEM possesses a wide range of statistical properties not available in most other matching methods but is at the same time exceptionally easy to comprehend and use. We focus on the connection between theoretical properties and practical applications. We also make available easy-to-use open source software for R, Stata, and SPSS that implement all our suggestions.},
author = {Iacus, Stefano M. and King, Gary and Porro, Giuseppe and Katz, Jonathan N},
doi = {10.1093/pan/mpr013},
issn = {1047-1987},
journal = {Political Analysis},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {aug},
number = {1},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Causal Inference without Balance Checking: Coarsened Exact Matching}},
url = {http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/1/1.short},
volume = {20},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Gaziano2013,
abstract = {Ideological and partisan fissures increasingly divide the United States into opposing factions. This article discusses a theoretical framework for research on knowledge and belief gaps in order to better understand increasing gulfs between conservatives and liberals. The perspective develops from “knowledge gap” research (Tichenor, Donohue, {\&} Olien, 1970), a “belief-knowledge gap” hypothesis (Gaziano {\&} Gaziano, 1999, 2009), and Hindman's “belief gap” research (2009, 2012). Hindman distinguished between knowledge as empirically observed by scientists and beliefs or views accepted without an empirical foundation, frequently based on religious faith. He, like Gaziano and Gaziano, considered knowledge to be socially constructed. The Gaziano and Gaziano perspective treats knowledge as a form of belief and ideology as a multifaceted concept, maintaining that social and political groups differ in personality, values, moral foundations, attitudes, reasoning styles, conceptions of power relations, and even neurological and genetic make-up. This helps to explain why conservatives and liberals can appear to be two cultures. Their level of analysis is collective, rather than individual, a main tenet is that beliefs are knowledge, and the unit of analysis is “belief-knowledge” differences between ideological segments of social subsystems. This perspective advocates approaching ideology from a viewpoint of understanding differences. One can begin to frame solutions to ideological conflicts by accepting the other side as valid, by trying to understand the differences, and by appealing to the other cultural groups' values, conceptual systems, mores, and social life. An important question is how the interests and beliefs of conservatives and liberals, as well as moderates, can be addressed to improve social and political system functioning instead of driving them further apart. The article proposes hypotheses and research questions for future research.},
author = {Gaziano, Cecilie},
issn = {2164-0505},
journal = {Open Journal of Political Science},
month = {oct},
number = {04},
pages = {116--130},
publisher = {Scientific Research Publishing},
title = {{Knowledge Gaps, Belief Gaps, Ideology, and Culture Wars}},
url = {http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=37941{\&}{\#}abstract},
volume = {03},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Ashworth2007,
author = {Ashworth, S and Clinton},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
title = {{Does Advertising Exposure Affect Turnout?}},
url = {http://www.qjps.com/prod.aspx?product=QJPS{\&}doi=100.00005051},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Tran2013,
abstract = {This study utilized a PEW media consumption survey to gauge specific links between socioeconomic status, online news use, traditional news use, and knowledge of public affairs. The analysis examined whether technological change could add to knowledge differences between social segments. A SEM procedure was conducted to test the assumptions of the knowledge-gap hypothesis. According to the findings, disparities exist between social classes in knowledge of public affairs. Socioeconomic standing strongly influences the choice that different segments of the population make in using traditional and online sources for information. Traditional news consumption mediates the gap-widening effect. Meanwhile, the findings indicated that online news use does not seem to contribute to political knowledge.},
author = {Tran, Hai},
issn = {1932-8036},
journal = {International Journal of Communication},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {feb},
pages = {831--852},
title = {{Does Exposure to Online Media Matter? The Knowledge Gap and the Mediating Role of News Use}},
url = {http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1550},
volume = {7},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Lelkes2018b,
abstract = {American partisans are far more hostile towards out-party members than they were 40 years ago. While this phenomenon, often called affective polariza-tion, is well-documented, political scientists disagree on its cause. One group of scholars believes that affective polarization is driven by processes related to social identity theory. In particular, cross-cutting identities have declined in America, and toxic political communication continuously primes partisan identities and resentment. Recently, several scholars have pointed to another phenomenon as the root cause of affective polarization: partisan sorting, i.e. the alignment of par-tisan identities with ideologically consistent issue positions. I review evidence in favor of each claim, and provide additional evidence that affective polarization has increased about as much among those who are not sorted as among those who are sorted. Furthermore, while sorting is only related to affective polarization among the most politically knowledgeable, affective polarization has increased across all levels of political knowledge. Finally, affective polarization may also increase sorting, further complicating any clear cut causal relationship.},
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach},
doi = {10.1515/for-2018-0005},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/[The Forum] Affective Polarization and Ideological Sorting A Reciprocal Albeit Weak Relationship.pdf:pdf},
journal = {The Forum},
number = {1},
pages = {67--79},
title = {{Affective Polarization and Ideological Sorting: A Reciprocal, Albeit Weak, Relationship}},
url = {https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/for.2018.16.issue-1/for-2018-0005/for-2018-0005.pdf},
volume = {16},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Park2012,
abstract = {This article has two objectives. The first is to conceptualise digital media literacy as a multi-dimensional concept by differentiating media content from media device. A broad range of skills is required to use digital media, and each dimension can be clarified by separating the device from the content. The second goal is to relate social exclusion to digital media literacy. How people use digital technology has long-term outcomes that could be either beneficial or disadvantageous. In the first part of the article, the multi-dimensional aspect of digital media literacy is discussed. Dimensions include the abilities to access, understand and create both in the area of device and content. The second part of the article discusses how social exclusion is related mostly to the third dimension of digital media literacy: the ability to create and participate.},
author = {Park, Sora},
journal = {Media International Australia},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
month = {feb},
number = {142},
pages = {87},
publisher = {University of Queensland, School of Journalism and Communication},
title = {{Dimensions of digital media literacy and the relationship with social exclusion}},
url = {http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=030566315068458;res=IELLCC},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Baum2008,
author = {Baum, Matthew a. and Groeling, Tim},
doi = {10.1080/10584600802426965},
isbn = {1058460080},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {345--365},
title = {{New Media and the Polarization of American Political Discourse}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584600802426965},
volume = {25},
year = {2008}
}
@article{stroud2008media,
author = {Stroud, Natalie Jomini},
doi = {10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9},
issn = {0190-9320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
month = {dec},
number = {3},
pages = {341--366},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9},
volume = {30},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Perkins2009,
abstract = {Data drawn from a comprehensive survey of alcohol use in a college student community (N= 1, 116) show most students holding a moderate personal attitude regarding alcohol use while misperceiving their peer environment as being much more liberal. Drinking behavior is significantly related to gender, type of living unit, personal attitudes toward drinking, and also the degree of consistency/discrepancy between the individual's own attitude and his or her perception of the campus norm regarding drinking. Students who saw the campus norm to be similar to their own attitude were found to drink more heavily, and in more public settings, than students with discrepant attitudes and perceptions. Implications of findings for alcohol abuse prevention programs on college campuses are discussed.},
author = {Perkins, H Wesley and {D Berkowitz}, Alan},
language = {en},
month = {jul},
publisher = {Informa UK Ltd  UK},
title = {{Perceiving the Community Norms of Alcohol Use among Students: Some Research Implications for Campus Alcohol Education Programming*}},
url = {http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/10826088609077249},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Just2015,
abstract = {This article develops a model of immigrants' attitudes towards immigration. We focus on two competing motivations to explain these attitudes: while kinship, solidarity, and shared experiences with other immigrants should lead to more favorable attitudes towards immigration, formal integration into a new society may create a new allegiance to the host country that produces more critical views toward immigration. Using the European Social Survey (ESS) 1–5 data col-lected 2002–11 in 18 West European democracies, coarsened exact matching (CEM), and multilevel estimation tech-niques, our analyses reveal that foreigners support immigration more than natives. However, newcomers who have acquired citizenship in their host countries are more skeptical about the consequences of immigration and admitting new arrivals than noncitizen immigrants. This negative relationship between citizenship and support for immigration is particularly pronounced among those who are dissatisfied with their host country's macroeconomy.},
author = {Just, Aida and Anderson, Christopher J},
doi = {10.1086/678388},
isbn = {0022-3816},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
keywords = {anti-immigrant,causal inference,changing attitudes,europe,imm{\_}nl,matching methods,mexican immigrants,naturalization process,political incorporation,public-opinion,united-states},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {1},
pages = {188--201},
title = {{Dual Allegiances? Immigrants' Attitudes toward Immigration}},
volume = {77},
year = {2015}
}
@incollection{ellis_pathways_2011,
author = {Ellis, C and Stimson, JA A},
booktitle = {Facing the Challenge of Democracy: Explorations in the Analysis of Public Opinion and Political Participation},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {120--152},
publisher = {Princeton University Press.},
title = {{Pathways to Conservative Identification}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=BOt8KHFj{\_}x8C{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA120{\&}ots=WVj0Szioqi{\&}sig=QTCKhLlBf317DMTSt75PSTD9x3s},
year = {2011}
}
@unpublished{Campante2013,
abstract = {We investigate the impact of the diffusion of high-speed Internet on different forms of political participation, using data from Italy. We exploit differences in the availability of ADSL broadband technology across municipalities, using the exogenous variation induced by the fact that the cost of providing ADSL-based Internet services in a given municipality depends on its relative position in the pre-existing voice telecommunications infrastructure. We first show that broadband Internet had a substantial negative effect on turnout in parliamentary elections between 1996 and 2008. However, we also find that it was positively associated with other forms of political participation, both online and offline: the emergence of local online grassroots protest movements, and turnout in national referenda (largely opposed by mainstream parties). We then show that the negative effect of Internet on turnout in parliamentary elections is essentially reversed after 2008, when the local grassroots movements coalesce into the Five-Star Movement (M5S) electoral list. Our findings are consistent with the view that: 1) the effect of Internet availability on political participation changes across different forms of engagement; 2) it also changes over time, as new political actors emerge who can take advantage of the new technology to tap into the existence of a disenchanted or demobilized contingent of voters; and 3) these new forms of mobilization eventually feed back into the mainstream electoral process, converting “exit” back into “voice”.},
author = {Campante, FR Filipe R and Durante, Ruben and Sobbrio, Francesco},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
month = {may},
title = {{Politics 2.0: The Multifaceted Effect of Broadband Internet on Political Participation}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w19029},
year = {2013}
}
@incollection{Skocpol1991,
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {Skocpol, Theda},
booktitle = {The Urban Underclass},
editor = {Jencks, Christopher and Peterson, Paul E},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {411--436},
publisher = {The Brookings Institution},
title = {{"Targeting Within Universalism: Politically Viable Policies to Combat Poverty in the United States"}},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Highton2009,
abstract = {In politics, those who are politically sophisticated are advantaged in a variety of ways relative to those who are not. This paper analyzes the causes of political sophistication paying particular attention to the variable most commonly identified as the primary cause of differences within the mass public, educational attainment. Using panel data first collected before some respondents attended college, I show that there appears to be no significant effect of attending and graduating from college on political awareness. Differences in political sophistication evident after people attend college are already in place before anyone sets foot in a college classroom. Explaining political sophistication therefore requires attention to pre-adult causes. I elaborate an explanation and find that it accounts for a substantial portion of the spurious relationship between education and political sophistication.},
author = {Highton, Benjamin},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {sep},
number = {04},
pages = {1564},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Revisiting the Relationship between Educational Attainment and Political Sophistication}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381609990077},
volume = {71},
year = {2009}
}
@misc{Geer2008,
abstract = {Americans tend to see negative campaign ads as just that: negative. Pundits, journalists, voters, and scholars frequently complain that such ads undermine elections and even democratic government itself. But John G. Geer here takes the opposite stance, arguing that when political candidates attack each other, raising doubts about each other's views and qualifications, voters—and the democratic process—benefit. In Defense of Negativity, Geer's study of negative advertising in presidential campaigns from 1960 to 2004, asserts that the proliferating attack ads are far more likely than positive ads to focus on salient political issues, rather than politicians' personal characteristics. Accordingly, the ads enrich the democratic process, providing voters with relevant and substantial information before they head to the polls. An important and timely contribution to American political discourse, In Defense of Negativity concludes that if we want campaigns to grapple with relevant issues and address real problems, negative ads just might be the solution.},
author = {Geer, John G},
isbn = {0226285006},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
pages = {218},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{In Defense of Negativity: Attack Ads in Presidential Campaigns}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=pSMBRZ0ig-AC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Price1993,
author = {Price, V and Zaller, J},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {133},
title = {{Who gets the news? Alternative measures of news reception and their implications for research}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/2/133 http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/2/133.short},
volume = {57},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Debruin1999,
author = {Fischhoff, Baruch and {Bruine De Bruin}, W{\"{a}}ndi},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199906)12:2<149::AID-BDM314>3.0.CO;2-J},
issn = {0894-3257},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision Making},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {149--163},
title = {{Fifty-Fifty=50{\%}?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199906)12:2{\%}3C149::AID-BDM314{\%}3E3.0.CO;2-J},
volume = {12},
year = {1999}
}
@article{VanKempen2007,
abstract = {In 1974, Seymour-Ure introduced the concept of press-party parallelism into mass media studies. Many agree on the importance of this concept for describing media systems, but thus far little systematic comparative research of press-party parallelism and its possible effects has been conducted. The concept remained mainly theoretical. To overcome this lacuna, the present article introduces a measure of the extent of media-party parallelism in the 15 countries of the European Union in 1999. The study employs survey data from the European Election Study 1999, and shows that media-party parallelism varies considerably between countries and that it structures citizens' political behavior such as electoral participation. The article shows that media-party parallelism mobilizes citizens to vote, especially those who are not politically interested.
In 1974, Seymour-Ure introduced the concept of press-party parallelism into mass media studies. Many agree on the importance of this concept for describing media systems, but thus far little systematic comparative research of press-party parallelism and its possible effects has been conducted. The concept remained mainly theoretical. To overcome this lacuna, the present article introduces a measure of the extent of media-party parallelism in the 15 countries of the European Union in 1999. The study employs survey data from the European Election Study 1999, and shows that media-party parallelism varies considerably between countries and that it structures citizens' political behavior such as electoral participation. The article shows that media-party parallelism mobilizes citizens to vote, especially those who are not politically interested.},
author = {van Kempen, Hetty},
doi = {10.1080/10584600701471674},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {303--320},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Media-Party Parallelism and Its Effects: A Cross-National Comparative Study}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584600701471674},
volume = {24},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Sobieraj2011,
abstract = {Most research on incivility in American politics focuses on its effects on citizens' political attitudes and behaviors, in spite of remarkably little data on the extent to which political discourse is actually uncivil. Those studies that do examine content focus on negative campaign advertisements, overlooking more egregious forms of political incivility that penetrate the broader media landscape. In this study, we attempt to conceptualize and measure more dramatic types of political incivility, which we term ?outrage.? Outrage discourse involves efforts to provoke a visceral response from the audience, usually in the form of anger, fear, or moral righteousness through the use of overgeneralizations, sensationalism, misleading or patently inaccurate information, ad hominem attacks, and partial truths about opponents. Scrutinizing 10 weeks of data from political blogs, talk radio, and cable news analysis programs, we demonstrate that outrage discourse is extensive, takes many different forms (we examine 13 different types), and spans media formats. We also show that while outrage tactics are largely the same for liberal and conservative media, conservative media use significantly more outrage speech than liberal media. It is our hope that introducing more concrete information about the actual content of political media will render existing research on potential effects more meaningful. Most research on incivility in American politics focuses on its effects on citizens' political attitudes and behaviors, in spite of remarkably little data on the extent to which political discourse is actually uncivil. Those studies that do examine content focus on negative campaign advertisements, overlooking more egregious forms of political incivility that penetrate the broader media landscape. In this study, we attempt to conceptualize and measure more dramatic types of political incivility, which we term ?outrage.? Outrage discourse involves efforts to provoke a visceral response from the audience, usually in the form of anger, fear, or moral righteousness through the use of overgeneralizations, sensationalism, misleading or patently inaccurate information, ad hominem attacks, and partial truths about opponents. Scrutinizing 10 weeks of data from political blogs, talk radio, and cable news analysis programs, we demonstrate that outrage discourse is extensive, takes many different forms (we examine 13 different types), and spans media formats. We also show that while outrage tactics are largely the same for liberal and conservative media, conservative media use significantly more outrage speech than liberal media. It is our hope that introducing more concrete information about the actual content of political media will render existing research on potential effects more meaningful.},
author = {Sobieraj, Sarah and Berry, Jeffrey M},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2010.542360},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,partisandiscrimination,polpar,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,partisandiscrimination,polpar,selexppol},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {19--41},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{From incivility to outrage: Political discourse in blogs, talk radio, and cable news}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.542360},
volume = {28},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Boczkowski2012,
abstract = {This study examines the uptake of multiple interactive features on news sites. It looks at the thematic composition of the most clicked, most e-mailed, and most commented stories during periods of heightened and routine political activity. Results show that (a) during the former period, the most commented stories were more likely to be focused on political, economic, and international topics (or ‘‘public affairs'' news) than the most clicked and most e-mailed articles. (b) The 3 types of interactivity exhibited a greater presence of public affairs content during the period of heightened political activity than during its routine counterpart. (c) As the period of heightened political activity unfolded, consumers' propensity to click on, e-mail, and comment about public affairs stories increased.},
author = {Boczkowski, Pablo J and Mitchelstein, Eugenia},
issn = {03603989},
journal = {Human Communication Research},
keywords = {aggregate level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {1--22},
title = {{How Users Take Advantage of Different Forms of Interactivity on Online News Sites: Clicking, E-Mailing, and Commenting}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01418.x},
volume = {38},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Schwarz1991a,
abstract = {Three experiments indicate that the numeric values provided as part of a rating scale may influence respondents' interpretation of the endpoint labels. In experiment 1, a representative sample of German adults rated their success in life along an 11-point rating scale, with the endpoints labeled "not at all successful" and "extremely successful." When the numeric values ranged from 0 ("not at all successful") to 10 ("extremely successful"), 34 percent of the respondents endorsed values between 0 and 5. However, only 13 percent endorsed formally equivalent values between -5 and 0, when the scale ranged from -5 ("not at all successful") to +5 ("extremely successful"). Experiment 2 provided an extended conceptual replication of this finding, and experiment 3 demonstrates that recipients of a respondent's report draw different inferences from formally equivalent but numerically different values. In combination, the findings indicate that respondents use the numeric values to disambiguate the meaning of scale labels, resulting in different interpretations and, accordingly, different subjective scale anchors.},
author = {Schwarz, Norbert and Knauper, Barbel and Hippler, Hans-J. and Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth and Clark, Leslie},
doi = {10.1086/269282},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion  {\ldots}},
number = {4},
pages = {570},
title = {{Rating Scales: Numeric Values May Change the Meaning of Scale Labels}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/4/570 http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2749407},
volume = {55},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Hainmueller2013,
abstract = {We study discrimination against immigrants using microlevel data from Switzerland, where, until recently, some municipalities used referendums to decide on the citizenship applications of foreign residents. We show that naturalization decisions vary dramatically with immigrants' attributes, which we collect from official applicant descriptions that voters received before each referendum. Country of origin determines naturalization success more than any other applicant characteristic, including language skills, integration status, and economic credentials. The average proportion of “no” votes is about 40{\%} higher for applicants from (the former) Yugoslavia and Turkey compared to observably similar applicants from richer northern and western European countries. Statistical and taste-based discrimination contribute to varying naturalization success; the rewards for economic credentials are higher for applicants from disadvantaged origins, and origin-based discrimination is much stronger in more xenophobic municipalities. Moreover, discrimination against specific immigrant groups responds dynamically to changes in the groups' relative size.},
author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Hangartner, Dominik},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055412000494},
isbn = {00030554},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {1},
pages = {1--29},
title = {{Who Gets a Swiss Passport? A Natural Experiment in Immigrant Discrimination}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=6{\&}fid=8842895{\&}jid=PSR{\&}volumeId=107{\&}issueId=01{\&}aid=8842894{\&}fulltextType=RA{\&}fileId=S0003055412000494{\#}rfh1},
volume = {107},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Frye2002,
author = {Frye, Timothy},
issn = {1086-3338},
journal = {World Politics},
keywords = {xnat},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {apr},
number = {03},
pages = {308--337},
title = {{The Perils of Polarization: Economic Performance in the Postcommunist World}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0043887100016154},
volume = {54},
year = {2002}
}
@article{DeVreese2007,
abstract = {This article explores the relationship between Internet use among young people, their political consumption, and their political participation. The study widens the notion of online civic and political engagement and includes measures of active and passive forms of partic ipation. To test a number of hypotheses developed on the basis of extant research, a survey was conducted in 2006 among 2,404 young Dutch respondents (aged six teen to twenty-four). The results demonstrate the importance of the Internet for political activities for young people. They also show that most online activi ties (ranging from news use, peer communication, and consumption to online service use) are positively related to political participation. Contrary to common wisdom, this article shows that the young online con sumer is also politically active.},
author = {de Vreese, C H},
doi = {10.1177/0002716206298521},
issn = {0002-7162},
journal = {ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {may},
number = {1},
pages = {207--216},
title = {{Digital Renaissance: Young Consumer and Citizen?}},
url = {http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0002716206298521},
volume = {611},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Lupia2000,
abstract = {Many social scientists want to explain why people do what they do. A barrier to constructing such explanations used to be a lack of information on the relationship between cognition and choice. Now, recent advances in cognitive science, economics, political science, and psychology have clarified this relationship. In Elements of Reason, scholars from across the social sciences use these advances to uncover the cognitive foundations of social decision making. They answer tough questions about how people see and process information and provide new explanations of how basic human needs, the environment, and past experiences combine to affect human choices.},
author = {Lupia, Arthur and McCubbins, Mathew D},
isbn = {0521653320},
pages = {330},
pmid = {11854045},
title = {{Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Cho2012,
abstract = {Previous research on presidential debates has largely focused on direct effects of debates on viewers. By expanding the context of debate effects to post-debate citizen communication, this study moves beyond the direct and immediate impact of debate viewing and investigates indirect effects of debate viewing mediated by debate-induced citizen communication. Results from two-wave panel data collected before and after the 2004 presidential debates show that, as previous literature has suggested, debate viewing leads to partisan reinforcement and that these debate effects are in part mediated through post-debate political conversation. These findings provide a new layer of complexity to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying debate effects.
Previous research on presidential debates has largely focused on direct effects of debates on viewers. By expanding the context of debate effects to post-debate citizen communication, this study moves beyond the direct and immediate impact of debate viewing and investigates indirect effects of debate viewing mediated by debate-induced citizen communication. Results from two-wave panel data collected before and after the 2004 presidential debates show that, as previous literature has suggested, debate viewing leads to partisan reinforcement and that these debate effects are in part mediated through post-debate political conversation. These findings provide a new layer of complexity to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying debate effects.},
author = {Cho, Jaeho and Ha, Yerheen},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2012.671233},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {184--204},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{On the Communicative Underpinnings of Campaign Effects: Presidential Debates, Citizen Communication, and Polarization in Evaluations of Candidates}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.671233},
volume = {29},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hindman2012,
abstract = {This study tests hypotheses regarding the distribution of beliefs and knowledge about health care reform. The belief gap hypothesis suggests that in an era of political polarization, self-identification as a Democrat or Republican would be a better predictor of knowledge and beliefs about politically contested issues than would one's educational level. Findings show that gaps in beliefs and knowledge regarding health care reform between Republicans and Democrats grew, and gaps based on educational levels disappeared.},
author = {Hindman, D B},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {585--605},
title = {{Knowledge Gaps, Belief Gaps, and Public Opinion about Health Care Reform}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/89/4/585},
volume = {89},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Dijksterhuis2010,
author = {Dijksterhuis, Ap and Aarts, Henk},
isbn = {0066-4308},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
keywords = {consciousness,implict,unconscious,volition},
number = {1},
pages = {467--490},
title = {{Goals, Attention, and (Un)Consciousness}},
url = {https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100445},
volume = {61},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Shadish2002,
abstract = {Defines cause, effect, and causal relationships. John Stuart Mill: A causal relationship exists if (1) the cause preceded the effect, (2) the cause was related to the effect, and (3) we can find no plausible alternative explanation for the effect other than the cause. True Experiment vs. Quasi-Experiment vs. Natural Experiment vs. Nonexperiment (correlation, passive observation). Also discusses construct and external validity.},
author = {Shadish, William R.. and Cook, TD and Campbell, DT},
booktitle = {Houghton Mifflin Company},
doi = {10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2004.01.006},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Dropbox/Mendeley{\_}Files/William R. Shadish, Thomas D. Cook, Donald Thomas Campbell-Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Infe(2002).pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0395615569},
issn = {01497189},
pages = {1--643},
pmid = {12525823},
title = {{Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference}},
url = {http://post.queensu.ca/{~}hh11/assets/applets/Causal{\_}inference{\_}in{\_}experimental{\_}and{\_}quasi-experimental{\_}designs.pdf},
year = {2002}
}
@article{DeDominicis2017,
abstract = {Concerns for environmental issues are important drivers of sustainable and pro-environmental behaviors, and can be differentiated between those with a self-enhancing (egoistic) vs. self-transcendent (biospheric) psychological foundation. Yet to date, the dominant approach for promoting pro-environmental behavior has focused on highlighting the benefits to others or nature, rather than appealing to self-interest. Building on the Inclusion Model for Environmental Concern, we argue that egoistic and biospheric environmental concerns, respectively, conceptualized as self-interest and altruism, are hierarchically structured, such that altruism is inclusive of self-interest. Three studies show that self-interested individuals will behave more pro-environmentally when the behavior results in a personal benefit (but not when there is exclusively an environmental benefit), while altruistic individuals will engage in pro-environmental behaviors when there are environmental benefits, and critically, also when there are personal benefits. The reported findings have implications for programs and policies designed to promote pro-environmental behavior, and for social science research aimed at understanding human responses to a changing environment. },
author = {{De Dominicis}, Stefano and Schultz, P. Wesley and Bonaiuto, Marino},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01065},
issn = {16641078},
journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
keywords = {Altruism,Environmental concerns,Message frames,Pro-environmental behavior,Self-interest,Sustainability,Values},
number = {JUN},
pmid = {28701979},
title = {{Protecting the environment for self-interested reasons: Altruism is not the only pathway to sustainability}},
volume = {8},
year = {2017}
}
@article{DiMaggio1996,
author = {DiMaggio, Paul and Evans, John and Bryson, Bethany},
journal = {American journal of Sociology},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
number = {3},
pages = {690--755},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Have American's social attitudes become more polarized?}},
volume = {102},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Keele2008,
author = {Keele, Luke},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00343.x},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jul},
number = {03},
title = {{The Authorities Really Do Matter: Party Control and Trust in Government}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381600002711},
volume = {67},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Lijphart1971,
abstract = {Seminal discussion of different 'comparative methods'. He distinguishes between the case study, the comparative and the statistical method, the latter being the superior to the second one because it is closer to the experimental method. On page 691 he distinguishes between several types of case studies. He also gives advices how to resolve the small-N many variables problem.},
author = {Lijphart, Arend},
doi = {10.2307/1955513},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {3},
pages = {682--693},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1955513?origin=crossref},
volume = {65},
year = {1971}
}
@article{Chabe-Ferret2014,
abstract = {Difference In Difference (DID) Matching is one of the nonexperimental methods of causal inference that reproduces the results of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) the best. One intuitive explanation for this success is that DID {\&} Matching combine their strengths: DID differences out the permanent confounders while Matching on pre-treatment outcomes captures transitory shocks. I show that this intuitive expla-nation is incorrect: it is both inconsistent theoretically and does not perform well in simulations of a model of earnings dynamics and selection into a Job Training Program (JTP). I show that DID Matching performs well when it is implemented symmetrically around the treatment date and does not condition on pre-treatment outcomes. I explain why this is the case and bring evidence from earlier experiments comparing DID Matching with RCTs that strongly support this result. These results have powerful consequences for the way DID Matching is implemented in practice, its application to programs over that JTPs and for the neverending quest for a reliable nonexperimental method of causal inference. Tel: +33 (0)5 61 12 88 28. Fax:+33 (0)5 61 12 85 20.},
author = {Chab{\'{e}}-Ferret, Sylvain},
keywords = {Difference,Difference in,Effects,Matching -,Model -,Selection,Treatment},
number = {0},
title = {{Why Does Difference In Difference Matching Work? *}},
volume = {33},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Wiegman1989,
author = {Wiegman, O},
isbn = {1559-1816},
journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
number = {10},
pages = {828--840},
title = {{Communication Modality and Attitude Change In a Realistic Experiment1}},
volume = {19},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Davies2009,
abstract = {This study tests the hypothesis that differences in media dependency alters the basis on which individuals make voting decisions. Media system dependency theory was applied to a survey (N = 401) of northeast Florida residents as a means to explain the relationship between social environmental factors, political media goals and use, and voting decisions. The results indicate that when voters have goals of understanding and orientation, political issues and candidate leadership abilities form the basis of self-reported voting decisions. Understanding and orientation goals also predict the frequency of political media use. However, when voters have a goal of play (i.e., media use for entertainment purposes), candidate likability and popularity form the basis of voting decisions. Encouragement from interpersonal networks predicted intensity (i.e., perceived importance of media as a political source), referent scope, and understanding and orientation goals. The results are discussed from the perspective of media system dependency theory.},
author = {Davies, J J},
journal = {Journal of Media Sociology},
keywords = {Internet,Media System Dependency Theory,cable television,individual level,internet,social change,social control,social networks,voting behavior,voting decisions},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
number = {3/4},
pages = {160--181},
title = {{The effect of media dependency on voting decisions}},
url = {http://www.marquettebooks.com/images/JMS{\_}Vol1{\_}Nos{\_}3-4{\_}Reduced.pdf{\#}page=30},
volume = {1},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Garrett2009,
author = {Garrett, R K},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
number = {4},
pages = {676--699},
title = {{Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate}},
volume = {59},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hise1976,
author = {Hise, R T and McGinnis, M A},
journal = {Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science},
number = {3},
pages = {592--598},
title = {{Evaluating the effects of anonymous respondents on mail survey results}},
volume = {4},
year = {1976}
}
@inproceedings{Bernhard2014,
abstract = {The introduction of direct-democratic institutions remains very controversial. When it comes to assess the benefits and shortcomings of direct democracy, questions about the competence of citizens are of crucial importance. Critics of direct-democratic procedures have usually pointed out that citizens fall short of the ideal of a reasonable and deliberating public. These objections have essentially been based on the assumption that citizens are not sufficiently qualified to participate directly in political decisions (Budge 1996: 59ff.). From an elitist point of view, participatory democracy in general and direct democracy in particular is too demanding for ordinary citizens (Schumpeter 1942). This scepticism is shared by many prominent political theorists who fear the reinvigoration of extremism. Dahl (1956) has argued that extending participation rights to ordinary people can be dangerous, since it may lead to increasing political activity among lower socioeconomic classes, thus implying a rise of authoritarian ideas. In a similar vein, Sartori (1987: 120) suggested that direct democracy ‘would quickly and disastrously founder on the reefs of cognitive incompetence'. Indeed, early research on public opinion in the 1950s and 1960s largely confirmed the ignorance and incompetence of ordinary citizens. The fundamental paradigm of public opinion research of the period – “minimalism” as it has been called – demonstrated that mass publics were distinguished by their low levels of political attention and competence (Sniderman 1993: 219). From a participatory point of view, however, direct democracy is believed to empower citizens by increasing their political capabilities. Thus, giving people more voice is widely considered a promising remedy against the current crisis of democracy (Cain et al. 2003). In line with the major arguments advanced by theorists of participatory democracy (Barber 1984, Pateman 1970), the proponents of direct democracy tends to adhere to the view that participating in direct-democratic votes will citizens let acquire the required skills and capabilites. In recent years, political scientists have built an impressive body of literature in this respect. Most findings in this field are consistent with the view according to which direct democracy bolsters civic orientations (Frey 1997). Amongst others, empirical studies in this domain have shown that the degree of direct democracy leads to increased knowledge in political matters (Benz {\&} Stutzer 2004, Mendelsohn {\&} Cutler 2000, Smith {\&} Tolbert 2004, Smith 2002). While voters generally are politically better aware of political issues when they have a say in policy decision-making, these studies also find that socioeconomic status (SES) represents a crucial determinant of political knowledge. More specifically, citizens have been shown to be more competent the higher their levels of education. In other words, political knowledge seems to follow a highly discriminatory logic. The positive educative spillover effects caused by the exposure to direct democracy (see Smith and Tolbert 2007) tend to be confined to people with above-average socioeconomic status (SES). In line with this pattern, Linder (1994: 115) has observed for the Swiss context that direct democracy sings in upper- and middle-class tones. In this contribution, I propose to enrich the normative debate on the advantages and drawbacks of direct democracy through an empirical analysis that addresses the question of individual learning about the content of ballot propositions. Following the knowledge gap paradigm (Tichenor et al. 1970), I will examine the conditions that moderate resource-based inequalities. To that end, I will focus on the role played by issue complexity. My hypothesis states that differential effects in terms of education levels on learning disappear when easy understandable propositions are at stake. Put the other way round, learning is expected to be positively related to the level education when complex issues are submitted to the vote. The empirical analysis makes use of panel survey data collected in the framework of three directdemocratic campaigns held in Switzerland from 2006 and 2008. The results seem to lend support to the issue complexity hypothesis.},
address = {Salamanca},
author = {Bernhard, L},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
pages = {1--22},
publisher = {ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops},
title = {{What reduces knowledge inequalities in direct democracy?}},
url = {http://www.ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/8b2e0342-4e4c-4852-a000-8a8b8ed60615.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Chaffee2001,
author = {Chaffee, S H and Metzger, M J},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
number = {4},
pages = {365--379},
title = {{The End of Mass Communication?}},
volume = {4},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Beck,
author = {Beck, P A and Gunther, R},
title = {{Partisan Polarization in the American Electorate: The Intermediation Story}}
}
@article{Oliver2012,
abstract = {The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which news story format (narrative vs. non-narrative) can initiate empathic processes that produce more favorable evaluations of stigmatized groups. Participants (N = 399) read one of two versions of a story that described health care-related dilemmas for either immigrants, prisoners, or the elderly. Narrative-formatted stories produce more compassion toward the individuals in the story, more favorable attitudes toward the group, more beneficial behavioral intentions, and more information-seeking behavior.},
author = {Oliver, M B and Dillard, J P and Bae, K and Tamul, D J},
doi = {10.1177/1077699012439020},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {205--224},
title = {{The Effect of Narrative News Format on Empathy for Stigmatized Groups}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/89/2/205.abstract},
volume = {89},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Macfie2010,
author = {Macfie, Nicholas},
booktitle = {Reuters},
month = {dec},
title = {{Korea war not the likely scenario, says S{\&}P analyst}},
url = {http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6BJ0IV20101220},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Stoycheff2014,
abstract = {Recent world events have highlighted the democratic potential of information and communication technologies. This article draws upon the democracy literature to develop a multilevel conceptual framework that links country-level Internet penetration and individual-level Internet use to citizen attitudes about governance in 34 developing countries. In doing so, it deconstructs Internet penetration into three dimensionshardware (e.g., computers), users, and broadbandto provide greater theoretical specificity about how Internet diffusion leads citizens to adopt democratic attitudes. Results from multilevel analyses indicate that individual Internet use and the diffusion of Internet hardware shape citizens' perceptions of the supply of democracy in their countries, and individual Internet use and diffusion of broadband lead citizens to adopt stronger democratic preferences. Theoretical and normative implications are discussed.},
author = {Stoycheff, Elizabeth and Nisbet, Erik C.},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2013.852641},
isbn = {1058-4609},
issn = {10917675},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {ICT use,Internet penetration,broadband,cross-national,democracy,multilevel,public opinion},
number = {4},
pages = {628--646},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{What's the Bandwidth for Democracy? Deconstructing Internet Penetration and Citizen Attitudes About Governance}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2013.852641 https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2013.852641},
volume = {31},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Masuoka2013,
abstract = {The United States is once again experiencing a major influx of immigrants. Questions about who should be admitted and what benefits should be afforded to new members of the polity are among the most divisive and controversial contemporary political issues. Using an impressive array of evidence from national surveys, The Politics of Belonging illuminates patterns of public opinion on immigration and explains why Americans hold the attitudes they do. Rather than simply characterizing Americans as either nativist or nonnativist, this book argues that controversies over immigration policy are best understood as questions over political membership and belonging to the nation. The relationship between citizenship, race, and immigration drive the politics of belonging in the United States and represents a dynamism central to understanding patterns of contemporary public opinion on immigration policy. Beginning with a historical analysis, this book documents why this is the case by tracing the development of immigration and naturalization law, institutional practices, and the formation of the American racial hierarchy. Then, through a comparative analysis of public opinion among white, black, Latino, and Asian Americans, it identifies and tests the critical moderating role of racial categorization and group identity on variation in public opinion on immigration.},
author = {Masuoka, Natalie and Junn, Jane},
booktitle = {Chicago studies in American politics},
isbn = {9780226057026; 022605702X; 9780226057163; 022605716X; 9780226057330; 022605733X},
keywords = {Emigration and immigration Government policy,Public opinion,Race,United States,{\^{}}A1054169,{\^{}}A1977080,imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
pages = {248},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{The Politics of Belonging: Race, Public Opinion, and Immigration}},
url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=hckRAAAAQBAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2013}
}
@article{stangor1991affective,
author = {Stangor, Charles and Sullivan, Linda A and Ford, Thomas E},
journal = {Social cognition},
number = {4},
pages = {359--380},
publisher = {Guilford Press},
title = {{Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice}},
volume = {9},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Martin2013,
abstract = {The cognitive and behavioral effects of international news coverage have received relatively little research attention despite the steady diffusion of Internet access connecting geographically dispersed populations, lowered barriers to digital access to international news, and the increase in global political mobilization through communication technologies (Kwak, Poor, {\&} Skoric, 2006; Pasek, More, {\&} Romer, 2009; Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2010, 2012). As a result, when major global events have occurred in recent years, such as democratic uprisings in Africa and the Middle East, or natural disasters in the Caribbean Sea or Pacific Ocean, mass communication theory has had relatively little explanatory power for how news media use has affected the public. News exposure and attention have been found to have generally positive relationships with different forms of political and civic participation (Bimber, 2003), yet societal disparities, such as the knowledge gap and the digital divide, are the widest for complex topics such as international news (Hwang {\&} Jeong, 2009; Norris, 2001). Attention to widespread and sustained media coverage may moderate these associations (Gaziano, 2010; Rhine, Bennett, {\&} Flickinger, 2001), but more analysis could improve theoretical explanations about how international news use is associated with an array of common civic outcomes. Overall, the body of empirical evidence regarding international news effects is relatively lacking beyond the well-established positive association of foreign news use and factual knowledge of international events (Rhine et al., 2001). Additionally, research rarely has examined the relationship of international news use and outcomes over time (Norris, 2000), and few studies have examined how attention to an international news event is associated with behavioral outcomes as compared with cognitions and attitudes (Kwak et al., 2006). One interesting behavior that could be expected to be associated closely with international news use is charitable giving, such as donations made in response to relief efforts following natural disasters abroad. In addition to increases in recent years in traditional methods of participation, such as making phone or mail contributions to non-governmental organizations, the ease of donating digitally by website, email, or text message has led to increased participation and monetary amounts of donation to such causes (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2012). The Pew Research Center found that in 2011, one in five Americans made a charitable contribution online, and that one in ten donated by text message. For international events, donations both online and offline increased when comparing the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami with the 2010 Haiti earthquake in terms of monetary amounts and number of participants (Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, 2012). However, more work is needed to understand more precisely how news, individual characteristics, and charitable giving are related. Research on individual-level predictors of monetary donations to disaster relief also has societal benefits by contributing to a more robust explanation of why and how citizens direct their personal resources toward others in need in international locations. As it stands, there is little empirical explanation for how cognitions influence behavior in this context. This study seeks to address these research problems through examination of the relationship of attention to international news and charitable giving for three international natural disasters and their subsequent recovery efforts. Three surveys representative of the U.S. population conducted on behalf of the Pew Research Center following disasters in the Indian Ocean in 2004, in Haiti in 2010, and in Japan in 2011 offer the opportunity to investigate the association between these variables in response to analogous international disaster events at different points in time using parallel sets of predictors. The primary goal is to learn more about the conditional effects of news attention on donation across replications.},
author = {Martin, J A},
issn = {0954-2892},
journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {jan},
number = {4},
pages = {547--560},
title = {{Disasters and Donations: The Conditional Effects of News Attention on Charitable Giving}},
url = {http://ijpor.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/4/547},
volume = {25},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Carmines1980,
abstract = {Both implicit democratic norms and the reconstructions provided by theorists of rational choice suggest that issue voters are more sophisticated-educated, informed, and active in politics-than other voters. But some issues are clearly more difficult than others, and the voters who respond to 'hard' and `easy' issues, respectively, are assumed to differ in kind. We propose the hypothesis that '`easy-issue' voters are no more sophisticated than non-issue voters, and this is found to be the case. The findings suggest a reevaluation of the import of rising and falling levels of issue voting and suggest a prominent role for `easy' issues in electoral realignments.},
author = {Carmines, Edward G and Stimson, James A},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {78--91},
publisher = {American Political Science Association},
title = {{The Two Faces of Issue Voting}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1955648},
volume = {74},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Alford2011,
author = {Alford, John R and Hatemi, Peter K and Hibbing, John R and Martin, Nicholas G and Eaves, Lindon J},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
number = {2},
pages = {362--379},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
title = {{The politics of mate choice}},
volume = {73},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Nisbet2014,
abstract = {Does the relationship between media use and learning about climate change depend more on audiences' scientific literacy on their ideological biases? To answer this question, we evaluate both the knowledge gap and belief gap hypotheses as they relate to climate change. Results indicate belief gaps for news and entertainment content and a knowledge gap for edutainment content. Climate change knowledge among conservatives decreased with greater attention to political news, but increased with greater attention to science news. TV entertainment was associated with a significant decrease in knowledge about climate change among liberals to similar levels as conservatives. Edutainment was associated with a widening gap in knowledge based on respondents' scientific literacy. Implications for informal learning about controversial science through the media are discussed.},
author = {Nisbet, Erik C and Cooper, Kathryn E and Ellithorpe, Morgan},
issn = {0963-6625},
journal = {Public understanding of science},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {aug},
pages = {1--17},
title = {{Ignorance or bias? Evaluating the ideological and informational drivers of communication gaps about climate change.}},
url = {http://pus.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/08/22/0963662514545909},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Matland2013,
abstract = {This research explores the possibility of psychological reactance, or "backlash," against political candidates who use social pressure to mobilize voters. There is a compelling theoretical argument and solid empirical evidence suggesting social pressure substantially increases voter turnout. There is, however, equally noteworthy evidence suggesting social pressure frequently stimulates a negative reaction in targets. This research uses a lab-in-the-field experimental design that employs a hypothetical social pressure message to evaluate whether a candidate's use of social pressure to turnout voters may increase anger and hostility toward that candidate, possibly to the point it increases the likelihood a citizen will actually vote against that candidate. Our findings indicate social pressure mobilization techniques evoke consequential psychological reactance against their sponsor. Until future research can further assess these effects, we suggest social pressure mobilization techniques should be used by campaigns only after careful consideration.},
author = {Matland, Richard E and Murray, Gregg R},
doi = {10.1177/1532673X12463423},
issn = {1532673X},
journal = {American Politics Research},
keywords = {backlash,campaigns,elections,experiment,reactance,social pressure,voter mobilization},
number = {3},
pages = {359--386},
title = {{An Experimental Test for "Backlash" Against Social Pressure Techniques Used to Mobilize Voters}},
volume = {41},
year = {2013}
}
@book{lee2016insecure,
author = {Lee, Frances E},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Insecure majorities: Congress and the perpetual campaign}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{LaVerneHamel1952,
author = {{La Verne Hamel}, H G R},
journal = {Personnel Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {87--91},
title = {{Should attitude questionnaires be signed?}},
volume = {5},
year = {1952}
}
@article{ebel1982proposed,
author = {Ebel, Robert L},
journal = {Journal of Educational Measurement},
number = {4},
pages = {267--278},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Proposed solutions to two problems of test construction}},
volume = {19},
year = {1982}
}
@book{Miller1996,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( 


The new American voter


- Miller, W E; Shanks, J M )








From Duplicate 2 ( 


The new American voter


- Miller, W E; Shanks, J M )

},
author = {Miller, W E and Shanks, J M},
keywords = {asymmetry1},
publisher = {{Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA{\}}},
title = {{The new American voter}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Manheimer1949,
author = {Manheimer, D and Hyman, H},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {83},
title = {{Interviewer performance in area sampling}},
volume = {13},
year = {1949}
}
@article{bartels_beyond_2002,
author = {Bartels, L M},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {asymmetry},
number = {2},
pages = {117--150},
shorttitle = {Beyond the running tally},
title = {{Beyond the running tally: Partisan bias in political perceptions}},
volume = {24},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Krosnick1996,
author = {Krosnick, Jon A and Narayan, S and Smith, W R},
journal = {New Directions for Program Evaluation},
title = {{Satisficing in surveys: Initial evidence}},
volume = {70},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Druckman,
author = {Druckman, J N and Kam, C D},
journal = {Handbook of Experimental Political Science},
title = {{Students as Experimental Participants: A Defense of the ‘Narrow Data Base.'}}
}
@article{Crano2005,
author = {Crano, W D and Prislin, R},
title = {{Attitudes and persuasion}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Booth-Kewley1992,
author = {Booth-Kewley, Stephanie and Edwards, Jack E. and Rosenfeld, Paul},
doi = {10.1037/0021-9010.77.4.562},
isbn = {0021-9010},
issn = {0021-9010},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
keywords = {anonymity},
number = {4},
pages = {562--566},
title = {{Impression management, social desirability, and computer administration of attitude questionnaires: Does the computer make a difference?}},
url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research-papers/search/?query=Booth-Kewley,+Edwards,+{\&}+Rosenfeld},
volume = {77},
year = {1992}
}
@book{Abramowitz2012a,
author = {Abramowitz, Alan I},
isbn = {0205877397},
pages = {176},
publisher = {Pearson},
title = {{The Polarized Public}},
url = {http://www.amazon.com/The-Polarized-Public-Alan-Abramowitz/dp/0205877397},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Jarvis1996,
author = {Jarvis, W B G and Petty, R E},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {172--194},
title = {{The need to evaluate.}},
volume = {70},
year = {1996}
}
@misc{Rasiej,
author = {Rasiej, A and Micah, L S},
booktitle = {Politico. com (Aug. 13, 2007)[h ttp://www. politico. com/news/stories/0807/5359. html]},
title = {{GOP lags on the Internet frontier}}
}
@article{Munro2010,
author = {Munro, Geoffrey D. and Lasane, Terell P. and Leary, Scott P.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00665.x},
issn = {00219029},
journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
month = {sep},
number = {9},
pages = {2434--2462},
title = {{Political Partisan Prejudice: Selective Distortion and Weighting of Evaluative Categories in College Admissions Applications}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00665.x},
volume = {40},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Guadagno2007,
author = {Guadagno, R E and Cialdini, R B},
isbn = {0747-5632},
journal = {Computers in Human behavior},
number = {2},
pages = {999--1015},
title = {{Persuade him by email, but see her in person: Online persuasion revisited}},
volume = {23},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Murschetz2013,
abstract = {Summary: Ever since newspaper companies first turned to their governments for support in the 1950s, print media has been supported by state aid in many parts of the world. Today, the principles and practicalities of these subsidies have been called into question, endangering the secure funding of expensive high-quality press output. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of today's global challenges in the print news media's struggle for survival. It presents current practices concerning government subsidies to newspapers for political, economic, and socio-cultural purposes against the background of declining readership and revenues, increased inter-media competition, austerity budgets imposed on national economies and shifting audience tastes. Using the insights of theoretical debates in the fields of media economics, media governance, and modern management theory, the book analyses these issues by investigating the power of government subsidies to shape and control newspaper markets. It brings together experts in these fields to combine theory with industry practices, aiming to help all parties involved to understand the complexity of issues and requirements necessary to preserve the social benefits of print media.},
author = {Murschetz, Paul},
booktitle = {Springer eBooks},
isbn = {9783642356919},
keywords = {Economics,Economics/Management Science,Finance,Industrial Organization,Industrial organization (Economic theory),Mass media,Media Management,Public Finance {\&} Economics},
title = {{State Aid for Newspapers. [electronic resource] : Theories, Cases, Actions.}},
url = {https://vpn.cut.ac.cy/{\%}5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35691-9},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Futrell1977,
author = {Futrell, C M and Swan, J E},
isbn = {0022-2437},
journal = {Journal of Marketing Research},
number = {4},
pages = {611--616},
title = {{Anonymity and response by salespeople to a mail questionnaire}},
volume = {14},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Kuklinski2001,
abstract = {Kuklinski, Quirk, Jerit, and Rich examine the effect of the political environment on decision-making abilities, specifically the role of motivation and information. Using an experimental survey, they test respondents' abilities to make trade-offs on goals for health care reform in the period after the first health care reform debate. Two important premises of their argument are that a small amount of highly relevant, or diagnostic, information will enhance competence to a far greater extent than a large amount of peripherally relevant facts or arguments and that motivation greatly improves decision making (and less importantly that the motivational environment in the U.S. is very poor). Using surveys they test a low, medium, and high information environment with varying levels of motivation. In the no information, no motivation environment, respondents were unable to make any trade-offs in health care policy goals, opting instead for the options that all the goals be met fully. In the general information, induced motivation environment, respondents were told that political decisions require tradeoffs and were given a modest inventive to take their task seriously. In this treatment, they performed no better than the first group. In the final treatment, in which respondents were provided with diagnostic information and high levels of motivation (“making it easy”), “large majorities accepted the idea that tradeoffs are necessary and either give up all of one goal or some of both in order to adopt a feasible option” (421). Kuklinski, Quirk, Jerit, and Rich conclude that information environment does matter, specifically the motivational and informational aspects. The political-heuristics school has credited the political environment with providing easily used informational crutches that enable even poorly informed citizens to make competent political judgments. We develop a more general approach to the environment, arguing that it can either enhance or fail to enhance political judgment and that it shapes performance through the interaction of two factors: information and motivation. Using survey experiments that test citizens' ability to make tradeoffs among competing goals for health- care reform, we find that performance depends heavily on environmental conditions. A combination of general information with increased motivation to act responsibly improves aggregate performance. An extremely favorable informational environment not only enhances performance, but it even eliminates the effects of individual differences in education and political sophistication. The analysis points toward reforming structures that shape the political environment as the most plausible route to improved democratic governance},
author = {Kuklinski, James H. and Quirk, Paul J. and Jerit, Jennifer and Rich, Robert F.},
doi = {10.2307/2669349},
isbn = {00925853},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {410--424},
title = {{The Political Environment and Citizen Competence}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2669349?origin=crossref},
volume = {45},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Suedfeld1977,
author = {Suedfeld, P and Tetlock, P},
issn = {0022-0027},
journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
number = {1},
pages = {169},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Integrative complexity of communications in international crises}},
volume = {21},
year = {1977}
}
@article{cattell1954verification,
author = {Cattell, R B and Dubin, S S and Saunders, D R},
journal = {Psychometrika},
number = {3},
pages = {209--230},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Verification of hypothesized factors in one hundred and fifteen objective personality test designs}},
volume = {19},
year = {1954}
}
@book{Abramowitz2010,
address = {New Haven, CT},
annote = {From Duplicate 2 ( 


The disappearing center: Engaged citizens, polarization, and American democracy


- Abramowitz, Alan I. )




From Duplicate 2 ( 


The disappearing center: Engaged citizens, polarization, and American democracy


- Abramowitz, A )

},
author = {Abramowitz, Alan I},
keywords = {Asymmetry,lelkeswestwood},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry,lelkeswestwood},
publisher = {Yale University Press},
shorttitle = {The disappearing center},
title = {{The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Ridout2008,
abstract = {The impact of political ads paid for by candidates is amplified because of the free media coverage they receive. Yet how frequently does that occur? And are certain types of ads more likely to be covered? To answer these questions, we performed a content analysis of news coverage in ten U.S. Senate campaigns in 2004. We find that ad amplification is quite common and that negative and comparative ads are much more likely to receive media attention than positive ads. This has implications for how scholars measure ad exposure and for understanding why Americans dislike negative advertising.},
author = {Ridout, T. N. and Smith, G. R.},
doi = {10.1177/1065912908314202},
issn = {1065-9129},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
month = {mar},
number = {4},
pages = {598--608},
title = {{Free Advertising: How the Media Amplify Campaign Messages}},
url = {http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/61/4/598},
volume = {61},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Stember1949,
author = {Stember, H and Hyman, H},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {4},
pages = {669},
title = {{Interviewer effects in the classification of responses}},
volume = {13},
year = {1949}
}
@article{Mummendey1998,
abstract = {Minimal group experiments showed that mere categorization of individuals into arbitrary social groups can be sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism. This effect has been qualified by demonstrating a positive?negative asymmetry in social discrimination: categorization into minimal, laboratory groups was sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism in allocations of positive stimuli, but not in allocations of negative ones. Different explanatory perspectives for this valence-specific asymmetry in intergroup behaviour were tested. An integrative perspective linking normative, cognitive and motivational aspects is proposed. This perspective also implies a critical analysis and re-framing of traditional theorizing on categorization effects in minimal intergroup situations.
Minimal group experiments showed that mere categorization of individuals into arbitrary social groups can be sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism. This effect has been qualified by demonstrating a positive?negative asymmetry in social discrimination: categorization into minimal, laboratory groups was sufficient to elicit ingroup favouritism in allocations of positive stimuli, but not in allocations of negative ones. Different explanatory perspectives for this valence-specific asymmetry in intergroup behaviour were tested. An integrative perspective linking normative, cognitive and motivational aspects is proposed. This perspective also implies a critical analysis and re-framing of traditional theorizing on categorization effects in minimal intergroup situations.},
author = {Mummendey, Am{\'{e}}lie and Otten, Sabine},
doi = {10.1080/14792779843000063},
issn = {1046-3283},
journal = {European Review of Social Psychology},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {107--143},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Positive–Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14792779843000063},
volume = {9},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Craig2017,
abstract = {Population health interventions are essential to reduce health inequalities and tackle other public health priorities, but they are not always amenable to experimental manipulation. Natural experiment (NE) approaches are attracting growing interest as a way of providing evidence in such circumstances. One key challenge in evaluating NEs is selective exposure to the intervention. Studies should be based on a clear theoretical understanding of the processes that determine exposure. Even if the observed effects are large and rapidly follow implementation, confidence in attributing these effects to the intervention can be improved by carefully considering alternative explanations. Causal inference can be strengthened by including additional design features alongside the principal method of effect estimation. NE studies often rely on existing (including routinely collected) data. Investment in such data sources and the infrastructure for linking exposure and outcome data is essential if the potential for such ...},
author = {Craig, Peter and Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal and Leyland, Alastair and Popham, Frank},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044327},
isbn = {1545-2093 (Electronic)
0163-7525 (Linking)},
issn = {0163-7525},
journal = {Annual Review of Public Health},
keywords = {causal inference,evaluation methods,population health interventions},
number = {1},
pages = {39--56},
pmid = {28125392},
title = {{Natural Experiments: An Overview of Methods, Approaches, and Contributions to Public Health Intervention Research}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044327},
volume = {38},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Arceneaux2013a,
author = {Arceneaux, Kevin and Johnson, Martin and Cryderman, John and Arceneaux, Kevin and Johnson, Martin and Cryderman, John},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2012.737424},
number = {May},
title = {{Communication , Persuasion , and the Conditioning Value of Selective Exposure : Like Minds May Unite and Divide but They Mostly Tune Out Communication , Persuasion , and the Conditioning Value of Selective Exposure : Like Minds May Unite and Divide but Th}},
volume = {4609},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Asensio2015,
abstract = {In the electricity sector, energy conservation through technological and behavioral change is estimated to have a savings potential of 123 million metric tons of carbon per year, which represents 20{\%} of US household direct emissions in the United States. In this article, we investigate the effectiveness of nonprice information strategies to motivate conservation behavior. We introduce environment and health-based messaging as a behavioral strategy to reduce energy use in the home and promote energy conservation. In a randomized controlled trial with real-time appliance-level energy metering, we find that environment and health-based information strategies, which communicate the environmental and public health externalities of electricity production, such as pounds of pollutants, childhood asthma, and cancer, outperform monetary savings information to drive behavioral change in the home. Environment and health-based information treatments motivated 8{\%} energy savings versus control and were particularly effective on families with children, who achieved up to 19{\%} energy savings. Our results are based on a panel of 3.4 million hourly appliance-level kilowatt-hour observations for 118 residences over 8 mo. We discuss the relative impacts of both cost-savings information and environmental health messaging strategies with residential consumers.},
author = {Asensio, Omar I and Delmas, Magali A},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1401880112},
isbn = {0027-8424},
issn = {0027-8424},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
number = {6},
pages = {E510--E515},
pmid = {25583494},
title = {{Nonprice incentives and energy conservation}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1401880112},
volume = {112},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Wilcox1989,
abstract = {In this paper we explore the nature and causes of individual differences in the use of feeling thermometer items to evaluate social groups. Some respondents have a general tendency to assign higher overall temperature readings and some tend to use a wider range of the temperature scale. These tendencies are partially understandable in terms of the respondent's evaluations of socil groups, but other important predictors are identified. Methods of adjusting feeling thermometer scores to account for individual differences are explored, using data from the 1984 American National Election Study. The conclusion is that some sort of adjustment is probably useful for those studying supporters ofconservative groups, though such a procedure may not be needed for those who focus on liberal groups. CR  - Copyright {\&}{\#}169; 1989 American Association for Public Opinion Research},
author = {Wilcox, Clyde and Sigelman, Lee and Cook, Elizabeth},
doi = {10.2307/2749525},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {The Public Opinion Quarterly},
pages = {246--257},
title = {{Some Like It Hot: Individual Differences in Responses to Group Feeling Thermometers}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2749525},
volume = {53},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Mutz1997,
abstract = {This study traces the effects of a purposefully chosen news agenda on the perceived and actual issue opinions of members of the mass public. Using a year-long, quasi-experimental design, we analyzed a newspaper's attempt to move community opinion and bring about policy change. We examined the success of these efforts from the perspective of their intended effects on public opinion and from the perspective of their unintended effects on perceptions of the broader political environment. Overall, our findings suggest that this strategy is extremely limited in its ability to bring about changes in the opinions of individual members of the mass public or even changes in the salience they attach to an issue at a personal level. Nonetheless, we find that this practice may have important effects on citizens' perceptions of the salience the community as a whole attaches to an issue and on their perceptions of the dominant opinion climate within their communities. Although these effects may not be identical to the goals of the news organization, the ability to alter the perceptual environment in which policy changes transpire implies that news organizations may be able to facilitate indirectly the very changes they seek.},
author = {Mutz, Diana C and Soss, Joe},
doi = {10.1086/297807},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public opinion quarterly},
keywords = {Communication de masse,Facteur politique,Impact social,Information source,Journal,Mass media,M{\'{e}}dia,Newspaper,Opinion publique,Perception sociale,Policy,Political factor,Political life,Politique,Press,Presse,Public Opinion,Social Perception,Social impact,Source d'information,Vie politique},
language = {eng},
number = {3},
pages = {431--451},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Reading Public Opinion: The Influence of News Coverage on Perceptions of Public Sentiment}},
url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0033-362X(199723)61:3{\%}3C431:RPOTIO{\%}3E2.0.CO;2-{\#} http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN{\&}cpsidt=2451142},
volume = {61},
year = {1997}
}
@book{Dweck2007,
author = {Dweck, C S},
isbn = {0345472322},
publisher = {Ballantine Books},
title = {{Mindset: The new psychology of success}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Veenstra2014,
abstract = {This study examines the roles of partisanship, partisan media use, and political discussion in the development of belief gaps. Using national survey data, we construct models of political identity, media use, and discussion factors predicting beliefs on five contested political issues and find that ideology and partisanship are generally stronger predictors of beliefs than is education. Notably, each has independent effects on belief outcomes. Contrary to some concerns that the Internet especially promotes partisan clustering, use of partisan traditional media?television and radio?is by far the strongest information-related predictor of belief outcomes, whereas partisan social media use and partisan discussion are relatively weak and inconsistent. These findings suggest that political elites continue to exert significant influence over the perceptions of rank and file partisans. This study examines the roles of partisanship, partisan media use, and political discussion in the development of belief gaps. Using national survey data, we construct models of political identity, media use, and discussion factors predicting beliefs on five contested political issues and find that ideology and partisanship are generally stronger predictors of beliefs than is education. Notably, each has independent effects on belief outcomes. Contrary to some concerns that the Internet especially promotes partisan clustering, use of partisan traditional media?television and radio?is by far the strongest information-related predictor of belief outcomes, whereas partisan social media use and partisan discussion are relatively weak and inconsistent. These findings suggest that political elites continue to exert significant influence over the perceptions of rank and file partisans.},
author = {Veenstra, Aaron S and Hossain, Mohammad Delwar and Lyons, Benjamin A},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {may},
pages = {1--24},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Partisan Media and Discussion as Enhancers of the Belief Gap}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2013.855791},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Haidt,
abstract = {er assesses the state of the art in moral psychology from a social-psychological perspective. We begin with the story of the “great narrowing” — the historical process in which morality got reduced from virtue-based conceptions of the good person down to quandaries about what people should do. We argue for a return to a broader conception of the moral domain that better accommodates the diverse and often group-focused moralities found around the world. Our review of the empirical research is organized under three principles: 1) Intuitive primacy (but not dictatorship); 2) Moral thinking is for social doing; and 3) Morality binds and builds. We argue that kin selection and reciprocal altruism are just two of many evolutionary processes that shaped human morality. We show how a broader and more group-focused conception of morality fits with emerging ideas about multi-level selection, and with new discoveries about the rapid pace of genetic evolution and the importance of intergroup competition during the last 10,000 years. We close by applying this broader moral perspective to religion and politics.},
author = {Haidt, Jonathan and Kesebir, Selin},
journal = {SSRN eLibrary},
keywords = {,emotions,ethics,evolution,moral judgment,moral psychology,morality,politics},
title = {{Morality (in Handbook of Social Psychology)}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract{\_}id=1534423}
}
@article{Podsakoff,
abstract = {Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.},
annote = {overview of acquiescence bias},
author = {Podsakoff, Philip M and MacKenzie, Scott B and Lee, Jeong-Yeon and Podsakoff, Nathan P},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {5},
pages = {879},
title = {{Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.}},
volume = {88},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Lee2014,
abstract = {This survey research ( N = 2,098) identified news media repertoires based on users' overall news consumption patterns and then investigated how political knowledge acquisition differs across distinct repertoire groups. A cluster analysis produced three repertoire groups: news avoiders (72.7{\%}), emerging news seekers (9.6{\%}) who prefer newer media (i.e., Internet, mobile, and SNSs), and traditional news seekers (17.7{\%}) who heavily rely on older media. Moreover, traditional news seekers outperformed emerging seekers as well as avoiders in the acquisition of political knowledge, and the high education group possessed more political knowledge than the low education group. Finally, the magnitude of the knowledge gap between the high and low education groups was statistically significant for both the news avoiders and traditional seekers, but not for the emerging seekers.},
author = {Lee, Hyunwoo and Yang, JungAe},
issn = {1932-8036},
journal = {International Journal of Communication},
keywords = {cable television,cluster analysis,cross-platforms,individual level,internet,knowledge gap,news media repertoires,political knowledge},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {jan},
pages = {597--617},
title = {{Political Knowledge Gaps Among News Consumers with Different News Media Repertoires Across Multiple Platforms}},
url = {http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2455},
volume = {8},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Neuman1976,
abstract = {A few years ago, Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien reviewed research findings concerning a growing knowledge gap between the better and less educated segments of the population. They formulated their central hypothesis as follows: As the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments so that the gap in knowledge between these segments tends to increase rather than decrease.' Their work represents an interesting extension of the familiar "knownothing" phenomenon-the existence of a bottom stratum of the public which is least informed on public affairs but which unfortunately is also least likely to be reached by news and information campaigns.2 They suggest that the increased quan-tity and complexity of public issues could lead over time to increasing social tensions between the attentive and the "know-nothing" strata of the population. But as Tichenor et al. point out, the general research literature, as well as their own work, is based primarily on learning from the print media. Whether the knowlege-gap phenomenon applies to learning from broadcast news remains an open question. Toward the end of their article they speculate that in the long run television may actually prove to be a "knowledge leveler." There are, indeed, a number of clues in the research literature which support such a hypothesis.},
author = {Neuman, W R},
journal = {The Public Opinion Quarterly},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
number = {1},
pages = {115--123},
title = {{Patterns of Recall Among Television News Viewers}},
volume = {40},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Chalmers1976,
author = {Chalmers, Alan},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/What{\_}Is{\_}This{\_}Thing{\_}Called{\_}Science{\_}{\_}----{\_}(CHAPTER{\_}2{\_}Observation{\_}as{\_}practical{\_}intervention).pdf:pdf},
journal = {What Is This Thing Called Science?},
pages = {19--26},
title = {{Observation as a practical intervention}},
year = {1976}
}
@book{bishop2009big,
address = {Bostob},
author = {Bishop, Bill},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
publisher = {Houghton Mifflin Harcourt},
title = {{The big sort: Why the clustering of like-minded America is tearing us apart}},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Beyer2003,
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {Beyer, Gretchen and Kende, Michael},
institution = {TechNet},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
publisher = {TechNet},
title = {{The State Broadband Index: An Assessment of State Policies Impacting Broadband Deployment and Demand}},
year = {2003}
}
@article{jacoby_ideological_1991,
author = {Jacoby, W G},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
pages = {178--205},
title = {{Ideological identification and issue attitudes}},
year = {1991}
}
@article{VanHerk2004,
abstract = {In cross-cultural studies with social variables such as values or attitudes, it is often assumed that differences in scores can be compared at face value. However, response styles like acquiescence and extreme response style may affect answers, particularly on rating scales. In three sets of data from marketing studies, each with representative samples fromat least threeoutofsix countries(Greece,Italy, Spain,France,Germany, andthe United Kingdom), these two response styles were found to be more present in the Mediterranean than in Northwestern Europe. Evidence for response style effects was not only found in response distributions on rating scales, but also in discrepancies of these distributions with national consumer statistics and self-reported actual behavior.},
annote = {Mixed results of acquiescence response bias cross-nationally},
author = {van Herk, Hester and Poortinga, Ype H and Verhallen, Theo M M},
doi = {10.1177/0022022104264126},
issn = {00220221},
journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {346--360},
title = {{Response Styles in Rating Scales: Evidence of Method Bias in Data From Six EU Countries}},
url = {http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/35/3/346.short},
volume = {35},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Elo2010,
abstract = {Abstract The media, newspapers especially, has in several studies been associated with high levels of political knowledge. Those whose preferred source of political information is newspapers show higher levels of political knowledge compared with those who prefer other information sources. In this article we claim that studying the effects of media on political knowledge is not a meaningful exercise unless a differentiation between structural knowledge and political information is made. The results of the analysis carried out in this article support this argument. Newspaper readership seems to have a moderate impact on political information but not on structural political knowledge. In general, mass media loses most of its relative importance as a predictor when political interest, age, education and gender are included. The results suggest that if we do not differentiate between different types of knowledge when measuring political knowledge, we lose a useful discriminant. Abstract The media, newspapers especially, has in several studies been associated with high levels of political knowledge. Those whose preferred source of political information is newspapers show higher levels of political knowledge compared with those who prefer other information sources. In this article we claim that studying the effects of media on political knowledge is not a meaningful exercise unless a differentiation between structural knowledge and political information is made. The results of the analysis carried out in this article support this argument. Newspaper readership seems to have a moderate impact on political information but not on structural political knowledge. In general, mass media loses most of its relative importance as a predictor when political interest, age, education and gender are included. The results suggest that if we do not differentiate between different types of knowledge when measuring political knowledge, we lose a useful discriminant.},
author = {Elo, Kimmo and Rapeli, Lauri},
issn = {1745-7289},
journal = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion {\&} Parties},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {133--146},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Determinants of Political Knowledge: The Effects of the Media on Knowledge and Information}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457280903450799},
volume = {20},
year = {2010}
}
@book{adorno1982authoritarian,
address = {New York},
author = {Adorno, T.W. and Frenkel-Brunswik, E. and Levinson, D.J. and Stanford, N.R.},
isbn = {0393300420},
publisher = {Norton},
title = {{The authoritarian personality}},
year = {1950}
}
@misc{lanktree2017,
author = {Lanktree, Graham},
booktitle = {Newsweek},
month = {oct},
title = {{Sebastian Gorka tells Fox News that Hillary Clinton is guilty of "treason"}},
url = {https://www.newsweek.com/hillary-clinton-guilty-treason-sebastian-gorka-uranium-one-694367},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Rice1929,
author = {Rice, S A},
journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
number = {3},
pages = {420--423},
title = {{Contagious bias in the interview: A methodological note}},
volume = {35},
year = {1929}
}
@book{Hox1995,
author = {Hox, J J},
publisher = {Citeseer},
title = {{Applied multilevel analysis}},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Smock2010,
author = {Smock, P and Granda, P and Hoelter, L},
title = {{Integrated Fertility Survey Series, Release 2, 1955-2002 [United States]}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Robinson,
author = {Robinson, S},
title = {{A Columnist's Call to Action: Audience Perceptions of Credibility and Authority Online vs. in Print}}
}
@article{kunda1990case,
author = {Kunda, Ziva},
journal = {Psychological bulletin},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
number = {3},
pages = {480--498},
title = {{The case for motivated reasoning}},
volume = {108},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Skalski2007,
author = {Skalski, P and Tamborini, R},
isbn = {1521-3269},
journal = {Media Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {385--413},
title = {{The role of social presence in interactive agent-based persuasion}},
volume = {10},
year = {2007}
}
@article{coe2008hostile,
author = {Coe, Kevin and Tewksbury, David and Bond, Bradley J and Drogos, Kristin L and Porter, Robert W and Yahn, Ashley and Zhang, Yuanyuan},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {2},
pages = {201--219},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Hostile news: Partisan use and perceptions of cable news programming}},
volume = {58},
year = {2008}
}
@article{bonanno2006conservative,
author = {Bonanno, G.A. A and Jost, J.T. T},
issn = {0197-3533},
journal = {Basic and Applied Social Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {311--323},
publisher = {Psychology Press},
title = {{Conservative shift among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attacks}},
volume = {28},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Nie2000,
author = {Nie, N H and Erbring, L},
journal = {Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society, Stanford University},
title = {{Internet and society: A preliminary report}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Heerwegh2005,
author = {Heerwegh, D and Vanhove, T and Matthijs, K and Loosveldt, G},
isbn = {1364-5579},
journal = {International Journal of Social Research Methodology},
number = {2},
pages = {85--99},
title = {{The effect of personalization on response rates and data quality in web surveys}},
volume = {8},
year = {2005}
}
@article{McCombs1972,
abstract = {In choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality. Readers learn not only about a given issue, but also how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information in a news story and its position. In reflecting what candidates are saying during a campaign, the mass media may well determine the important issues--that is, the media may set the "agenda" of the campaign.},
author = {McCombs, Maxwell E. and Shaw, Donald L.},
doi = {10.1086/267990},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {176},
title = {{The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/36/2/176},
volume = {36},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Account2018,
author = {Account, My and History, Transaction and Us, Contact and Licensing, State and Inquiries, Press and Dashboard, Service Health},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/mturk2k.pdf:pdf},
pages = {9--10},
title = {{Purchase Prepaid HITs}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Geer1991,
author = {Geer, John G},
issn = {1468-2508},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
language = {English},
month = {may},
number = {02},
pages = {434--453},
title = {{Critical Realignments and the Public Opinion Poll}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381600048386},
volume = {53},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Gaziano2001,
abstract = {This study finds a knowledge gap among women aged 40 and over concerning cervical and colorectal cancers. The gap is greatest for the more publicized issue, colorectal cancer.},
author = {Gaziano, C and Horowitz, AM},
journal = {Newspaper Research Journal},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
pages = {12--27},
title = {{Knowledge Gap on Cervical, Colorectal Cancer Exists Among US Women.}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?q=Knowledge+Gap+on+Cervical,+Colorectal+Cancer+{\&}btnG={\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}0},
volume = {22},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Andersen2016,
abstract = {ABSTRACTHow to measure exposure to information in the media is highly disputed, primarily due to the difficulties of obtaining accurate self-reports. The growing supply of outlets and proliferation of information sources have added an additional level of complexity to these problems. Reflecting on old and new approaches for measuring exposure to political information, it is argued that both the specific source and the frequency of exposure must be taken into account. The validity of this so-called “list-frequency technique” is tested using a two-wave panel survey as well as a split sample experiment from the survey pre-test to enable comparison with the “list technique.” The results support the list-frequency technique in being a good solution, since it provides the same aggregate estimates of media use as the already validated list technique, and may give more detailed effect estimates and increase the explained variance when predicting political knowledge.},
author = {Andersen, Kim and de Vreese, Claes H. and Alb{\ae}k, Erik},
doi = {10.1080/19312458.2016.1150973},
isbn = {1931-2458
1931-2466},
issn = {19312466},
journal = {Communication Methods and Measures},
number = {2-3},
pages = {81--98},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Measuring Media Diet in a High-Choice Environment - Testing the List-Frequency Technique}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1150973 https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2016.1150973},
volume = {10},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Warner2008,
author = {Warner, R M},
isbn = {0761927727},
publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc},
title = {{Applied statistics: From bivariate through multivariate techniques}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Price1987,
author = {Price, K H},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
number = {3},
pages = {330--345},
title = {{Decision responsibility, task responsibility, identifiability, and social loafing}},
volume = {40},
year = {1987}
}
@book{Vavreck2009a,
abstract = {The economy is so powerful in determining the results of U.S. presidential elections that political scientists can predict winners and losers with amazing accuracy long before the campaigns start. But if it is true that "it's the economy, stupid," why do incumbents in good economies sometimes lose? The reason, Lynn Vavreck argues, is that what matters is not just the state of the economy but how candidates react to it. Candidates favored by the economy must make the election about the economy; while those for whom the economy is a negative must make the election about something else. By demonstrating more precisely than ever before how candidates and their campaigns affect the economic vote, The Message Matters provides a powerful new way of understanding past elections--and predicting future ones. Vavreck examines the last sixty years of presidential elections and offers a new theory of campaigns that explains why electoral victory requires more than simply being the candidate favored by prevailing economic conditions. Using data from presidential elections since 1952, she reveals why, when, and how campaign messages make a difference--and when they can outweigh economic predictors of election outcomes.The Message Matters does more than show why candidates favored by the economy must build their campaigns around economic messages. Vavreck's theory also explains why candidates disadvantaged by the economy must try to focus their elections on noneconomic issues that meet exacting criteria--and why this is so hard to do.},
author = {Vavreck, Lynn},
isbn = {0691139636},
pages = {205},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{The Message Matters: The Economy and Presidential Campaigns}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=Uen6KaanhAgC{\&}pgis=1 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=wmCze2iInXQC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Petersen2012,
author = {Petersen, Michael Bang},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00545.x},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {1--16},
title = {{Social Welfare as Small-Scale Help: Evolutionary Psychology and the Deservingness Heuristic}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00545.x},
volume = {56},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Czernich2012,
abstract = {Previous studies found the introduction of the today well established media radio and television to affect political participation. This paper evaluates the effect of the relatively recent introduction of a new medium, broadband internet. OLS results suggest a positive association between DSL availability and voter participation across German municipalities. However, the roll-out of DSL networks is not random. The paper exploits the fact that DSL availability depends on a municipality's distance to the nearest interconnection point to the existing voice-telephony network. Instrumental-variable results using this distance to predict DSL availability confirm the effect of DSL availability on voter participation.},
author = {Czernich, Nina},
issn = {00235962},
journal = {Kyklos},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {31--52},
title = {{Broadband Internet and Political Participation: Evidence for Germany}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2011.00526.x},
volume = {65},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Schoenbach2007,
abstract = {In 2007 we are able to put together our complete diet of information and entertainment individually. The internet, of course, is making this possible. It contains virtually every form of information and entertainment that anybody could spontaneously be interested in, at any time of day or night. Elements of information and entertainment can be selected and ordered by ourselves (see e.g. Shapiro, 1999). Schoenbach and Lauf (2004) called this type of media offer ‘research' content, a content to be used as a quarry, where everyone can individually pick and combine whatever they please – that is, the so-called ‘consultative' pattern of information traffic (Bordewijk and Kaam, 1982; McQuail, 2005: 145ff.). Research content is not only to be found on the internet, but also in more traditional forms of media, such as encyclopaedias, catalogues, in books of paintings or photographs, telephone guides and handbooks. But certainly the most extensive research channel, the ‘ultra handbook,' is the internet. In contrast, ‘display' media content (Schoenbach and Lauf, 2004) consists of ‘holistic' offers – pre-selected, rank ordered, structured, contextualized and commented upon by other people, not by myself (see also Bordewijk and Kaam's, 1982, ‘allocution' pattern of communication). This applies to television and radio programming, newspapers, magazines, literary fiction, CDs and movies. Typically, display content is produced professionally, by journalists for instance. A similar concept applies to display entertainment: genre and quality conventions – how a detective story should be structured, how a quiz show has to be put together, or how a concert should sound – are normally decided on by experts. The content of all display media is considerably more limited than that of the internet. They offer much less material to select from. In addition, display content restricts audience autonomy, not only because the media messages are pre-produced by somebody else, but also because the offer is often not available simultaneously and in real time, but has to be waited for. In other words, display media content is a ‘push' offer one that forces itself on us, that wants to be consumed as is – with the aggressive claim of a ‘take it or leave it'. Sure, the internet also contains content that is pre-packaged – online newspapers and web portals, for instance. Links suggest what to look at next. And there are technical algorithms to pre-sort information – the most frequently quoted statement, for instance, or the most often clicked on. But large areas of the internet function like a lexicon, as a huge archive of information, with no professional pre-structuring – ideal for purposes of work, studying and coping with everyday-life chores, such as shopping, banking and travel arrangements. But will using the internet also replace watching television, listening to radio and reading newspapers and magazines?},
author = {Schoenbach, K},
journal = {Media, Culture {\&} Society},
number = {2},
pages = {344--353},
title = {{'The own in the foreign': reliable surprise-an important function of the media?}},
url = {http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/29/2/344.short},
volume = {29},
year = {2007}
}
@phdthesis{Chalif2011,
abstract = {As the number of available outlets for political news grows, so does the tendency of citizens to self-select which news to consume and which to ignore. This news filtering has resulted in media fragmentation—a situation where different individuals are consuming unique news packages. This paper looks at selectivity by news consumers as well as selectivity by news organizations that must make choices about which news stories to present to the public and which to exclude. This study argues that both types of political media selectivity are largely driven by political belief systems. Using a quantitative content analysis to analyze cable news broadcasts on MSNBC and Fox News, I find that these news outlets have a significant partisan slant, with MSNBC leaning liberal and Fox News leaning conservative. I then performed an audience analysis using the Pew Research Center's 2010 Media Consumption Survey. I show how fragmented cable news audiences are based on party identification and political ideology, with Democrats/liberals gravitating towards MSNBC and Republicans/conservatives relying heavily on Fox News, and both groups largely ignoring the opposing point of view. This study then discusses the polarizing effects of this “echo chamber” news environment, where citizens lack a common frame of reference on political issues and move towards more fiercely partisan, and often radical political opinions.},
author = {Chalif, Rebecca Sara},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
school = {GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY},
title = {{Selective politics: The fragmentation and polarization of news on cable TV}},
url = {http://gradworks.umi.com/14/91/1491313.html},
year = {2011}
}
@article{McCarty1997,
author = {McCarty, N M and Poole, K T and Rosenthal, H},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
title = {{Income redistribution and the realignment of American politics}},
url = {http://www.citeulike.org/group/582/article/369545},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Powell1976,
author = {Powell, G Bingham},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {1--23},
title = {{Political Cleavage Structure, Cross-Pressure Process, and Partisanship: An Empirical Test of the Theory}},
volume = {20},
year = {1976}
}
@article{SeymourUre1984,
author = {Seymour‐Ure, C},
journal = {Public Administration},
title = {{BRITISH 'WAR CABINETS'IN LIMITED WARS: KOREA, SUEZ AND THE FALKLANDS}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9299.1984.tb00555.x/abstract},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Weinstein1995,
author = {Weinstein, C E and Palmer, D R and Hanson, G R},
journal = {Clearwater, FL: H{\&}H},
title = {{Perceptions, expectations, emotions and knowledge about college}},
year = {1995}
}
@misc{Rogers2016,
author = {Rogers, Simon},
booktitle = {Google News Lab},
title = {{What is Google Trends data - and what does it mean?}},
url = {https://medium.com/google-news-lab/what-is-google-trends-data-and-what-does-it-mea},
urldate = {2017-03-06},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Erev1990,
abstract = {Experts (sportswriters and broadcasters) were asked to assess the probabilities of upcoming basketball game events. Based on these predictions, decision makers (students) had to rate the attractiveness of gambles. Half of the students could win real stakes based on the quality of their decisions and the outcomes of the events, while the other half were paid a flat rate. The gambles were also constructed so as to elicit the conjunction fallacy and wishful thinking biases. While most conveyors of information used verbal terms when expressing their opinions spontaneously, most decision makers preferred to receive numerical probabilities. However, no difference between the efficiency of the verbal and the numerical assessments was found. The occurrence of judgmental biases was unrelated to communication mode, but the conjunction fallacy was marginally related to the monetary payoff condition of the students. Two possible explanations for the communication mode preference inconsistency were examined, one of which seems to be supported by the results. A theoretical framework is suggested that accounts for the present data and former results.},
author = {Erev, Ido and Cohen, Brent L},
doi = {10.1016/0749-5978(90)90002-Q},
issn = {07495978},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {1--18},
title = {{Verbal versus numerical probabilities: Efficiency, biases, and the preference paradox}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(90)90002-Q},
volume = {45},
year = {1990}
}
@inproceedings{layman_party_2005,
author = {Layman, G and Carsey, T and Green, J and Herrera, R},
booktitle = {Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, New Orleans, January},
keywords = {asymmetry},
shorttitle = {Party polarization and “conflict extension” in the},
title = {{Party polarization and “conflict extension” in the United States: the case of party activists}},
year = {2005}
}
@book{Altemeyer1996,
author = {Altemeyer, Bob},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
title = {{The authoritarian specter}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Bezjian-Avery1998,
author = {Bezjian-Avery, A and Calder, B and Iacobucci, D},
isbn = {0021-8499},
journal = {Journal of advertising research},
pages = {23--32},
title = {{New media interactive advertising vs. traditional advertising}},
volume = {38},
year = {1998}
}
@article{McLaren2003,
abstract = {This article introduces the theoretical approaches of contact, group conflict, and symbolic prejudice to explain levels of exclusionary feelings toward a relatively new minority in the West European context, the immigrant. The findings indicate that even after controls for perceived threat are included in the model, intimate contact with members of minority groups in the form of friendships can reduce levels of willingness to expel legal immigrantsfrom the country. A contextual variable, level of immigration to the country, is also introduced into the model because it is likely that this variable affects both threat perception and exclusionary feelings. While context does not seem to directly affect levels of willingness to expel or include immigrants in the society, it does have a rather powerful impact on perceived threat. Perhaps even more importantly, thefindings suggest that contact mediates the effect of the environment, helping to produce lower levels of threat perception in contexts of high immigration},
author = {McLaren, Lauren},
doi = {10.1353/sof.2003.0038},
isbn = {00377732},
issn = {15347605},
journal = {Social Forces},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {March 2003},
pages = {909--936},
title = {{Anti-Immigrant Prejudice in Europe: Contact, Threat Perception, and Preferences for the Exclusion of Migrants}},
volume = {81},
year = {2003}
}
@incollection{Milner2011,
abstract = {Daunting obstacles remain to the Internet's becoming a source of political information for a segment of the population as wide as there was for newspapers and television during their heydays – obstacles not in the form of access but rather of skills. With increasing dependence on digital information and tools, citizens are expected to exercise independent, informed judgments in order to make use of the information and tools, but the skills involved in those judgments are very unequally distributed. This unequal distribution, as in other domains, reflects class differences, but also generational ones. These are different cross-nationally and for the generation that grew up with the Internet due especially to differences in efforts to narrow the gap through policies designed to disseminate the needed knowledge and skills.},
address = {Hershey},
author = {Milner, H},
booktitle = {Interactive Media Use and Youth: Learning, Knowledge Exchange and Behavior},
chapter = {11},
editor = {Dunkels, Elza and Fr{\aa}nberg, Gun-Marie and Hallgren, Camilla},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
pages = {186--206},
publisher = {IGI Global},
title = {{Political Dropouts and the Internet Generation}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=EqyT0XgyCR0C{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA186{\&}dq={\%}22post-broadcast+democracy{\%}22+{\%}22knowledge+gap{\%}22{\&}ots=reMGzl7wNn{\&}sig=Jz4ZJVMhK-tuL9JxTihro{\_}GbSss},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Gentzkow2014b,
author = {Gentzkow, Matthew and Shapiro, Jesse M and Sinkinson, Michael},
doi = {10.3886/ICPSR30261.v6},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/ICPSR{\_}30261/30261-Codebook.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]},
keywords = {ICPSR 30261},
title = {{United States Newspaper Panel, 1869-2004. ICPSR30261-v6}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Huber1989,
author = {Huber, J D},
journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
title = {{Values and partisanship in left‐right orientations: measuring ideology}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1989.tb00209.x/abstract},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Wann1993,
abstract = {Les auteurs proposent une echelle de mesure, qui au moment n'existe pas, pour etudier le probleme des mordus qui s'identifient a leur equipe et ils vont exposer des hypotheses sur une probable future realisation. On a utilise a tel but les reactions affectives et de connaissance de la conduite des spectateurs des sports d'equipe pour confirmer une mesure de leur identification a l'equipe. Les personnes qui d'identifient passionnement a l'equipe s'impliquent davantage, ils ont des attentes plus positives a l'egard des performances futures, ils manifestent une grande intention d'investir plus d'argent et de temps pour la suivre en comparison a ceux qui vont s'identifier a l'equipe d'une facon moderee ou insuffisante. Il est fort probable que les plus engages reputent qu'ils ont de qualites particulieres. La discussion s'arrete sur les implications derivantes du niveau eleve de preference entre-groupe, en relation avec l'acceptation d'attitudes aggressives, aux proces d'attribution et au developpement des relations d'amitie entre les spectateurs.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {cs/0112017},
author = {Wann, Daniel L and Branscombe, Nyla R},
doi = {10.4319/lo.2013.58.2.0489},
eprint = {0112017},
isbn = {0047-0767},
issn = {00470767},
journal = {International Journal of Sport Psychology},
keywords = {*SPORTS spectators,ATTRIBUTION (Social psychology),IDENTIFICATION,dusseldorf,j agerai 1},
number = {1},
pages = {1--17},
pmid = {8502},
primaryClass = {cs},
title = {{Sports fans: measuring degree of identification with their team}},
url = {http://articles.sirc.ca/search.cfm?id=323637{\%}5Cnhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=sph{\&}AN=SPH323637{\&}site=ehost-live},
volume = {24},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Budescu1988,
abstract = {A two-stage within subjects design was used to compare decisions based on numerically and verbally expressed probabilities. In Stage 1, subjects determined approximate equivalences between vague probability expressions, numerical probabilities, and graphical displays. Subsequently, in Stage 2 they bid for (Experiment 1J or rated (Experiment 2) gambles based on the previously equated verbal, numerical, and graphical descriptors. In Stage 1, numerical and verbal judgments were reliable, internally consistent, and monotonically related to the displayed probabilities. However, the numerical judgments were significantly superior in all respects because they were much less variable within and between subjects. In Stage 2, response times, bids, and ratings were inconsistent with both of two opposing sets of predictions, one assuming that imprecise gambles will be avoided and the other that verbal probabilities will be preferred. The entire pattern of results is explained by means of a general model of decision making with vague probabilities which assumes that in the present task, when presented with a vague probability word, people focus on an implied probability interval and sample values within it to resolve the vagueness prior to forming a bid or a rating.},
author = {Budescu, David V and Weinberg, Shalva and Wallsten, Thomas S},
doi = {10.1037/0096-1523.14.2.281},
issn = {19391277},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance},
keywords = {Affichage graphique,Budescu1988,Choice,Choix,Decision making,Elecci{\'{o}}n,Graphic display,Langage,Language,Lenguaje,Nombre,Number,N{\'{u}}mero,Prise d{\'{e}}cision,Probabilidad subjetiva,Probabilit{\'{e}} subjective,Subjective probability,Toma decision,Visualizaci{\'{o}}n gr{\'{a}}fica},
language = {eng},
mendeley-tags = {Budescu1988},
number = {2},
pages = {281--294},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Decisions based on numerically and verbally expressed uncertainties}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0096-1523.14.2.281 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN{\&}cpsidt=7661607},
volume = {14},
year = {1988}
}
@book{green2004partisan,
author = {Green, D.P. and Palmquist, B. and Schickler, E.},
isbn = {0300101562},
keywords = {Asymmetry,partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry,partisandiscrimination},
publisher = {Yale University Press},
title = {{Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Horrigan2004,
abstract = {Wired Americans hear more points of view about candidates and key issues than other citizens. They are not using the internet to screen out ideas with which they disagree.},
author = {Horrigan, J B and Garrettt, K and Resnick, P},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511818271},
isbn = {9780511818271},
journal = {Washington, D.C.: Pew Internet and American Life Project.},
title = {{The internet and democratic debate}},
year = {2004}
}
@book{Ansolabehere1997,
abstract = {Drawing on both laboratory experiments and the real world of America's presidential, gubernatorial, and congressional races, the authors show that negative advertising drives down voter turnout - in some cases dramatically - and that political consultants intentionally use ads for this very purpose. In the 1992 presidential election, by the authors' calculation, over 6 million votes were lost to negative campaigns. Negative ads work better for Republicans than for Democrats, and better for men than for women; unfortunately, negative ads also work better in general than positive ones, so attacking has become nearly universal. Republican primary campaigns increasingly set the tone for our national general elections, and they do so with relentless attacks. Everyone, even a war hero like Colin Powell, is fair game, and few reputations can emerge unscathed. The result of such a bitter contest is that independent voters, who are disproportionately well educated and open minded, are repulsed by the entire system and have been converted to non-voting apathetics. We are losing some of our best citizens, and pandering to the extremists who remain.},
author = {Ansolabehere, Stephen and Iyengar, Shanto},
isbn = {0684837110},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination,xnat},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination,xnat},
pages = {256},
publisher = {Simon and Schuster},
title = {{Going Negative}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=8YN3Rj7PQFUC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Wlezien2006,
author = {Wlezien, C. and Erikson, R. S.},
doi = {10.1093/ijpor/edl001},
issn = {0954-2892},
journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {74--88},
title = {{The Horse Race: What Polls Reveal as the Election Campaign Unfolds}},
url = {http://ijpor.oxfordjournals.org},
volume = {19},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Devine2014,
abstract = {Motivated by symbolic ideology research and Social Identity Theory (SIT), this article introduces an original measure of ideological social identity (ISI) designed to capture feelings of psychological attachment to an ideological in-group and facilitate analysis of their attitudinal and behavioral effects. Data from a nationally representative sample of survey experimental participants indicates that the ISI scale is empirically distinct from ideological self-placement, the standard measure of symbolic ideology, and it conditions the effects of self-placement on vote choice in actual and hypothetical election scenarios. ISI is also common within the American public, particularly among conservatives, and responsive to envi-ronmental stimuli that make ideology salient including electoral competition and ''new media'' news sources. In addition to its immediate contributions, this research represents a necessary first step toward more fully exploiting the profound theo-retical and empirical implications of SIT in studies of ideological identification.},
author = {Devine, Christopher J},
doi = {10.1007/s11109-014-9280-6},
issn = {01909320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {Conservatives,Liberals,Political psychology,Social Identity Theory,Symbolic ideology,Voting behavior},
number = {3},
pages = {509--535},
title = {{Ideological Social Identity: Psychological Attachment to Ideological In-Groups as a Political Phenomenon and a Behavioral Influence}},
volume = {37},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Stromback2012,
abstract = {This longitudinal study investigates whether the impact of political interest--a key motivational factor behind news consumption--on various forms of news consumption has increased over time. The analysis is based on a unique large-scale representative annual survey conducted in Sweden over the years 1986-2010, enabling a comprehensive analysis of citizens' total and specific news consumption across multiple channels and platforms. Results show that news consumption has become more polarized between news-seekers and news-avoiders over time, and that political interest has become a more important determinant of news consumption in today's high-choice media environment.},
author = {Stromback, J and Djerf-Pierre, M and Shehata, A},
issn = {0954-2892},
journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {jun},
number = {4},
pages = {414--435},
title = {{The Dynamics of Political Interest and News Media Consumption: A Longitudinal Perspective}},
url = {http://ijpor.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/06/18/ijpor.eds018.short},
volume = {25},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Singer2013,
abstract = {Newspaper publishers are well into the process of bifurcating what once was a single mass-market product. Particularly for larger papers, website versions are taking over the mass-market role, while remaining print products are moving toward targeting a much smaller and more elite readership. This article explores theoretical and ethical issues raised by such a two-tiered newspaper structure and suggests directions for empirical study. Broadly, concerns center on the widening knowledge gap between print and online newspaper readers and its implications for civic discourse and democratic vitality. More narrowly, issues encompass a potential bifurcation of normative standards, including diverging markers of credibility, accuracy, and privacy. Newspaper publishers are well into the process of bifurcating what once was a single mass-market product. Particularly for larger papers, website versions are taking over the mass-market role, while remaining print products are moving toward targeting a much smaller and more elite readership. This article explores theoretical and ethical issues raised by such a two-tiered newspaper structure and suggests directions for empirical study. Broadly, concerns center on the widening knowledge gap between print and online newspaper readers and its implications for civic discourse and democratic vitality. More narrowly, issues encompass a potential bifurcation of normative standards, including diverging markers of credibility, accuracy, and privacy.},
author = {Singer, Jane B},
issn = {0890-0523},
journal = {Journal of Mass Media Ethics},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {203--216},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{The Ethical Implications of an Elite Press}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08900523.2013.802163},
volume = {28},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Mcconnell2008,
author = {Mcconnell, Margaret and Sinclair, Betsy},
number = {4},
pages = {1055--1069},
title = {{Detecting Spillover in Social Networks : Design and Analysis of Multilevel Experiments ∗}},
volume = {56},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Hetherington2009,
author = {Hetherington, Marc J.},
issn = {1469-2112},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {xnat},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {apr},
number = {02},
pages = {413--448},
title = {{Review Article: Putting Polarization in Perspective}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0007123408000501},
volume = {39},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Chesley1975,
author = {Chesley, G R},
journal = {Accounting Review},
pages = {325--337},
title = {{Elicitation of subjective probabilities: a review}},
year = {1975}
}
@book{Petty2008,
author = {Petty, R E},
publisher = {Psychology Pr},
title = {{Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures}},
year = {2008}
}
@incollection{Sniderman2000,
abstract = {The most prominent theory under attack in political behavior is that of minimalism - the idea posited by Converse and others that citizens don't know much of anything. Sniderman notes that he originally approached the idea of heuristics in the wrong order - by assuming that it was individuals rather than institutions that simplify political choices. The newer 'fixed choice' theory posits that citizens can reason about issues coherently b/c public choices have been fixed for them; that institutions - particularly parties - fix the choices; and that the distinctive form of public choices has much to do with how citizens go about making them. He takes Zaller to task for stating that attitudes are primarily 'made up' but saying at the same time that people have ideological predispositions. Sniderman proposes SIMON'S PUZZLE: how do large numbers of citizens know where they stand on issues while knowing little about politics? Sniderman and colleagues have argued that the key is the use of heuristics/shortcuts. CHOICE CONTEXT: The circumstances in which people make political choices - situational factors including external factors (ads) and interview factors (question order). CHOICE SET: The alternatives open for choice - alternative forms of action framed in terms of government policies. The role of mood - cannot separate beliefs from feelings! Principal features of public choices: tense, mood, person, and organization of alternatives.},
author = {Sniderman, Paul M},
booktitle = {Elements of Reason Cognition Choice and the Bounds of Rationality},
isbn = {0521653320},
pages = {67--84},
title = {{Taking Sides: A Fixed Choice Theory of Political Reasoning}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Price2008,
author = {Price, Vincent and Romantan, Anca},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2508.2004.00284.x},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jul},
number = {03},
title = {{Confidence in Institutions Before, During, and After “Indecision 2000”}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S002238160000387X},
volume = {66},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Dillard2005,
abstract = {Reactance theory might be profitably applied to understanding failures in persuasive health communication but for one drawback: The developer of the theory contends that reactance cannot be measured. Rejecting this position, this paper develops four alternative conceptual perspectives on the nature of reactance (i.e., combinations of cognition and affect), then provides an empirical test of each. Two parallel studies were conducted, one advocating flossing ðN ¼ 196Þ; the other urging students to limit their alcohol intake ðN ¼ 200Þ: In both cases, a composite index of anger and negative cognitions fully mediated the effects of threat-to-freedom and trait reactance on attitude and intention. The data showed that, in fact, reactance can be operationalized as a composite of self-report indices of anger and negative cognitions. The implications for persuasive communication, in general, are considered as well the specific findings for flossing and drinking.},
author = {Dillard, James Price and Shen, Lijiang},
doi = {10.1080/03637750500111815},
isbn = {0363-7751},
issn = {03637751},
journal = {Communication Monographs},
keywords = {Anger,Persuasion,Reactance,Threat to Freedom},
number = {2},
pages = {144--168},
title = {{On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication}},
volume = {72},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Wallsten2013,
abstract = {The Internet has radically transformed the way we live our lives. The net changes in consumer surplus and economic activity, however, are difficult to measure because some online activities, such as obtaining news, are new ways of doing old activities while new activities, like social media, have an opportunity cost in terms of activities crowded out. This paper uses data from the American Time Use Survey from 2003 – 2011 to estimate the crowdout effects of leisure time spent online. That data show that time spent online and the share of the population engaged in online activities has been increasing steadily. I find that, on the margin, each minute of online leisure time is correlated with 0.29 fewer minutes on all other types of leisure, with about half of that coming from time spent watching TV and video, 0.05 minutes from (offline) socializing, 0.04 minutes from relaxing and thinking, and the balance from time spent at parties, attending cultural events, and listening to the radio. Each minute of online leisure is also correlated with 0.27 fewer minutes working, 0.12 fewer minutes sleeping, 0.10 fewer minutes in travel time, 0.07 fewer minutes in household activities, and 0.06 fewer minutes in educational activities.},
address = {Cambridge, MA},
author = {Wallsten, Scott},
doi = {10.3386/w19549},
institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series},
month = {oct},
title = {{What Are We Not Doing When We're Online}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w19549.pdf},
volume = {No. 19549},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Nyhan2010,
abstract = {Both Bill Clinton and Barack Obama struggled to overcome widespread and persistent myths about their proposals to reform the American health care system. Their difficulties highlight the influence of factual misinformation in national politics and the extent to which it correlates with citizens' political views. In this essay, I explain how greater elite polarization and the growth in media choice have reinforced the partisan divide in factual beliefs. To illustrate these points, I analyze debates over health care reform in 1993–1994 and 2009–2010, tracing the spread of false claims about reform proposals from Bill Clinton and Barack Obama and analyzing the prevalence of misinformation in public opinion. Since false beliefs are extremely difficult to correct, I conclude by arguing that increasing the reputational costs for dishonest elites might be a more effective approach to improving democratic discourse.},
author = {Nyhan, Brendan},
doi = {10.2202/1540-8884.1354},
issn = {1540-8884},
journal = {The Forum},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {Article 5},
title = {{Why the "Death Panel" Myth Wouldn't Die: Misinformation in the Health Care Reform Debate}},
url = {http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/for.2010.8.1{\_}20120105083456/for.2010.8.1/for.2010.8.1.1354/for.2010.8.1.1354.xml},
volume = {8},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Curini2011,
author = {Curini, Luigi and Jou, Willy and Memoli, Vincenzo},
doi = {10.1017/S0007123411000275},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {aug},
number = {02},
pages = {241--261},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Satisfaction with Democracy and the Winner/Loser Debate: The Role of Policy Preferences and Past Experience}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0007123411000275},
volume = {42},
year = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{Arceneaux2010,
abstract = {Political observers are concerned that the fragmentation of contemporary news media and the proliferation of ideological cable news options fuels opinion polarization. The potential implications are problematic: Ideological camps on the left and right of the political spectrum, with different understandings of politics due to these fundamentally distinct sources of information. We develop a model of media effects given selective exposure and ask whether opinionated political shows polarize viewers. We test our hypotheses using a novel experimental design that requires participants to watch pro-­‐attitudinal and counter-­‐ attitudinal programs in some treatment conditions, but allows others limited choice over what they watch. We find that the polarizing effects of political programs on cable networks dissipate when people can choose across these options or watch entertainment programs. While enabling people to construct an ideologically congruent information environment, media fragmentation also allows people to select out of political information altogether.},
address = {Washington DC},
author = {Arceneaux, K and Johnson, M},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
pages = {1--46},
publisher = {Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association},
title = {{Does media fragmentation produce mass polarization? Selective exposure and a new era of minimal effects}},
url = {https://www.princeton.edu/csdp/events/Arceneaux012911/Arceneaux012011.pdf},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Lazarsfeld1948,
annote = {From Duplicate 2 (The People's Choice. How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign - Lazarsfeld, Paul F; Berelson, Bernard; Gaudet, Hazel; F Lazarsfeld, Paul)

From Duplicate 1 ( 

The People's Choice. How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign [1944]

- F Lazarsfeld, Paul; Berelson, Bernard; Gaudet, Hazel; Lazarsfeld, Paul )




From Duplicate 1 ( 


The People's Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign


- Lazarsfeld, Paul; Berelson, Bernard; Gaudet, Hazel )








From Duplicate 2 ( 


The People's Choice. How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign [1944]


- F Lazarsfeld, Paul; Berelson, Bernard; Gaudet, Hazel )

},
author = {Lazarsfeld, Paul F and Berelson, Bernard and Gaudet, Hazel and {F Lazarsfeld}, Paul},
journal = {Duell Sloan and Pearce},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
publisher = {Columbia University Press},
title = {{The People's Choice. How the Voter Makes up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign}},
url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/the-peoples-choice-how-the-voter-makes-up-his-mind-in-a-presidential-campaign/ http://www.mendeley.com/research/the-peoples-choice-how-the-voter-makes-up-his-mind-in-a-presidential-campaign-1944/},
year = {1948}
}
@article{Vosen2011,
abstract = {In this study we introduce a new indicator for private consumption based on search query time series provided by Google Trends. The indicator is based on factors extracted from consumption-related search categories of the Google Trends application Insights for Search. The forecasting performance of the new indicator is assessed relative to the two most common survey-based indicators: the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index and the Conference Board Consumer Confidence Index. The results show that in almost all conducted in-sample and out-of-sample forecasting experiments the Google indicator outperforms the survey-based indicators. This suggests that incorporating information from Google Trends may offer significant benefits to forecasters of private consumption.},
author = {Vosen, Simeon and Schmidt, Torsten},
doi = {10.1002/for.1213},
isbn = {9783867881753},
issn = {02776693},
journal = {Journal of Forecasting},
keywords = {Google Trends,consumer sentiment indicators,forecasting,private consumption},
month = {sep},
number = {6},
pages = {565--578},
publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons, Ltd.},
title = {{Forecasting private consumption: Survey-based indicators vs. Google trends}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/for.1213},
volume = {30},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Wallsten1983,
author = {Wallsten, T S and Budescu, D V},
journal = {Management Science},
keywords = {questionnaire design,subjective probabilities},
number = {2},
pages = {151--173},
title = {{Encoding subjective probabilities: A psychological and psychometric review}},
volume = {29},
year = {1983}
}
@article{Vandello2008,
abstract = {This article explores one reason why norms for male honor-related aggression persist in the U.S. South, even though they may no longer be functional. The authors suggest that, in addition to cultural differences in internalized honor-related values, southerners are more likely than northerners to perceive peer endorsement of aggression norms. Study 1 found that southern males were especially likely to overestimate the aggressiveness of their peers. Study 2 tested the hypothesis that southerners would be more likely to actively encourage aggressive behavior in others, but no support was found. However, Study 3 found that southern men were more likely than northern men to perceive others as encouraging aggression when witnessing interpersonal conflicts. Together, these studies suggest that southern males are more likely than their northern counterparts to assume their peers endorse and enforce norms of aggression that can lead to the perpetuation of norms for honorable violence above and beyond any differences in internalized values.},
author = {Vandello, Joseph A and Cohen, Dov and Ransom, Sean},
journal = {Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {162--177},
title = {{U.S. Southern and Northern Differences in Perceptions of Norms About Aggression}},
url = {http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/39/2/162.abstract},
volume = {39},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Petrova2011,
abstract = {Media freedom strongly inhibits corruption and promotes good governance, but what leads to media freedom? Do economic development and higher advertising revenues tend to make media outlets independent of political groups' influence? Using data on nineteenth-century American newspapers, I show that places with higher advertising revenues were likelier to have newspapers that were independent of political parties. Similar results hold when local advertising rates are instrumented by regulations on outdoor advertising and newspaper distribution. In addition, newly created newspapers were more likely to enter the market as independents in places with higher advertising rates. I also exploit the precise timing of major changes in advertising rates to identify how advertising revenues affected the entry of new newspapers. Finally, I demonstrate that economic development, and concomitant higher advertising revenue, is not the only reason that an independent press expands; political factors also played a role.},
author = {Petrova, Maria},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055411000360},
isbn = {1537-5943},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {4},
pages = {790--808},
title = {{Newspapers and Parties: How Advertising Revenues Created an Independent Press MARIA PETROVA New Economic School}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/23275353{\%}5Cnhttp://about.jstor.org/terms},
volume = {105},
year = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{Cardenal2013,
abstract = {This paper reviews the cognitive mobilization hypothesis and proposes a new theoretical framework from which to analyze the relationship between political knowledge and partisanship. It suggests that the influence of political knowledge on partisanship is not direct – as assumed in early studies and in Dalton's CM hypothesis – , but moderated by the media environment. The paper uses survey data taken at different points in time in Spain to test the role of the media environment as a moderator in this relationship. It finds that exposure to the traditional media increases the effect of political knowledge on partisanship, while exposure to the new media reduces the effect of political knowledge on partisanship. These results have several implications for studies addressing how the new media affects political attitudes, and how different types of mass media systems shape the relationship between political knowledge and partisanship.},
author = {Cardenal, A S},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
publisher = {7th ECPR General Conference},
title = {{Does Political Knowledge Erode Party Attachments?: The Moderating Role of the Media Environment in the Cognitive Mobilization Hypothesis}},
url = {http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/378968ae-ac40-463a-88f4-05af9b4313ba.pdf},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Mayer1996,
author = {Mayer, W G and Polsby, N W},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {{Westview Press Boulder, CO{\}}},
shorttitle = {The divided Democrats},
title = {{The divided Democrats: Ideological unity, party reform, and presidential elections}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Knobloch-Westerwick2009,
author = {Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia and Meng, Jingbo},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {3},
pages = {426--448},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{Looking the Other Way Selective Exposure to Attitude-Consistent and Counterattitudinal Political Information}},
volume = {36},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Bhuller2013,
abstract = {Does internet use trigger sex crime? We use unique Norwegian data on crime and internet adoption to shed light on this question. A public program with limited funding rolled out broadband access points in 2000–2008, and provides plausibly exogenous variation in internet use. Our instrumental variables estimates show that internet use is associated with a substantial increase in both reports, charges and convictions of rape and other sex crimes. We present a conceptual framework that highlights three mechanisms for how internet use may affect reported sex crime, namely a reporting effect, a matching effect on potential offenders and victims, and a direct effect on sex crime propensity. To investigate the importance of these mechanisms, we use data on individual reporting behaviour, police investigations, and criminal charges and convictions. None of the analyses we perform suggest that the positive relationship between internet use and sex crime is driven by changes in reporting behaviour. Our findings suggest that the direct effect on sex crime propensity is positive and non-negligible, possibly as a result of increased consumption of pornography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
author = {Bhuller, Manudeep and Havnes, Tarjei and Leuven, Edwin and Mogstad, Magne},
doi = {10.1093/restud/rdt013},
issn = {00346527},
journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
keywords = {,Broadband internet,Media,Rape,Sex crime},
number = {4},
pages = {1237--1266},
title = {{Broadband internet: An information superhighway to sex crime?}},
volume = {80},
year = {2013}
}
@book{jennings1974political,
author = {Jennings, M.K. and Niemi, R.G.},
isbn = {0691093628},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{The political character of adolescence: The influence of families and schools}},
year = {1974}
}
@article{messick1967categorizing,
author = {Messick, S and Kogan, N},
journal = {Research Bulletin, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey},
title = {{Categorizing styles and cognitive structure}},
year = {1967}
}
@incollection{LoSciuto1972,
abstract = {The major purpose of the present survey was to collect benchmark data relating to television viewing behavior in the United States. Such data are necessary prerequisites to understanding the degree to which the effects of television programs are seriously influenced by certain situational factors in the television viewing environment. Towards that end, a national sample of 512 individuals selected by probability sampling methods were interviewed concerning their television viewing behavior. Individuals provided unique data on their usual uses of television and other media and attitudes toward various facets of television content. Data were collected to fill in gaps in the current state of knowledge about how people use television in everyday life.},
address = {Rockville},
author = {LoSciuto, L A},
booktitle = {Television and Social Behavior},
editor = {Rubinstein, Eli A and Comstock, George A and Murray, John P},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
pages = {33--86},
publisher = {National Institute of Mental Health},
title = {{A national inventory of television viewing behavior}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?hl=en{\&}q=A+National+Inventory+of+Television+Viewing+Behavior+{\&}btnG={\&}as{\_}sdt=1,5{\&}as{\_}sdtp={\#}0},
year = {1972}
}
@book{Berger2009,
author = {Berger, C R and Roloff, M E and Roskos-Ewoldsen, D R},
publisher = {Sage Publications, Inc},
title = {{The handbook of communication science}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Tourangeau2007,
author = {Tourangeau, R and Yan, T},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
number = {5},
pages = {859--883},
title = {{Sensitive Questions in Surveys}},
volume = {133},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Wood2000,
author = {Wood, W},
journal = {Annual review of psychology},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {1},
pages = {539--570},
title = {{Attitude change: Persuasion and social influence}},
volume = {51},
year = {2000}
}
@misc{DeSilver2014,
address = {Washington},
author = {DeSilver, Drew},
institution = {Pew Research Center},
title = {{Facebook is a news source for many, but only incidentally}},
url = {http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/04/facebook-is-a-news-source-for-many-but-only-incidentally/},
year = {2014}
}
@article{iyengar1990shortcuts,
author = {Iyengar, Shanto},
journal = {Information and democratic processes},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
pages = {160--185},
publisher = {University of Illinois Press Urbana},
title = {{Shortcuts to political knowledge: The role of selective attention and accessibility}},
year = {1990}
}
@incollection{Vannette2014,
author = {Vannette, David L and Krosnick, Jon A},
booktitle = {The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness},
editor = {{Amanda Ie Christelle T. Ngnoumen}, Ellen J Langer},
title = {{Answering Questions: A Comparison of Survey Satisficing and Mindlessness}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Billig1973,
author = {Billig, Michael and Tajfel, Henri},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {27--52},
title = {{Social Categorization and Similarity in Intergroup Behaviour}},
volume = {3},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Livingstone2003,
abstract = {Funding bodies and policy imperatives increasingly favour comparative research. Stimulated also by the phenomena of globalization and the concomitant rise of globalization theory, researchers in media, communication and cultural studies  increasingly find themselves initiating or invited to collaborate in multinational comparative projects. Given the growing prominence of comparative media and   communications research, this article examines the claims made for such research in order to foster a more explicit and critical understanding of the research aims,  process and findings. Adapting Kohn's fourfold typology of models for comparative research, a range of epistemological debates regarding cross-national  comparison are juxtaposed with the practical experiences of media and communications researchers in order to reveal the key research decisions and their consequences for substantive conclusions.},
author = {Livingstone, S.},
doi = {10.1177/0267323103184003},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {477--500},
title = {{On the Challenges of Cross-National Comparative Media Research}},
url = {http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/18/4/477.short},
volume = {18},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Burns1973,
author = {Burns, K L and Beier, E G},
isbn = {1460-2466},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {118--130},
title = {{Significance of vocal and visual channels in the decoding of emotional meaning}},
volume = {23},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Is2018,
author = {Is, What and Thing, This and Science, Called and Press, Queensland},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/What{\_}Is{\_}This{\_}Thing{\_}Called{\_}Science{\_}{\_}----{\_}(CHAPTER{\_}4{\_}Deriving{\_}theories{\_}from{\_}the{\_}facts{\_}induction).pdf:pdf},
title = {{Deriving theories from the facts: induction}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{DeBruin2000,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (Verbal and Numerical Expressions of Probability - de Bruin, W B; Fischhoff, B; Millstein, S G; Halpern-Felsher, B L; Bruin, W de)

From Duplicate 1 ( 

Verbal and Numerical Expressions of Probability

- Bruin, W de; Fischhoff, B )








From Duplicate 2 ( 

Verbal and Numerical Expressions of Probability

- de Bruin, W B; Fischhoff, B; Millstein, S G; Halpern-Felsher, B L )

},
author = {de Bruin, W B and Fischhoff, B and Millstein, S G and Halpern-Felsher, B L and de Bruin, W},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
number = {1},
pages = {115--131},
title = {{Verbal and Numerical Expressions of Probability}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749597899928686},
volume = {81},
year = {2000}
}
@incollection{Fleming2000,
abstract = {The reasons why people do not always act in accord with their attitudes has been the focus of much social psychological research, as have the factors that account for why people change their attitudes and are persuaded by such influences as the media. There is strong support for the view that attitude-behavior consistency and persuasion cannot be well understood without reference to the wider social context in which we live. Although attitudes are held by individuals, they are social products to the extent that they are influenced by social norms and the expectations of others. This book brings together an international group of researchers discussing private and public selves and their interaction through attitudes and behavior. The effects of the social context on attitude-behavior relations and persuasion is the central theme of this book, which-in its combination of theoretical exposition, critique, and empirical research-should be of interest to both basic and applied social psychologists.},
author = {Fleming, Monique A. and Petty, Richard E.},
booktitle = {Attitudes, behavior, and social context: The role of norms and group membership},
pages = {171--199},
title = {{Identity and persuasion: An elaboration likelihood approach}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Soroka2012,
author = {Soroka, Stuart N.},
isbn = {doi:10.1017/S002238161100171X},
issn = {1468-2508},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {apr},
number = {02},
pages = {514--528},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{The Gatekeeping Function: Distributions of Information in Media and the Real World}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S002238161100171X},
volume = {74},
year = {2012}
}
@phdthesis{Collins2011,
abstract = {Research indicates that mass media depictions of morally controversial scientific applications and new technologies have increased in frequency during the past decades. Therefore, researchers have become increasingly interested in how science is both viewed and understood by the public. One of the publics of primary interest to researchers is the highly religious, who may approach science and its applications via a unique perceptual filter determined by their religious commitment. Additionally, the mass media have been shown to moderate opinions about science. The present study makes use of nationally representative survey data to discuss the relationship that exists among media use, religiosity, and attitudes toward and knowledge of science variables. Data collected from two independent samples will also help pave the way for future trend studies of this phenomenon.},
author = {Collins, Billy W},
keywords = {Mass media.,Public opinion.,Religion.,Science.,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {may},
school = {Baylor University},
title = {{The influence of media use on religious individuals' attitude toward and knowledge of science.}},
url = {https://beardocs.baylor.edu:8443/xmlui/handle/2104/8127},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Jaidka,
author = {Jaidka, Kokil and Zhou, Alvin Y and Lelkes, Yphtach},
title = {{Brevity is the soul of Twitter: The constraint affordance and political discussion}}
}
@article{Weber1994,
author = {Weber, EU},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
title = {{From subjective probabilities to decision weights: The effect of asymmetric loss functions on the evaluation of uncertain outcomes and events.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1994-24229-001},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Rae2009,
author = {Rae, Nicol C},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Dropbox/Mendeley{\_}Files/Rae - 2009 - Florida International University's Political Science and International Relations departments merged in January 2009 to f.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Political Science},
number = {January},
pages = {2003--2006},
title = {{* Florida International University's Political Science and International Relations departments merged in January 2009 to form the Department of Politics and International Relations.}},
year = {2009}
}
@book{free_political_1967,
author = {Free, L A and Cantril, H},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {Rutgers University Press New Brunswick},
shorttitle = {The political beliefs of Americans},
title = {{The political beliefs of Americans: A study of public opinion}},
year = {1967}
}
@article{DeVreese2006,
abstract = {This cross-national study investigates the relationshipbetween media and political knowledge and participation. Drawing on panel surveys and news media content analyses the study links exposure and attention to specific media contents to changes in political knowledge and participation. While the literature on this issue is divided, this study shows that the positive effects of news media exposure outweigh the negative effects and that the effects are conditional upon actual content. Exposure to news outlets with high levels of political content (such as public television news and broadsheet newspapers) contributes the most to knowledge gains and increases the propensity to turn out to vote. Exposure to news outlets with less political content has either no effects or slightly positive effects, depending on the type of content. In other words, the effects of news media use on knowledge and participation are rather ‘virtuous' than ‘vicious'. The results are discussed in the light of research on media effects and political participation},
author = {de Vreese, Claes H and Boomgaarden, Hajo},
doi = {10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500164},
issn = {0001-6810},
journal = {Acta Politica},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,news media effects,political knowledge,political participation,turnout},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {317--341},
title = {{News, Political Knowledge and Participation: The Differential Effects of News Media Exposure on Political Knowledge and Participation}},
url = {http://www.palgrave-journals.com/doifinder/10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500164},
volume = {41},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Bachrach1962,
author = {Bachrach, P and Baratz, M S},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
number = {4},
pages = {947--952},
title = {{Two faces of power}},
volume = {56},
year = {1962}
}
@incollection{Bimber2012,
abstract = {In less than two decades, digital media have become a routine part of private and public life, from the ways that friendships are made and products purchased to the ways that leaders are elected to office. Spanning the intersection of digitally enabled private and public lives is the domain of citizenship, where personal interests and concerns are made public, where political learning occurs, political expression and affiliation play out, and where opportunities for public engagement and collective action are created and remade. These and other aspects of citizenship are undoubtedly in flux at this time in history. Many observers note that citizens in advanced democracies are participating less in ways that are traditionally ‘political' and oriented toward institutions of the state, but are engaging more in ways that are civic and oriented away from institutions (Bennett, 2008; Dalton, 2008; Inglehart, 1997; Zukin et al., 2006).},
address = {London},
author = {Bimber, B},
booktitle = {The Sage Handbook of Political Communication, {\ldots}},
chapter = {9},
editor = {Semetko, Holli A. and Scammell, Margaret},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
title = {{Digital media and citizenship}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=OhpnDgNKQTEC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA115{\&}dq={\%}22post-broadcast+democracy{\%}22+{\%}22knowledge+gap{\%}22{\&}ots=xszhqV0dcB{\&}sig=J6jyS3nbBYAfKSANGL7gkmTHna4},
year = {2012}
}
@article{suedfeld1977war,
author = {Suedfeld, P. and Tetlock, P.E. E and Ramirez, C.},
issn = {0022-0027},
journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
number = {3},
pages = {427},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{War, peace, and integrative complexity}},
volume = {21},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Hessing,
abstract = {We explored the limitations of self-reports as substitutes for observation of deviant behavior. Results of a study conducted in The Netherlands indicated negligible correspondence between respondents' self-reports of tax evasion and officially documented behavior. Nonsignificant correlations were obtained despite the fact that all government claims against the respondents had been settled, unprotested, before this study began and despite the respondents' awareness that the accuracy of their self-reports could be checked against their tax records. In addition, the results suggest that different explanatory variables may be correlated with each type of behavioral measure. In this instance, attitude toward the act (A
act) measures and subjective norm measures exhibited significant correlations with the self-report data but not with officially documented behavior, and measures of more broadly focused personal dispositions predicted actual behavior but not self-reports. Such outcomes suggest that the explanatory power of the theory of reasoned action may not extend to the domain of socially proscribed behaviors where self-presentation concerns are likely to prompt both misrepresentations of past behavior and reports of attitudes and perceived norms consistent with those misrepresentations. },
author = {Hessing, Dick J. and Elffers, Henk and Weigel, Russell H.},
title = {{Exploring the limits of self-reports and reasoned action: An investigation of the psychology of tax evasion behavior.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/54/3/405}
}
@book{Lazarsfeld1944,
address = {New York},
author = {Lazarsfeld, Paul and Berelson, Bernard and Gaudet, Hazel},
publisher = {Columbia University Press},
title = {{The People's Choice}},
year = {1944}
}
@article{Suinn1982,
author = {Suinn, R M and Edwards, R},
isbn = {1097-4679},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {576--580},
title = {{The measurement of mathematics anxiety: The mathematics anxiety rating scale for adolescents-MARS-A}},
volume = {38},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Greene2005,
author = {Greene, S},
journal = {Political Psychology},
title = {{The structure of partisan attitudes: Reexamining partisan dimensionality and ambivalence}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00445.x/full},
year = {2005}
}
@article{rahn_role_1993,
abstract = {Research in social cognition suggests that individuals employ a variety of cognitive strategies when processing information. Some of these strategies may function as cognitive heuristics, or simplifying rules of thumb, under certain information-processing conditions. In this article, I suggest that political party stereotypes can function heuristically for voters when they are confronted with political information-processing tasks. Two different cognitive strategies are outlined, a "theory-driven" and "data-driven" mode, and hypotheses about the use of these two strategies in political candidate evaluation, inference, and perception are developed. These are tested with an experimental design that uses videotapes of political candidates as stimulus material. I find that partisan stereotypes have considerable influence in political information processing, suggesting that the political parties continue to play an important role in voters' decision-making processes.},
author = {Rahn, Wendy M.},
doi = {10.2307/2111381},
isbn = {10.2307/2111381},
issn = {0092-5853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {2},
pages = {472--496},
title = {{The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111381 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111381{\%}5Cnhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2111381.pdf?acceptTC=true},
volume = {37},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Gaziano1997,
abstract = {This report updates a 1983 analysis of fifty-eight knowledge gap studies, adding thirty-nine studies and pointing out innovative ways to improve research in the area. The persistence of knowledge inequalities across topics and research settings has serious consequences. Gaps in public affairs and health knowledge have an especially severe impact on those groups most negatively affected by socioeconomic changes, who also tend to be information poor. Rapid growth of socioeconomic divisions between "haves" and "have-nots" in the last two decades suggests that knowledge gaps deserve increased research attention because they are related and potentially affected phenomena.},
author = {Gaziano, C},
doi = {10.1177/107769909707400202},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {237--264},
title = {{Forecast 2000: Widening Knowledge Gaps}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/74/2/237},
volume = {74},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Kim2009,
abstract = {The present research revisits citizen competence in the changing political and information environment, considering citizens as pluralistic issue publics. Using 2000 and 2004 American National Election Study data, Study 1 explores the conceptual premises of issue publics and the impact of theWeb on domain-specific knowledge and extremity. Study 2 uses a unique data set combining an innovative direct measure of users' Web behavior records with survey responses from those users in the context of the 2004 U.S. general election. The results shed light on issue publics' information acquisition on theWeb. This complementary data set provides a more complete picture of how issue publics develop unique patterns of information acquisition and make voting decisions. The findings indicate that issue publics enhanced their domain-specific knowledge by using information highly selectively. In addition, their selective information use contributed to increases in extremity and issue voting patterns. Implications for the functioning of democracy are discussed.},
author = {Kim, Young Mie},
doi = {10.1177/0093650208330253},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {254--284},
title = {{Issue Publics in the New Information Environment: Selectivity, Domain Specificity, and Extremity}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0093650208330253},
volume = {36},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Davis1997,
author = {Davis, D W},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {183},
title = {{Nonrandom measurement error and race of interviewer effects among African Americans}},
volume = {61},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Petty1979,
abstract = {Abstract 1. Two experiments with 96 undergraduates tested the hypothesis that high issue involvement enhances thinking about the content of a persuasive communication. Exp I varied involvement and the direction of a message (pro-or counterattitudinal). Increasing  ... $\backslash$n},
author = {Petty, Richard E. and Cacioppo, John T.},
doi = {10.1037//0022-3514.37.10.1915},
isbn = {0022-3514},
issn = {00223514},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
keywords = {level of issue involvement, concern with content o},
number = {10},
pages = {1915--1926},
pmid = {10751980},
title = {{Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses}},
volume = {37},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Buckley1968,
author = {Buckley, WF F},
title = {{Modern systems research for the behavioral scientist: A sourcebook}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?q=A+system+analysis+ofpolitical+life{\&}btnG={\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C5{\#}{\%}233},
year = {1968}
}
@article{DeWaal2010,
abstract = {Traditional newspapers have been shown to improve knowledge about politics and other societal issues and to widen the perceived public agenda, but what of their online counterparts and other news sites on the Internet? The consequences of differences in presentation style are addressed. A large survey representative of the Dutch adult population is used to examine how much print newspapers and online news expand the perceived public agenda, both in terms of its extent in general and within politics in particular. Our results show that printed newspapers are more effective than online newspapers in increasing the overall number of perceived topics and the number of political topics, but only if readers are interested and rely on newspapers. Nonpaper news sites, however, seem to widen the overall and the political public agenda even without specific interest and reliance of their users.},
author = {{De Waal}, E and Schoenbach, K},
doi = {10.1177/1461444809341859},
issn = {1461-4448},
journal = {New Media {\&} Society},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {477--496},
title = {{News sites' position in the mediascape: uses, evaluations and media displacement effects over time}},
url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1461444809341859},
volume = {12},
year = {2010}
}
@incollection{Lodge2000,
address = {London},
author = {Lodge, M and Taber, C},
booktitle = {Elements of Reason: Cognition Choice and the Bounds of Rationality},
editor = {Lupia, Arthur and Popkin, Samuel L},
keywords = {asymmetry,broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
pages = {183--213},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
title = {{Three steps toward a theory of motivated political reasoning}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Fraile2014,
abstract = {Across a sample of twenty-seven European nations, we examine variation in the level of factual political knowledge in relation to self-reported exposure to news programs aired by public or commercial channels, and to broadsheet or tabloid newspapers. Unlike previous studies, we estimate the effects of exposure to these news outlets while controlling for self-selection into the audience. Our results show that the positive effects of exposure to broadsheets and public broadcasting on knowledge remain robust. Finally, we show that only exposure to broadsheets (and not to public broadcasting) narrows the knowledge gap within nations; relatively apathetic individuals who read broadsheet newspapers are able to "catch up" with their more attentive counterparts.},
author = {Fraile, M and Iyengar, S},
issn = {1940-1612},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television},
month = {apr},
number = {3},
pages = {275--294},
title = {{Not All News Sources Are Equally Informative: A Cross-National Analysis of Political Knowledge in Europe}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/19/3/275},
volume = {19},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Jacobs1995,
abstract = {This article traces the institutional development of presidential polling of public opinion. We suggest that Kennedy, Johnson, and especially Nixon developed the institution of the presidency to include a "public opinion apparatus"–an operation that was centralized in the White House and devoted to assembling public opinion data and conducting extensive public relations activities. According to interviews with former officials and archival records, this apparatus had its roots in Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign, but during the Johnson and Nixon presidencies it developed into a regular and enduring institution for connecting presidential activity with public opinion.},
author = {Jacobs, Lawrence R and Shapiro, Robert Y},
doi = {10.1086/269468},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {163},
title = {{The Rise of Presidential Polling: The Nixon White House in Historical Perspective}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/59/2/163},
volume = {59},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Gaziano1983,
abstract = {The purpose of this article is to examine research evidence on knowledge gaps and to ask how strong this evidence is, particularly when amount of mass media publicity is taken into account. Many varying characteristics of 58 studies with relevant data are analyzed. Theoretical and methodological differences among the studies are pointed out, and some conclusions drawn about media effects on knowledge disparities and conditions under which knowledge gaps may or may not occur. Some reasons for conflicting results in the literature are explained, and suggestions are made for future research on knowledge differentials.},
author = {Gaziano, C},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {447--486},
title = {{The Knowledge Gap: An Analytical Review of Media Effects}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/10/4/447},
volume = {10},
year = {1983}
}
@unpublished{Larcinese2012,
address = {London},
author = {Larcinese, V and Miner, L},
institution = {London School of Economics},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
title = {{The Political Impact of the Internet on US Presidential Elections}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?q=larcinese+miner{\&}btnG={\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0{\%}2C5{\#}0},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Aronson1980,
author = {Aronson, E and Osherow, N},
isbn = {0196-4151},
journal = {Applied social psychology annual},
title = {{Cooperation, prosocial behavior, and academic performance: Experiments in the desegregated classroom.}},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Dilliplane2013,
author = {Dilliplane, Susanna and Goldman, Seth K. and Mutz, Diana C.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00600.x},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,veni},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,veni},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {236--248},
title = {{Televised Exposure to Politics: New Measures for a Fragmented Media Environment}},
volume = {57},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Castells2011,
abstract = {In this second volume of The Information Age trilogy, with an extensive new preface following the recent global economic crisis, Manuel Castells deals with the social, political, and cultural dynamics associated with the technological transformation of our societies and with the globalization of the economy.Extensive new preface examines how dramatic recent events have transformed the socio-political landscape of our worldApplies Castells' hypotheses to contemporary issues such as Al Qaeda and global terrorist networks, American unilateralism and the crisis of political legitimacy throughout the worldA brilliant account of social, cultural, and political conflict and struggle all over the worldAnalyzes the importance of cultural, religious, and national identity as sources of meaning for people, and its implications for social movementThrows new light on the dynamics of global and local change},
author = {Castells, Manuel},
isbn = {1444356291},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
pages = {584},
publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons},
title = {{The Power of Identity: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, Volume 2 (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=l9asXV40MegC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Rains2007,
abstract = {This manuscript reports 2 experiments that were conducted to test and extend the work of J. P. Dillard and L. Shen (2005) examining the cognitive and affective processes involved in psychological reactance. In particular, the studies reported here (a) exam- ined the best-fitting model of reactance processes and (b) tested 3 factors that may affect reactance including argument quality, severity of the consequences associated with the message topic, and magnitude of the request made in the message. The results showed that the intertwined cognitive–affective model was the best-fitting model of reactance processes. Magnitude of the request was the only variable that affected reac- tance. The implications of these findings for research on reactance and persuasive health campaigns are discussed.},
author = {Rains, Stephen A. and Turner, Monique Mitchell},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00298.x},
isbn = {1468-2958},
issn = {03603989},
journal = {Human Communication Research},
number = {2},
pages = {241--269},
title = {{Psychological reactance and persuasive health communication: A test and extension of the intertwined model}},
volume = {33},
year = {2007}
}
@article{knobloch2010please,
author = {Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia and Hastall, Matthias R},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {3},
pages = {515--535},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Please Your Self: Social Identity Effects on Selective Exposure to News About In-and Out-Groups}},
volume = {60},
year = {2010}
}
@article{SmithSegerMackie2007,
author = {Smith, Eliot R and Seger, Charles and Mackie, Diane},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {431--446},
title = {{Can Emotions Be Truly Group Level? Evidence Regarding Four Conceptual Criteria}},
volume = {93},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Knowles1997,
author = {Knowles, Eric S and Nathan, Kobi T},
journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
number = {2},
pages = {293--301},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Acquiescent responding in self-reports: Cognitive style or social concern?}},
volume = {31},
year = {1997}
}
@book{Seymour-Ure2008,
author = {Seymour-Ure, C},
title = {{Prime ministers and the media: issues of power and control}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=ddEN535IWiMC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR5{\&}dq=Seymour-Ure{\&}ots=REiN1-QpRe{\&}sig=dDVEX7F14VnMBDWqpcwPIp-sEtE},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Johnston2015,
abstract = {A wealth of theoretical and empirical work suggests that conservative$\backslash$norientations in the mass public are meaningfully associated with$\backslash$npersonality dispositions related to needs for certainty and security.$\backslash$nRecent empirical research, however, suggests that (1) associations$\backslash$nbetween these needs and economic conservatism are substantially weaker$\backslash$nthan associations with conservative identifications and social$\backslash$nconservatism, and (2) political sophistication plays an important role$\backslash$nin moderating the translation of needs into political preferences within$\backslash$nthe economic domain. The present article extends this work by offering a$\backslash$ntheoretical model of the heterogeneous translation of personality$\backslash$ndispositions into political preferences across issues and issue domains.$\backslash$nWe argue that these needs structure preferences directly for highly$\backslash$nsymbolic issues like those in the social domain, but they structure$\backslash$npreferences indirectly through partisanship for difficult issues like$\backslash$nthose in the economic domain. We test this theory utilizing a national$\backslash$nsurvey experiment in the United States and explore its broader$\backslash$nimplications for both the literature on the psychological determinants$\backslash$nof political ideology and for debates over the culture war in the United$\backslash$nStates.},
author = {Johnston, Christopher D. and Wronski, Julie},
doi = {10.1111/pops.12068},
issn = {14679221},
journal = {Political Psychology},
keywords = {Ideology,Motivation,Personality,Persuasion,Political attitudes},
number = {1},
pages = {35--53},
title = {{Personality dispositions and political preferences across hard and easy issues}},
volume = {36},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Mendelberg2008,
author = {Mendelberg, T},
isbn = {1537-5927},
journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
number = {01},
pages = {109--123},
title = {{Racial priming revived}},
volume = {6},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Boysen2006,
abstract = {This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in which individuals complete an implicit measure of bias alters their responses and (b) whether the hypothesized effect of the assessment situation on implicitly assessed bias reflects socially desirable responding. Participants in Experiment 1 (N = 151) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in either a public or a private assessment situation. Consistent with studies of explicitly assessed attitudes, implicitly assessed bias toward homosexuality was significantly lower when assessed in a public versus a private assessment situation. Participants in Experiment 2 (N = 102) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in a public assessment situation under a bogus pipeline or no-bogus pipeline condition. Results indicated that participants' implicitly assessed bias did not significantly differ across these conditions. The authors discuss these findings in terms of possible automatic processes affecting the malleability of implicitly assessed attitudes.},
author = {Boysen, Guy A and Vogel, David L and Madon, Stephanie},
doi = {10.1002/ejsp.318},
issn = {00462772},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
number = {6},
pages = {845--856},
title = {{A public versus private administration of the implicit association test}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ejsp.318},
volume = {36},
year = {2006}
}
@book{Carmines1989,
abstract = {"This is one of the most important books in political science to have been published in the post-World War II era. It is a book indispensable for anyone who wishes to understand contemporary American politics and public opinion".–Bernard Grofman, International Journal of Public Opinion Research"A major contribution to the study of realignment and political change. [This book] will be as important as the works of Sundquist, Clubb, and even Key".–Gerald M. Pomper, Rutgers University},
author = {Carmines, Edward G and Stimson, James A},
isbn = {069102331X},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {217},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{Issue Evolution: The Race and the Transformation of American Politics}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=onLnpf5TqeUC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Kenski2006,
abstract = {Using data from the 2000 National Annenberg Election Survey, this study looks at the relationships between Internet access and online exposure to information about the presidential campaign and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Results show that Internet access and online exposure to information about the presidential campaign are significantly associated with these important political variables. Several of the associations between Internet access and exposure with political efficacy, knowledge, and participation are detectable even when taking sociodemographic variables, party identification, partisan strength, political interest, and other media exposures variables into account. Although statistically significant, these associations are quite small.
Using data from the 2000 National Annenberg Election Survey, this study looks at the relationships between Internet access and online exposure to information about the presidential campaign and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Results show that Internet access and online exposure to information about the presidential campaign are significantly associated with these important political variables. Several of the associations between Internet access and exposure with political efficacy, knowledge, and participation are detectable even when taking sociodemographic variables, party identification, partisan strength, political interest, and other media exposures variables into account. Although statistically significant, these associations are quite small.},
author = {Kenski, Kate and Stroud, Natalie Jomini},
doi = {10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1},
issn = {0883-8151},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {173--192},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Connections Between Internet Use and Political Efficacy, Knowledge, and Participation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5002{\_}1},
volume = {50},
year = {2006}
}
@book{Vavreck2009,
abstract = {The economy is so powerful in determining the results of U.S. presidential elections that political scientists can predict winners and losers with amazing accuracy long before the campaigns start. But if it is true that "it's the economy, stupid," why do incumbents in good economies sometimes lose? The reason, Lynn Vavreck argues, is that what matters is not just the state of the economy but how candidates react to it. Candidates favored by the economy must make the election about the economy; while those for whom the economy is a negative must make the election about something else. By demonstrating more precisely than ever before how candidates and their campaigns affect the economic vote, The Message Matters provides a powerful new way of understanding past elections–and predicting future ones. Vavreck examines the last sixty years of presidential elections and offers a new theory of campaigns that explains why electoral victory requires more than simply being the candidate favored by prevailing economic conditions. Using data from presidential elections since 1952, she reveals why, when, and how campaign messages make a difference–and when they can outweigh economic predictors of election outcomes.The Message Matters does more than show why candidates favored by the economy must build their campaigns around economic messages. Vavreck's theory also explains why candidates disadvantaged by the economy must try to focus their elections on noneconomic issues that meet exacting criteria–and why this is so hard to do.},
author = {Vavreck, Lynn},
isbn = {0691139636},
pages = {205},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{The Message Matters: The Economy and Presidential Campaigns (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=wmCze2iInXQC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Murphy1977,
author = {Murphy, A H and Winkler, R L},
journal = {Applied Statistics},
keywords = {questionnaire design,response scales,subjective probabilities,survey methods},
number = {1},
pages = {41--47},
title = {{Reliability of subjective probability forecasts of precipitation and temperature}},
volume = {26},
year = {1977}
}
@unpublished{Lelkes2014,
abstract = {Recent work has explored how individual and institutional factors affect the gap in perceptions of political legitimacy between electoral winners and electoral losers, but has ignored the role that the political information environment, in general, and partisan media, in particular, plays in exacerbating or diminishing this gap. By combining individual-level public opinion data in 28 countries, an expert survey on media systems, and a variety of country-level indicators, I find that higher levels of partisan media in a country is associated with a larger winner-loser gap in institutional trust and satisfaction with democracy. The effect of partisan media, in the case of newspapers, is contingent on whether or not people are actually exposed to said media. This research, which links the study of political communication with the study of comparative political behavior, indicates that the increasing availability of partisan news around the world is a cause for concern.},
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach},
keywords = {partisan news,political behavior,political parallelism,political trust},
month = {oct},
title = {{Winners, Losers, and Partisan News: The Effects of Political Parallelism on the Legitimacy Gap}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2509738},
year = {2014}
}
@article{McClendon1991,
abstract = {Split-ballot experiments for three sets of items measuring attitudes towards lawyers, anomia, and self-esteem were included in a telephone survey to test for both acquiescence and response-order effects. The experimental design also investigated whether these response effects would be reduced by giving respondents an explicit opportunity to say "don't know" (a filtered question form). Extensive evidence for both acquiescence and recency response-order effects was found. These response effects also often occurred for the same item. Thus the use of a forced-choice form to avoid acquiescence to agree-disagree items may often substitute one type of response effect (recency order effects) for another (agreeing-response bias). Furthermore, there was very little evidence that the use of a filtered-question form would reduce these response effects. In addition to these practical conclusions, the patterns of these response effects across the three different types of attitudes, as well as their relationships to education and income, have important theoretical implications. Lack of item-specific expertise, for example, may be a more important cause of acquiescence and recency effects than low cognitive sophistication.},
annote = {Forced-choice forms can lead to acquiescence over recency order effects; lack of domain knowledge can be more important than cognitive ability},
author = {McClendon, M J},
doi = {10.1177/0049124191020001003},
issn = {0049-1241},
journal = {Sociological Methods $\backslash$ Research},
month = {aug},
number = {1},
pages = {60--103},
title = {{Acquiescence and Recency Response-Order Effects in Interview Surveys}},
url = {http://smr.sagepub.com/content/20/1/60.short},
volume = {20},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Greene1999,
author = {Greene, Steven},
doi = {10.1111/0162-895X.00150},
issn = {0162-895X},
journal = {Political Psychology},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {393--403},
title = {{Understanding Party Identification: A Social Identity Approach}},
url = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/0162-895X.00150},
volume = {20},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Biezen2014,
author = {van Biezen, Ingrid and Poguntke, Thomas and van Biezen, Ingrid and Poguntke, Thomas},
journal = {Party Politics},
number = {2},
pages = {205--216},
publisher = {Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England},
title = {{The decline of membership-based politics}},
volume = {20},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Kim2008a,
abstract = {Analyzing data from a survey of South Korean respondents, this study explores the role of news media in informing the audience about politics. In particular, it is examined whether different forms of news media function to increase the gap in political knowledge between socioeconomic classes. Consistent with findings in the United States, newspaper reading was positively related to political learning. Use of political web sites also indicated a small learning effect. Data supported the knowledge gap hypothesis. There was a considerable gap in political knowledge between highly educated and less-educated respondents. More importantly, the gap was even greater among heavy newspaper readers and among political Web users. These findings indicate that newspapers and the Internet may function to increase the gap between social classes},
author = {Kim, Sei-Hill},
journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
number = {2},
pages = {193--210},
title = {{Testing The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis In South Korea : Traditional News Media , The Internet , And Political Learning}},
volume = {20},
year = {2008}
}
@article{mcdermott1997voting,
author = {McDermott, M.L.},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
pages = {270--283},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Voting cues in low-information elections: Candidate gender as a social information variable in contemporary United States elections}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2111716},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Jones2004,
author = {Jones, David a.},
doi = {10.1177/1081180X04263461},
issn = {1081180X},
journal = {The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {60--75},
title = {{Why Americans Don't Trust the Media: A Preliminary Analysis}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1081180X04263461},
volume = {9},
year = {2004}
}
@article{mcgee1962relationship,
author = {McGee, Richard K},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {229},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{The relationship between response style and personality variables: I. The measurements of response acquiescence.}},
volume = {64},
year = {1962}
}
@article{Warner1965,
author = {Warner, Stanley L.},
doi = {10.2307/2283137},
issn = {01621459},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
month = {mar},
number = {309},
pages = {63},
publisher = {American Statistical Association},
title = {{Randomized Response: A Survey Technique for Eliminating Evasive Answer Bias}},
url = {http://www.mendeley.com/research/randomized-response-survey-technique-eliminating-evasive-answer-bias/},
volume = {60},
year = {1965}
}
@book{barber1983logic,
author = {Barber, Bernard},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
publisher = {Rutgers University Press New Brunswick, NJ},
title = {{The logic and limits of trust}},
year = {1983}
}
@article{Davis2009a,
abstract = {Interviewer effects can have a substantial impact on survey data and may be particularly operant in public health surveys, where respondents are likely to be queried about racial attitudes, sensitive behaviors and other topics prone to socially desirable responding. This paper defines interviewer effects, argues for the importance of measuring and controlling for interviewer effects in health surveys, provides advice about how to interpret research on interviewer effects and summarizes research to date on race, ethnicity and gender effects. Interviewer effects appear to be most likely to occur when survey items query attitudes about sociodemographic characteristics or respondents' engagement in sensitive behaviors such as substance use. However, there is surprisingly little evidence to indicate whether sociodemographic interviewer–respondent matching improves survey response rates or data validity, and the use of a matched design introduces possible measurement bias across studies. Additional research is needed to elucidate many issues, including the influence of interviewers' sociodemographic characteristics on health-related topics, the role of within-group interviewer variability on survey data and the simultaneous impact of multiple interviewer characteristics. The findings of such research would provide much-needed guidance to public health professionals on whether or not to match interviewers and respondents on key sociodemographic characteristics.},
author = {Davis, R E and Couper, M P and Janz, N K and Caldwell, C H and Resnicow, K},
isbn = {0268-1153},
journal = {Health education research},
month = {jan},
title = {{Interviewer effects in public health surveys}},
url = {http://her.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2009/09/17/her.cyp046.abstract},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Gaziano2014,
abstract = {Knowledge gap research focuses on education as an indicator of socioeconomic status (SES). Belief gap research centers on ideology as potentially more powerful than education in comparing sociopolitical groups with scientifically established knowledge and groups with opposing beliefs accepted on faith. This study examined the relationship between education and ideology to understand belief gaps better. The study used 2008 American National Election Study (ANES) data to compare conservatives, moderates, and liberals by education on religiosity, child rearing values, opinionation, need for cognition, orientation toward politics, and mass media access and use. Although liberals tended to be more educated than conservatives overall, better-educated conservatives had the highest household incomes and were a much larger group. No known knowledge gap studies have reported results on one group characterized by high education and an opposing group distinguished by a different indicator of SES. Reformulations of the belief gap hypothesis are offered.},
author = {Gaziano, C},
issn = {2158-2440},
journal = {SAGE Open},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {2158244013518052----},
title = {{Components of the Belief Gap: Ideology and Education}},
url = {http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/4/1/2158244013518052},
volume = {4},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Noel1995,
abstract = {Peripheral membership status in a desirable ingroup was predicted to elevate outgroup derogation when Ss believed other ingroup members might learn of their responses. Less negativity toward outgroups was expected when peripheral members' responses were to remain private. Core ingroup members, in contrast, were not expected to show public-private differences in derogation of outgroups. The results of 2 experiments supported these predictions, with peripheral but not core ingroup members advocating the most coercion for the outgroup under public conditions in both laboratory-created ingroups (Experiment 1) and naturally occurring groups that had meaning for the participants (Experiment 2). Thus, outgroup derogation can serve a public presentation function that allows for enhancement of an insecure status within a desirable ingroup.},
author = {Noel, J.G. and Wann, D.L. and Branscombe, N.R.},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.127},
isbn = {0022-3514},
issn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
pages = {127--137},
pmid = {7861310},
title = {{Peripheral ingroup membership status and public negativity toward outgroups}},
volume = {68},
year = {1995}
}
@article{messing2011online,
author = {Messing, S and Westwood, S J and Lelkes, Y},
title = {{Online media effects: Social, not political, reinforcement}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Cohen1976,
author = {Cohen, A A},
isbn = {1460-2466},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {2},
pages = {29--35},
title = {{Radio vs. TV: The effect of the medium}},
volume = {26},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Bradburn1978,
abstract = {Perceived normative threat influences responses to questions in surveys. Respondents who report that questions about an activity would make most people very uneasy are less likely to report ever engaging in that activity than are persons who report less uneasiness. If respondents do not admit to participating in an activity, perceived threat appears to have acted as a gatekeeper to prevent further questions. Since perceived threat is associated with underreporting, some simple adjustment methods may be used to improve behavioral estimates.},
author = {Bradburn, Norman M and Sudman, Seymour and Blair, Ed and Stocking, Carol},
doi = {10.1086/268444},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {221},
title = {{Question Threat and Response Bias}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/2/221},
volume = {42},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Mutz1992b,
author = {Mutz, Diana C.},
doi = {10.1007/BF00992237},
issn = {0190-9320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {89--122},
title = {{Impersonal influence: Effects of representations of public opinion on political attitudes}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00992237},
volume = {14},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Wei2011,
abstract = {As the Internet has become increasingly widespread in the world, some researchers suggested a conceptual shift of the digital divide from material access to actual use. Although this shift has been incorporated into the more broad social inclusion agenda, the social consequences of the digital divide have not yet received adequate attention. Recognizing that political knowledge is a critical social resource associated with power and inclusion, this study empirically examines the relationship between the digital divide and the knowledge gap. Based on the 2008–2009 American National Election Studies panel data, this research found that, supporting the shift of the academic agenda, socioeconomic status is more closely associated with the informational use of the Internet than with access to the Internet. In addition, socioeconomic status is more strongly related to the informational use of the Internet than with that of the traditional media, particularly newspapers and television. More importantly, the differential use of the Internet is associated with a greater knowledge gap than that of the traditional media. These findings suggest that the digital divide, which can be better defined as inequalities in the meaningful use of information and communication technologies, matters more than its traditional counterpart.},
author = {Wei, Lu and Hindman, Douglas Blanks},
doi = {10.1080/15205431003642707},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {216--235},
title = {{Does the Digital Divide Matter More? Comparing the Effects of New Media and Old Media Use on the Education-Based Knowledge Gap}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205431003642707},
volume = {14},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Diamond2012,
annote = {doi: 10.1162/REST{\_}a{\_}00318},
author = {Diamond, Alexis and Sekhon, Jasjeet S},
doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00318},
issn = {0034-6535},
journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
month = {oct},
number = {3},
pages = {932--945},
publisher = {MIT Press},
title = {{Genetic Matching for Estimating Causal Effects: A General Multivariate Matching Method for Achieving Balance in Observational Studies}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/REST{\_}a{\_}00318},
volume = {95},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Ure1968,
author = {Ure, CS S},
title = {{Press, Politics and the Public}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?hl=en{\&}q=Seymour-Ure{\&}btnG={\&}as{\_}sdt=1{\%}2C5{\&}as{\_}sdtp={\#}{\%}232},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Verkuyten2002,
abstract = {In an experimental questionnaire study among Chinese participants living in the Netherlands, it was found that self-descriptions, acculturation attitudes and ingroup evaluation were affected by the comparative group context. Following self-categorization theory, different predictions were tested and supported. Self-ratings on trait adjectives systematically differed between an intragroup (Chinese) and an intergroup (Chinese versus Dutch) context. Furthermore, ethnic self-categorization turned out to be related to self-descriptions in the intragroup context, whereas ethnic self-esteem showed an effect on self-descriptions in the intergroup context. Acculturation attitudes and ingroup favouritism were also affected by the comparative context. In the intergroup context, participants were more strongly in favour of heritage culture maintenance and reported higher ingroup favouritism than in the intragroup context. It is concluded that studies on ethnic minorities should consider the important and often neglected intragroup processes and comparisons in addition to the familiar minority{\&}{\#}x2013;majority group comparisons. Copyright {\&}{\#}169; 2002 John Wiley {\&} Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of European Journal of Social Psychology is the property of John Wiley {\&} Sons Ltd. 1996 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)},
author = {Verkuyten, Maykel and {De Wolf}, Angela},
doi = {10.1002/ejsp.121},
isbn = {00462772},
issn = {00462772},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {6},
pages = {781--800},
pmid = {14413},
title = {{Ethnic minority identity and group context: Self-descriptions, acculturation attitudes and group evaluations in an intra- and intergroup situation}},
volume = {32},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Burns2000,
abstract = {An infamous yet fictional American once said that in the United States we are all free to live in our own separate sections. Archie Bunker, the mouthpiece for this observation, expressed prejudicial attitudes not only toward blacks, but out-groups in general. If the popular television series, All in the Family, had lasted, the character Carroll O'Connor made famous would today be leveling his caustic aim at immigrant groups and calling for Pat Buchanan's great wall. Many supporters of immigration restriction could indeed be characterized as Archie Bunker types. But more respectable restrictionists never argue for reducing immigration on blatantly racist or nativist grounds.From the content of elite discourse and from the rich academic debate on the costs and benefits of immigration, observers would likely conclude that the main rationale for restricting immigration was an economic one. But what lies at the bottom of mass attitudes toward immigrants and immigration? In thisarticle, we use public opinion data to investigate the extent to which economic circumstances and prejudicial stereotypes serve as explanations for attitudes in a highly controversial policy domain.},
author = {Burns, Peter and Gimpel, James G},
doi = {10.2307/2657900},
isbn = {0032-3195},
issn = {0032-3195},
journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {201--225},
title = {{Economic Insecurity, Prejudicial Stereotypes, and Public Opinion on Immigration Policy}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/stable/pdfplus/2657900.pdf?acceptTC=true},
volume = {115},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Lijphart1989,
abstract = {The two dimensions of the majoritarian-consensus typology are based on (1) characteristics of the party system, electroal system and government coalitions, and (2) federal vs. unitary traits. Consensus democracy and the earlier concept of consociational democracy overlap considerably, but they differ in the degree to which they focus on formal institutions vs. informal practices. Moreover, consociationalism is the more suitable prescription for very deeply divided societies. With only a few minor doubts, the 22 cases of long-term democracy fit the majoritarian-consensus typology well. There are three causal explanations for the placement of the cases in the typology: the degree to which the countries are plural societies, population size and the influence of the Westminster model. Contrary to the conventional view, the evidence further shows that majoritarian democracy cannot be regarded as superior to consensus democracy in terms of their respective consequences for democratic stability and quality.},
author = {Lijphart, A.},
doi = {10.1177/0951692889001001003},
issn = {0951-6298},
journal = {Journal of Theoretical Politics},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {33--48},
title = {{Democratic Political Systems: Types, Cases, Causes, and Consequences}},
url = {http://jtp.sagepub.com/content/1/1/33.short},
volume = {1},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Wei2012,
abstract = {This study explores the multimodality of Internet use as a critical indicator of digital inequalities. Rather than relying on traditional measures of user/nonuser and information/entertainment uses, this study focuses on a broad scope of online activities and investigates them collectively. Results show that the more modes of Internet activities people are engaged in, the more advanced uses they will add to their online behaviors. Female, older, poorer, and less educated only use the Internet for very limited basic applications, which are associated with fewer political communication and participation.While previous research concludes that the type of Internet activities matters, this study suggests that it is the number of types that matters in examining potential inequalities and their social consequences.},
author = {Wei, Lu},
issn = {10836101},
journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {apr},
number = {3},
pages = {303--318},
title = {{Number Matters: The Multimodality of Internet Use as an Indicator of the Digital Inequalities}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01578.x},
volume = {17},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Citrin2008,
author = {Citrin, Jack and Sides, John},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00716.x},
issn = {0032-3217},
journal = {Political Studies},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {33--56},
title = {{Immigration and the Imagined Community in Europe and the United States}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00716.x},
volume = {56},
year = {2008}
}
@misc{Pfister2013,
author = {Pfister, Roland and Schwarz, Katharina A and Janczyk, Markus and Dale, Rick and Freeman, Jon},
booktitle = {Frontiers in Psychology      },
isbn = {1664-1078},
title = {{Good things peak in pairs: A note on the Bimodality Coefficient    }},
url = {http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/FullText.aspx?s=956{\&}name=quantitative{\_}psychology{\_}and{\_}measurement{\&}ART{\_}DOI=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00700},
volume = {4      },
year = {2013}
}
@book{Brown1987,
address = {New York},
annote = {Social norm to be agreeable (cited in pasek and krosnick)},
author = {Brown, Penelope and Levinson, Stephen C},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage}},
year = {1987}
}
@incollection{Marx2007,
author = {Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich},
booktitle = {Classical Sociological Theory},
chapter = {5},
editor = {Calhoun, Craig and Gerteis, Joseph and Moody, James and Pfaff, Steven and Virk, Indermohan},
publisher = {Blackwell Publishers 2007},
title = {{The German Ideology [1845]}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Jackson1957,
author = {Jackson, Douglas N and Messick, Samuel J},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {132},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{A note on" ethnocentrism" and acquiescent response sets.}},
volume = {54},
year = {1957}
}
@article{Couch1960,
annote = {Evidence relating personality traits to yeasaying},
author = {Couch, Arthur and Keniston, Kenneth},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {151},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Yeasayers and naysayers: Agreeing response set as a personality variable.}},
volume = {60},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Prior2010,
author = {Prior, Markus},
doi = {10.1017/S0022381610000149},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
number = {3},
pages = {747--766},
title = {{Political Interest over the Life Cycle}},
volume = {72},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Gelman2009a,
abstract = {On the night of the 2000 presidential election, Americans watched on television as polling results divided the nation's map into red and blue states. Since then the color divide has become symbolic of a culture war that thrives on stereotypes--pickup-driving red-state Republicans who vote based on God, guns, and gays; and elitist blue-state Democrats woefully out of touch with heartland values. With wit and prodigious number crunching, Andrew Gelman debunks these and other political myths. This expanded edition includes new data and easy-to-read graphics explaining the 2008 election. Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State is a must-read for anyone seeking to make sense of today's fractured political landscape.},
author = {Gelman, Andrew},
isbn = {0691143935},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {272},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{Red State, Blue State, Rich State, Poor State: Why Americans Vote the Way They Do}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=jbingNQfdLgC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Hindman2008,
address = {Princeton},
author = {Hindman, M},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{The Myth of Digital Democracy}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Paul1970,
author = {Paul, Kegan},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/What{\_}Is{\_}This{\_}Thing{\_}Called{\_}Science{\_}{\_}----{\_}(CHAPTER{\_}6{\_}Sophisticated{\_}falsificationism,{\_}novel{\_}predictions{\_}and{\_}the{\_}gr...).pdf:pdf},
journal = {Science},
title = {{Sophisticated Falsificationism , Novel Predictions and the Growth of Science}},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Jacobson2004,
author = {Jacobson, Gary C},
journal = {State Politics and Policy Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {113--139},
title = {{Partisan and Ideological Polarization in the California Electorate}},
volume = {4},
year = {2004}
}
@book{Gerring2008a,
abstract = {John Gerring's exceptional textbook has been thoroughly revised in this second edition. It offers a one-volume introduction to social science methodology relevant to the disciplines of anthropology, economics, history, political science, psychology, and sociology. This new edition has been extensively developed with the introduction of new material and a thorough treatment of essential elements such as conceptua- lization, measurement, causality, and research design. It is written for students, long- time practitioners, and methodologists, and covers both qualitative and quantitative methods. It synthesizes the vast and diverse field of methodology in a way that is clear, concise, and comprehensive. While offering a handy overview of the subject, the book is also an argument about how we should conceptualize methodological problems. Thinking about methodology through this lens provides a new framework for under- standing work in the social sciences. John},
author = {Gerring, John},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139022224},
isbn = {9781139022224},
pages = {1--485},
title = {{Social Science Methodology Strategies for Social Inquiry}},
volume = {i},
year = {2008}
}
@incollection{Oxley2012,
abstract = {In fall 1993, early in President Bill Clinton's tenure, he proposed a major overhaul of the nation's health care system. Debate over this proposal received sustained attention from media organizations throughout 1994 until congressional leaders announced that the reforms did not have enough support to pass. Fast-forward 15 years and a similarly high level of attention was placed on President Barack Obama's attempt to reform the health care system. Again, a rancorous political debate broke out, and intense media attention and scrutiny followed. These two health care policy debates occurred in considerably different media environments. To keep on top of political developments in 1993, most Americans relied on ABC, CBS, or NBC evening news broadcasts, daily newspapers, or both. Some consulted cable television channels, radio, and newsmagazines for political news, although these media audiences were considerably smaller than for network television and newspapers. An important development in radio had been the resurgence of political radio, or talk radio. Rush Limbaugh, a conservative who had frequently criticized Clinton's health care reform proposals, hosted one of the most popular talk radio shows in the nation.},
address = {New York},
author = {Oxley, Z M},
booktitle = {IPolitics: Citizens, Elections, and Governing in the New Media Era},
chapter = {1},
editor = {Fox, Richard L and Ramos, Jennifer M},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
pages = {25--47},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{More Sources, Better Informed Public? New Media and Political Knowledge}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=1eIgAwAAQBAJ{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA25{\&}dq={\%}22post-broadcast+democracy{\%}22+{\%}22knowledge+gap{\%}22{\&}ots=iAuxNIx577{\&}sig=w-DOmZT4asOyasqE06w7cpM9GMo},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Webster2012a,
author = {Webster, James G. and Ksiazek, Thomas B.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {Knowledge gap,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {39--56},
title = {{The Dynamics of Audience Fragmentation: Public Attention in an Age of Digital Media}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x},
volume = {62},
year = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{Kelly2012,
abstract = {Evidence points to partisan segmentation in the contemporary news market, but the mechanism causing consumers to sort along party lines is unclear. This study develops a framework for news choice based on perceived credibility and reports results from a nationally representative survey experiment identifying the effect of message content on perceptions of news bias and source credibility. I find support for a congenial media effect, where information consistent with existing beliefs is seen as more credible and less biased. I contend that political segregation of news audiences can be best understood as the product of distorted perceptions about news outlets' political biases, individual's desire for credible information, and the conflating of credibility with objectivity.},
author = {Kelly, D},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
publisher = {APSA 2012},
title = {{Unbiased and Credible: Motivating Partisan News Choice}},
url = {http://www.tessexperiments.org/data/Kelly-Bias{\&}Cred{\_}APSA{\_}2012.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Holbert2012,
author = {Holbert, R Lance and Hmielowski, Jay D and Weeks, Brian E},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {2},
pages = {194--216},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{Clarifying Relationships Between Ideology and Ideologically Oriented Cable TV News Use A Case of Suppression}},
volume = {39},
year = {2012}
}
@article{armstrong1975use,
author = {Armstrong, J Scott and {Denniston Jr}, William B and Gordon, Matt M},
journal = {Organizational behavior and human performance},
number = {2},
pages = {257--263},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{The use of the decomposition principle in making judgments}},
volume = {14},
year = {1975}
}
@incollection{Gaziano1999,
abstract = {Since 1970, the knowledge gap hypothesis has stimulated considerable research and debate about the existence and nature of socially structured public affairs knowledge. During this time, several views of gap phenomena have been developed in opposition to the original hypothesis and have opened up debates regarding the validity and comparability of empirical results. Unfortunately, alternative proposals and the discussions they have engendered have tended to be relatively unself-conscious regarding sometimes profound differences in conceptualizing gap phenomena, and they therefore often rely on brute empiricism or illegitimate comparisons to settle strictly theoretical arguments. As a partial corrective to this problem, this chapter (1) proposes a single framework in the form of a fourfold typology of perspectives intended as an aid to greater analytic precision and improved theory development; (2) argues that cultural differences have something to do with knowledge gaps; and (3) explores the important themes of social control and social change. The authors propose a new twist on the hypothesis—one that focuses on gaps in the social construction of knowledge.},
address = {Ames},
author = {Gaziano, E and Gaziano, C},
booktitle = {Mass Media, Social Control, and Social Change: A Macrosocial Perspective},
editor = {Demers, David and Viswanath, K},
pages = {117--136},
publisher = {Iowa State University Press},
title = {{Social control, social change, and the knowledge gap hypothesis}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?q=Social+Control,+Social+Change+and+the+Knowledge+Gap+Hypothesis{\&}btnG={\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}0},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Cheah2009,
author = {Cheah, B C},
title = {{Clustering Standard Errors or Modeling Multilevel Data?}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Rokeach1979,
author = {Rokeach, M},
journal = {British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology},
title = {{The two‐value model of political ideology and British politics}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1979.tb00321.x/abstract},
year = {1979}
}
@article{mutz_is_2008,
author = {Mutz, D C},
journal = {Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci.},
pages = {521--538},
title = {{Is deliberative democracy a falsifiable theory?}},
volume = {11},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Evans2007,
abstract = {“Engaging and well-written research methods textbooks such as this one are a plus for students and instructors. Evans' text is a welcome addition to what is currently available. It is one of the more impressive research methods texts I have reviewed over the years.”-Jennifer Myers, University of MichiganWritten in a clear compelling manner, Methods in Psychological Research is THE only text that takes readers through the research process from reading the literature to writing up a research report.It is pedagogically driven, interactive, and highly applied to engage and motivate students who are taking what is often considered to be a “drudge” requirement. Authors Annabel Ness Evans and Bryan J. Rooney present this brief and basic introduction to research methods in psychology in a relaxed style, at a moderate level of detail, and with a rich mix of pedagogy to encourage students from a variety of backgrounds and academic preparation and to help connect students to the material. The authors offer an applied approach, emphasizing doing research with simple in-text exercises that are more interactive than those found in most methods textbooks.They also provide examples of real psychology research, both from the research literature and, uniquely, from student research projects. This friendly and supportive presentation of the basics conveys to students the excitement and fun of the research enterprise and involves them in doing research rather than just memorizing another term for an exam.Key FeaturesContains unique “FAQ” sections. In class, students perpetually have problems with certain fundamental concepts. A question-and-answer section at the end of each chapter anticipates these questions to help students tackle and understand especially tricky, confusing, or difficult topics.Presents a broad range of coverage (including both experimental and non-experimental methods) that also balances breadth and depth of coverage and does not go into the depth and sometimes tedious detail presented in longer methods books.Gives examples from both published and student research that serve to illustrate not only “good” research design but also to provide scenarios where a violation of an attribute of good research has occurred.Employs a casual, relaxed style of writing. The authors make frequent use of “FYI” boxes, which provide cautionary notes to students and more fully explain certain difficult or confusing concepts.Incorporates useful pedagogical tools. Each chapter begins with clear objectives to which students can refer to get a snapshot of the material that they are about to read. End-of-chapter summaries are followed by chapter exercises and chapter projects, which are designed to test whether students have mastered those objectives and to encourage them to apply what they've learned in the chapter.High-Quality{\^{A}} Ancillaries AvailableThe text is accompanied by an Instructor's Resource CD-ROM and a Student Study Site at www.sagepub.com/evansmprstudy, both of which include material created by the authors themselves.The{\^{A}} Instructor's CD-ROM features:PowerPoint slides for each chapter for use during class lecturesA computerized test bank including multiple-choice, true/false, and short answer or essay questionsSample syllabiDiscussion questionsClassroom activities and homework assignmentsSuggested website resourcesSuggested readings The{\^{A}} Student Study Site at www.sagepub.com/evansmprstudy provides:Chapter summaries and objectives for each chapterFlashcards of all the key terms and conceptsSelf-quizzesSAGE journal articlesInternet activities and resources Intended Audience: This core textbook is appropriate for undergraduate psychology courses such as Research Methods, Researrch Design, and Experimental Methods.},
author = {Evans, Annabel and Rooney, Bryan J},
isbn = {1412924855},
pages = {387},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Methods in psychological research}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=L7e4IDpii80C{\&}pgis=1 http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Evans+{\&}+Rooney+2008+Methods+in+Psychological{\&}btnG={\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}0},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Xenos2014,
abstract = {Recent developments suggest a strong relationship between social media use and political engagement and raise questions about the potential for social media to help stem or even reverse patterns of political inequality that have troubled scholars for years. In this paper, we articulate a model of social media and political engagement among young people, and test it using data from representative samples of young people in Australia, the USA, and the UK. Our results suggest a strong, positive relationship between social media use and political engagement among young people across all three countries, and provide additional insights regarding the role played by social media use in the processes by which young people become politically engaged. Notably, our results also provide reasons to be optimistic concerning the overall influence of this popular new form of digital media on longstanding patterns of political inequality.},
author = {Xenos, Michael and Vromen, Ariadne and Loader, Brian D},
doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2013.871318},
isbn = {1369-118X},
issn = {1369-118X},
journal = {Information, Communication {\&} Society},
keywords = {citizenship norms,political engagement,political inequality,political participation,political socialization,social media},
number = {September 2014},
pages = {151--167},
title = {{The great equalizer? Patterns of social media use and youth political engagement in three advanced democracies}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2013.871318},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@incollection{Persily2015,
abstract = {Political polarization dominates discussions of contemporary American politics. Despite widespread agreement that the dysfunction in the political system can be attributed to political polarization, commentators cannot come to a consensus on what that means. The coarseness of our political discourse, the ideological distance between opposing partisans, and, most of all, an inability to pass much-needed and widely supported policies all stem from the polarization in our politics. This volume assembles several top analysts of American politics to focus on solutions to polarization. The proposals range from constitutional change to good-government reforms to measures to strengthen political parties. Each tackles one or more aspects of America's polarization problem. This book begins a serious dialogue about reform proposals to address the obstacles that polarization poses for contemporary governance.},
address = {New York, NY},
booktitle = {Solutions to Political Polarization in America},
edition = {1},
editor = {Persily, Nathaniel},
isbn = {1316300048},
pages = {15--58},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Solutions to Political Polarization in America}},
url = {https://books.google.com/books?id=om0aCAAAQBAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Durrant2010,
author = {Durrant, G B and Groves, R M and Staetsky, L and Steele, F},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {1},
title = {{Effects of interviewer attitudes and behaviors on refusal in household surveys}},
volume = {74},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Kaufman2005,
author = {Kaufman, A S and Lichtenberger, E O},
isbn = {9780471746881},
publisher = {Wiley},
title = {{Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ee4KTFdIabAC},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Greene2004,
author = {Greene, Steven},
journal = {Social Science Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {138--153},
title = {{Social Identity Theory and Party Identification}},
volume = {85},
year = {2004}
}
@incollection{rappoport2002demand,
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {Rappoport, Paul N and Kridel, Donald J and Taylor, Lester D},
booktitle = {Broadband: Should we regulate high-speed Internet access},
editor = {{Crandall, R. W., Alleman}, J. H.},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
pages = {57--82},
publisher = {AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies},
title = {{The demand for broadband: access, content, and the value of time}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Steele1997,
author = {Steele, C M},
isbn = {0003-066X},
journal = {The American Psychologist},
number = {6},
pages = {613},
title = {{A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.}},
volume = {52},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Otten1996,
author = {Otten, Sabine and Mummendey, Amelie and Blanz, Mathias},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
number = {6},
pages = {568--581},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Intergroup discrimination in positive and negative outcome allocations: Impact of stimulus valence, relative group status, and relative group size}},
volume = {22},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Lipset1989,
author = {Lipset, S M},
journal = {Ethics {\&} International Affairs},
title = {{Liberalism, conservatism, and Americanism}},
year = {1989}
}
@article{webster1994individual,
author = {Webster, D.M. M and Kruglanski, A.W. W},
issn = {1939-1315},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {1049},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Individual differences in need for cognitive closure.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/?fa=main.doiLanding{\&}doi=10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1049},
volume = {67},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Holbrook2002,
abstract = {The knowledge gap hypothesis holds that when new information enters a social system via a mass media campaign, it is likely to exacerbate underlying inequalities in previously held information. Specifically, while people from all strata may learn new information as a result of a mass media campaign, those with higher levels of education are likely to learn more than those with low levels of education, and the informational gap between the two groups will expand. Though this hypothesis has received widespread attention in other disciplines, it has attracted relatively little attention in political science. Using data from the National Election Studies, this article investigates how well the knowledge gap hypothesis describes information acquisition in presidential campaigns from 1976 to 1996. The results of the analysis show that knowledge gaps do not always grow over the course of presidential campaigns and that some events, such as debates, may actually reduce the level of information inequality in the electorate. The knowledge gap hypothesis holds that when new information enters a social system via a mass media campaign, it is likely to exacerbate underlying inequalities in previously held information. Specifically, while people from all strata may learn new information as a result of a mass media campaign, those with higher levels of education are likely to learn more than those with low levels of education, and the informational gap between the two groups will expand. Though this hypothesis has received widespread attention in other disciplines, it has attracted relatively little attention in political science. Using data from the National Election Studies, this article investigates how well the knowledge gap hypothesis describes information acquisition in presidential campaigns from 1976 to 1996. The results of the analysis show that knowledge gaps do not always grow over the course of presidential campaigns and that some events, such as debates, may actually reduce the level of information inequality in the electorate.},
author = {Holbrook, Thomas M},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {437--454},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Presidential Campaigns and the Knowledge Gap}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584600290109997},
volume = {19},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Dimmick2004,
abstract = {Over the last decade, the Internet has become one of the most popular vehicles facilitating a variety of communication and information-sharing tasks worldwide. Its growing popularity as a new medium of communication has resulted in changes in use of traditional media. The purpose of this study was to better understand the uses of online news compared with news use via traditional media. In light of the niche theory and the theory of uses and gratifications, a new medium survives, grows, competes, and prospers by providing utility or gratification to consumers. In doing so, it may have effects on existing media by providing new solutions to old needs or to more contemporary needs. Data were collected in a telephone survey with 211 respondents in the Columbus, Ohio (Franklin County), metropolitan area. The results clearly indicate that the Internet has a competitive displacement effect on traditional media in the daily news domain with the largest displacements occurring for television and newspapers. The findings also show that there is a moderately high degree of overlap or similarity between the niches of the Internet and the traditional media on the gratification-opportunities dimension. In addition, the results suggest that the Internet has the broadest niche on the gratification opportunities dimension, providing users satisfaction with more needs than any of the traditional media on this dimension. Over the last decade, the Internet has become one of the most popular vehicles facilitating a variety of communication and information-sharing tasks worldwide. Its growing popularity as a new medium of communication has resulted in changes in use of traditional media. The purpose of this study was to better understand the uses of online news compared with news use via traditional media. In light of the niche theory and the theory of uses and gratifications, a new medium survives, grows, competes, and prospers by providing utility or gratification to consumers. In doing so, it may have effects on existing media by providing new solutions to old needs or to more contemporary needs. Data were collected in a telephone survey with 211 respondents in the Columbus, Ohio (Franklin County), metropolitan area. The results clearly indicate that the Internet has a competitive displacement effect on traditional media in the daily news domain with the largest displacements occurring for television and newspapers. The findings also show that there is a moderately high degree of overlap or similarity between the niches of the Internet and the traditional media on the gratification-opportunities dimension. In addition, the results suggest that the Internet has the broadest niche on the gratification opportunities dimension, providing users satisfaction with more needs than any of the traditional media on this dimension.},
author = {Dimmick, John and Chen, Yan and Li, Zhan},
issn = {0899-7764},
journal = {Journal of Media Economics},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {19--33},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Competition Between the Internet and Traditional News Media: The Gratification-Opportunities Niche Dimension}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327736me1701{\_}2},
volume = {17},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Hu2014,
abstract = {This study uses secondary data from a four-wave repeated cross-sectional survey to examine communication channel usage patterns and their effects on health knowledge acquisition during the different phases of the 2009 H1N1 crisis in Beijing, China. The results suggest that channel choice, particularly for mobile phone and interpersonal communication, varies as a function of different levels of threat during a crisis. Moreover, social groups like students, retirees, and professionals differed in their channel selection. The study concludes that television users have more H1N1 knowledge than non-users and that in most cases, interpersonal communication does not contribute to knowledge gains. The theoretical implications are discussed at the end. This study uses secondary data from a four-wave repeated cross-sectional survey to examine communication channel usage patterns and their effects on health knowledge acquisition during the different phases of the 2009 H1N1 crisis in Beijing, China. The results suggest that channel choice, particularly for mobile phone and interpersonal communication, varies as a function of different levels of threat during a crisis. Moreover, social groups like students, retirees, and professionals differed in their channel selection. The study concludes that television users have more H1N1 knowledge than non-users and that in most cases, interpersonal communication does not contribute to knowledge gains. The theoretical implications are discussed at the end.},
author = {Hu, Baijing and Zhang, Di},
issn = {1754-4750},
journal = {Chinese Journal of Communication},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {299--318},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Channel selection and knowledge acquisition during the 2009 Beijing H1N1 flu crisis: a media system dependency theory perspective}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2014.926951},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{VALKENBURG1999,
abstract = {This study investigated whether and how journalistic news frames affect readers' thoughts about and recall of two issues. A sample of 187 participants was randomly assigned to one of four experimental framing conditions, which included (a) conflict, (b) human interest, (c) attribution of responsibility, and (d) economic consequences, as well as a control condition. Each participant was presented with two newspaper stories that dealt with two socially and politically pertinent issues in Europe: crime and the introduction of the euro, the common European currency. Each story had an identical core component, whereas the title, opening paragraph, and closing paragraph were varied to reflect the frame. The study found that frames played a significant role in the readers' thought-listing responses, and they defined the ways that readers presented information about both issues. The results showed that the human interest news frame can have negative consequences for recall.},
author = {VALKENBURG, P. M. and SEMETKO, H. A. and {DE VREESE}, C. H.},
doi = {10.1177/009365099026005002},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {550--569},
title = {{The Effects of News Frames on Readers' Thoughts and Recall}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/26/5/550.short},
volume = {26},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Lerner1999,
abstract = {This article reviews the now extensive research literature addressing the impact of accountability on a wide range of social judgments and choices. It focuses on 4 issues: (a) What impact do various accountability ground rules have on thoughts, feelings, and action? (b) Under what conditions will accountability attenuate, have no effect on, or amplify cognitive biases? (c) Does accountability alter how people think or merely what people say they think? and (d) What goals do accountable decision makers seek to achieve? In addition, this review explores the broader implications of accountability research. It highlights the utility of treating thought as a process of internalized dialogue; the importance of documenting social and institutional boundary conditions on putative cognitive biases; and the potential to craft empirical answers to such applied problems as how to structure accountability relationships in organizations.},
author = {Lerner, J S and Tetlock, P E},
institution = {Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890, USA. jlerner@andrew.cmu.edu},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
keywords = {,attitude,decision making,humans},
number = {2},
pages = {255--275},
pmid = {10087938},
publisher = {American Psychological Assn, US},
title = {{Accounting for the effects of accountability.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10087938},
volume = {125},
year = {1999}
}
@book{Koopmans2005,
address = {Minneapolis},
author = {Koopmans, Ruud and Statham, Paul and Giugni, Marco and Passy, Florence},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
title = {{Contested citizenship: Immigration and cultural diversity in Europe}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{OConnor1989,
author = {O'Connor, M},
journal = {International Journal of Forecasting},
number = {2},
pages = {159--169},
title = {{Models of human behaviour and confidence in judgement: a review}},
volume = {5},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Riddlesden2014,
abstract = {The availability and performance of broadband connectivity is becoming an increasingly important issue across much of the developed world as the prevalence of richer media services and growing populations have generated increasing demands on existing networks. The heterogeneous geography of broadband infrastructure and investments results in variable service provision, and as such, there exist large disparities in access and performance within different spatio-temporal locations. This paper presents analysis of 4.7 million crowdsourced Internet speed test results that were compiled between 2010 and 2013 alongside various indicators of socio-spatial structure to map disparities in English broadband speed between and within urban areas. Although average speeds have improved over time, inequity is shown to emerge between different societal groups and locations. Short-term dynamics also reveal that in areas of different density, speeds can fall dramatically during peak hours, thus influencing the availability of services. The apparent disparities in access and performance represent a major issue as Internet use becomes increasingly ubiquitous in our everyday lives, with inequalities evoking social and economic disadvantage at local and national scales. This work resonates with UK government policy that has stimulated considerable investment in improving infrastructure, and presents analysis of an expansive crowd sourced "big data" resource for the first time. ?? 2014.},
author = {Riddlesden, Dean and Singleton, Alex D.},
doi = {10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.008},
isbn = {0143-6228},
issn = {01436228},
journal = {Applied Geography},
keywords = {Broadband,Crowdsourced data,Digital divide,GIS,Geodemographics,Internet},
pages = {25--33},
title = {{Broadband speed equity: A new digital divide?}},
volume = {52},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hanretty2010,
abstract = {Institutions operating beyond direct control of government, such as central banks, constitutional courts and public broadcasters, enjoy guarantees of de jure independence, but de jure independence is no guarantee of de facto independence. This is especially so for public broadcasting, where cultural variables are often assumed to be decisive. In this article, the de jure and de facto independence of thirty-six public service broadcasters world-wide are operationalized, and de jure independence is found to explain a high degree of de facto independence when account is taken of the size of the market for news. Other variables considered in previous literature – such as bureaucratic partisanship and the polarization of the party system – are not found to be significant.},
author = {Hanretty, Chris},
doi = {10.1017/S000712340999024X},
isbn = {0007-1234$\backslash$r1469-2112},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
number = {01},
pages = {75--89},
publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Libraries},
title = {{Explaining the De Facto Independence of Public Broadcasters}},
url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000712340999024X/type/journal{\_}article},
volume = {40},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Hakhverdian2012,
author = {Hakhverdian, Armen and Mayne, Quinton},
doi = {10.1017/S0022381612000412},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jul},
number = {03},
pages = {739--750},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Institutional Trust, Education, and Corruption: A Micro-Macro Interactive Approach}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381612000412},
volume = {74},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Brambor2005,
abstract = {Multiplicative interaction models are common in the quantitative political science literature. This is so for good reason. Institutional arguments frequently imply that the relationship between political inputs and outcomes varies depending on the institutional context. Models of strategic interaction typically produce conditional hypotheses as well. Although con- ditional hypotheses are ubiquitous in political science and multiplicative interaction models have been found to capture their intuition quite well, a survey of the top three political science journals from 1998 to 2002 suggests that the execution of these models is often flawed and inferential errors are common. We believe that considerable progress in our understanding of the political world can occur if scholars follow the simple checklist of dos and don'ts for using multiplicative interaction models presented in this article. Only 10{\%} of the articles in our survey followed the checklist.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:cond-mat/0402594v3},
author = {Brambor, Thomas and Clark, William Roberts and Golder, Matt},
doi = {10.1093/pan/mpi014},
eprint = {0402594v3},
isbn = {1047-1987$\backslash$r1476-4989},
issn = {1047-1987},
journal = {Political Analysis},
number = {1},
pages = {63--82},
pmid = {20124917},
primaryClass = {arXiv:cond-mat},
title = {{Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses}},
url = {http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/pan/mpi014},
volume = {14},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bizer2001,
author = {Bizer, G Y and Krosnick, J A},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {566--586},
title = {{Exploring the structure of strength-related attitude features: The relation between attitude importance and attitude accessibility}},
volume = {81},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Teigen1988a,
author = {Teigen, K H},
journal = {Acta Psychologica},
title = {{When are low-probability events judged to be 'probable'? Effects of outcome-set characteristics on verbal probability estimates}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000169188890011X},
year = {1988}
}
@article{DelaGarza2004,
annote = {doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104759},
author = {de la Garza, Rodolfo O},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104759},
issn = {1094-2939},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
month = {may},
number = {1},
pages = {91--123},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
title = {{Latino Politics}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104759},
volume = {7},
year = {2004}
}
@article{bartels_partisanship_2000,
author = {Bartels, L M},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {1},
pages = {35--50},
title = {{Partisanship and voting behavior, 1952-1996}},
volume = {44},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Hopmann2011,
author = {Hopmann, David Nicolas and de Vreese, Claes H and Albaek, Erik},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01540.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {264--282},
title = {{Incumbency Bonus in Election News Coverage Explained: The Logics of Political Power and the Media Market}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01540.x},
volume = {61},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Bas2013,
abstract = {Emotion is often treated as unconducive to rationality and informed citizenship. For this reason, journalistic styles that personalize issues and elicit emotion are typically not taken seriously as information sources. The experimental study reported here tested these sentiments through the knowledge gap hypothesis. Eight investigative news stories, arguably important to informed citizenship (e.g., child labor, corruption in public housing administration, lethality of legal drugs), were each presented in two versions. One featured emotional testimony of ordinary people who experienced the issue, and the other did not–resembling the traditional view of news as cold hard facts. Emotional versions were associated with smaller knowledge gaps between higher and lower education groups. Moreover, the size of knowledge gaps varied across three memory measures: free recall, cued recall, and recognition. Contrary to the inimical role that is traditionally assigned to emotion, these findings suggest a facilitative role for emotion in informing citizens.},
author = {Bas, O and Grabe, M E},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {dec},
pages = {1--27},
title = {{Emotion-Provoking Personalization of News: Informing Citizens and Closing the Knowledge Gap?}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/12/10/0093650213514602},
year = {2013}
}
@book{cantril_reading_1999,
author = {Cantril, A H and Cantril, S D},
publisher = {Woodrow Wilson Center Pr},
shorttitle = {Reading mixed signals},
title = {{Reading mixed signals: Ambivalence in American public opinion about government}},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Nadeau2009,
author = {Nadeau, Richard and Blais, Andr{\'{e}}},
doi = {10.1017/S0007123400006736},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jan},
number = {04},
pages = {553},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Accepting the Election Outcome: The Effect of Participation on Losers' Consent}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0007123400006736},
volume = {23},
year = {1993}
}
@book{DelliCarpini1997,
author = {Carpini, M X D and Keeter, S and {Delli Carpini}, M X},
isbn = {0300072759},
publisher = {Yale University Press},
title = {{What Americans know about politics and why it matters}},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Hainmueller2015,
abstract = {Many studies have examinedAmericans' immigration attitudes. Yet prior research frequently confounds multiple questions, includingwhich immigrants to admit and howmany to admit. To isolate attitudes on the former question, we use a conjoint experiment that simultaneously tests the influence of nine immigrant attributes in generating support for admission. Drawing on a two-wave, population-based survey, we demonstrate that Americans view educated immigrants in high- status jobs favorably, whereas they view those who lack plans to work, entered without authorization, are Iraqi, or do not speak English unfavorably. Strikingly, Americans' preferences vary little with their own education, partisanship, labor market position, ethnocentrism, or other attributes. Beneath partisan divisions over immigration lies a broad consensus about who should be admitted to the country. The results are consistent with norms-based and sociotropic explanations of immigration attitudes. This consensus points to limits in both theories emphasizing economic and cultural threats, and sheds new light on an ongoing policy debate.},
author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Hopkins, Daniel J},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12138},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {3},
pages = {529--548},
title = {{The Hidden American Immigration Consensus: A Conjoint Analysis of Attitudes toward Immigrants}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ajps.12138},
volume = {59},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Druckman2010a,
abstract = {When candidates engage in robust policy debate, it gives citizens clear choices on issues that matter. Previous studies of issue engagement have primarily used indicators of campaign strategy that are mediated by reporters (e.g., newspaper articles) or indicators that may exclude candidates in less competitive races (e.g., television advertisements). We study issue engagement with data from a unique source, congressional candidate Web sites, that are unmediated and representative of both House and Senate campaigns. We find that the saliency of issues in public opinion is a primary determinant of candidate engagement. And, despite the unique capacity of the Internet to allow candidates to explain their positions on a large number of issues, candidates continue to behave strategically, selecting a few issues on which to engage their adversaries.},
author = {Druckman, James N and Hennessy, Cari Lynn and Kifer, Martin J and Parkin, Michael},
journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {3--23},
title = {{Issue Engagement on Congressional Candidate Web Sites, 2002—2006}},
url = {http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/28/1/3.abstract},
volume = {28},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Page1987,
author = {Page, B I and Shapiro, R Y and Dempsey, G R},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
keywords = {asymmetry},
pages = {23--43},
title = {{What moves public opinion?}},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Jenssen2009,
abstract = {The political role of the modern media and the impact on public opinion has come under intense scrutiny. The arguments in the scientific dispute have been structured under the optimistic ‘cognitive mobilisation' and pessimistic ‘media malaise' banners. For obvious reasons the role of television has been most intensely discussed. TV has the widest reach and is believed to have to the strongest impact. So far, much of the exchange of arguments has been based on data from the United States. In many European countries, public broadcasting is far more prominent than in the United States, and one can argue that the ideals underlying public broadcasting have put their mark on the TV industry in many European countries. Norway is such a case. The interesting question is, of course, whether this matters. Does public broadcasting foster a ‘virtuous circle' of increased political competence, whereas commercial TV creates ‘media malaise'? Data from the Norwegian 1997–2001 election survey panel is used in this study to overcome the main methodological problem in the many studies based on cross-sectional data: the question of causality. Too often researchers have based their inferences about the link between media exposure and political knowledge on cross-sectional correlations. The empirical results do little to support the optimistic view of TV as the great political educator. On the contrary, neither exposure to the state-owned public broadcasting NRK nor the commercial TV2 help to increase the general level of political knowledge. However, NRK seems to be the preferred channel among the politically well-informed},
author = {Jenssen, Anders Todal},
issn = {00806757},
journal = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {247--271},
title = {{Does Public Broadcasting Make a Difference? Political Knowledge and Electoral Campaigns on Television}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2008.00226.x},
volume = {32},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lee2013,
abstract = {A Web-based survey (N=306) examined if Twitter use enhances individuals' news knowledge, and if so, how such effects might vary depending on their need for orientation (NFO) and the type of news (hard vs. soft). The duration of Twitter use positively predicted hard news knowledge, but only for those higher in NFO. In contrast, daily Twitter use had negative influence on high NFOs' soft news knowledge, with no corresponding effect for lows. Although high NFOs were more likely to use Twitter for information-seeking than their less surveillance-driven counterparts, such motivation did not facilitate knowledge gain. Systematic processing of public affairs information and selective avoidance were discussed as potential explanations for differential knowledge gain by high and low NFOs.},
author = {Lee, Eun-Ju and Oh, Soo Youn},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {745--765},
title = {{Seek and You Shall Find? How Need for Orientation Moderates Knowledge Gain from Twitter Use}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jcom.12041},
volume = {63},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Cheryan2005,
author = {Cheryan, S and Monin, B},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {5},
pages = {717},
title = {{" Where Are You Really From?": Asian Americans and Identity Denial}},
volume = {89},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Eijk2005,
author = {van der Eijk, C and Schmitt, H and Binder, T and van der Eijk, C and Schmitt, H and Binder, T},
journal = {The European Voter},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
title = {{7. Left-Right Orientations and Party Choice}},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oso/1092726/2005/00000001/00000001/art00007},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Hoek1993,
author = {Hoek, J A and Gendall, P J},
isbn = {0025-3618},
journal = {Journal of the Market Research Society},
title = {{A new method of predicting voting behaviour.}},
year = {1993}
}
@book{McClellan2008,
author = {McClellan, Scott},
isbn = {9781586485566},
publisher = {Basic Books},
title = {{What happened: inside the Bush White House and Washington's culture of deception}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Henry2009,
author = {Henry, P J and Sears, D O},
journal = {Political Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {569--590},
title = {{The Crystallization of Contemporary Racial Prejudice across the Lifespan}},
volume = {30},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hanitzsch2011,
abstract = {This article reports key findings from a comparative survey of the role perceptions, epistemological orientations and ethical views of 1800 journalists from 18 countries. The results show that detachment, non-involvement, providing political information and monitoring the government are considered essential journalistic functions around the globe. Impartiality, the reliability and factualness of information, as well as adherence to universal ethical principles are also valued worldwide, though their perceived importance varies across countries. Various aspects of interventionism, objectivism and the importance of separating facts from opinion, on the other hand, seem to play out differently around the globe. Western journalists are generally less supportive of any active promotion of particular values, ideas and social change, and they adhere more to universal principles in their ethical decisions. Journalists from non-western contexts, on the other hand, tend to be more interventionist in their role perceptions and more flexible in their ethical views. This article reports key findings from a comparative survey of the role perceptions, epistemological orientations and ethical views of 1800 journalists from 18 countries. The results show that detachment, non-involvement, providing political information and monitoring the government are considered essential journalistic functions around the globe. Impartiality, the reliability and factualness of information, as well as adherence to universal ethical principles are also valued worldwide, though their perceived importance varies across countries. Various aspects of interventionism, objectivism and the importance of separating facts from opinion, on the other hand, seem to play out differently around the globe. Western journalists are generally less supportive of any active promotion of particular values, ideas and social change, and they adhere more to universal principles in their ethical decisions. Journalists from non-western contexts, on the other hand, tend to be more interventionist in their role perceptions and more flexible in their ethical views.},
author = {Hanitzsch, Thomas and Hanusch, Folker and Mellado, Claudia and Anikina, Maria and Berganza, Rosa and Cangoz, Incilay and Coman, Mihai and Hamada, Basyouni and {Elena Hern{\'{a}}ndez}, Mar{\'{i}}a and Karadjov, Christopher D and {Virginia Moreira}, Sonia and Mwesige, Peter G and Plaisance, Patrick Lee and Reich, Zvi and Seethaler, Josef and Skewes, Elizabeth A and {Vardiansyah Noor}, Dani and {Kee Wang Yuen}, Edgar},
doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2010.512502},
issn = {1461-670X},
journal = {Journalism Studies},
month = {jun},
number = {3},
pages = {273--293},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Mapping journalism cultures across nations}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2010.512502},
volume = {12},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Novak2014,
abstract = {Delli Carpini and Keeter showed that political knowledge is more or less general, meaning that informed citizens are usually informed in all aspects of political knowledge. Unfortunately, political knowledge is not evenly distributed. This is even more problematic when we keep in mind that the politically informed are also more politically active. The aim of this paper is to find out how informed Slovenians are as citizens of a young post-socialist democracy and who is informed. We used data from the European Election Study 2009 and performed a simple comparison of mean values and a linear regression model. Slovenians turned out to be moderately knowledgeable, with higher levels of EU political knowledge in comparison to national political knowledge. Slovenians were also among the most knowledgeable citizens in the EU member states. Differences in the level of knowledge are present between males and females, education groups and classes, based on the level of news attention and political interest.},
author = {Novak, M},
journal = {Journal of Comparative Politics},
keywords = {European Election Study.,European Union,Slovenia,aggregate level,individual level,knowledge inequality,political knowledge},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,individual level},
number = {2},
pages = {73--89},
title = {{The Level Of Political Knowledge In Slovenia: Who Is (Not) Politically Informed?}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?start=20{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=2005{\&}sciodt=0,5{\&}cites=4408298639581433096{\&}scipsc={\#}5},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Anduiza2009,
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to review the main questions dealt with by the literature on the effect of Internet on political participation. The paper distinguishes three relevant aspects: the estimation of the impact of Internet on the levels and types of political participation; the analysis of the causal mechanisms that lie behind the relationship between Internet use and participation; and the effect of the Internet on participatory inequalities. We conclude by identifying the aspects on which there is a relative consensus among scholars, the debates surrounding controversial conclusions obtained from different empirical analyses, and those questions where further research seems particularly necessary.},
author = {Anduiza, Eva and Cantijoch, Marta and Gallego, Aina},
doi = {10.1080/13691180802282720},
issn = {1369-118X},
journal = {Information, Communication {\&} Society},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
month = {sep},
number = {6},
pages = {860--878},
title = {{Political Participation and the Internet}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691180802282720},
volume = {12},
year = {2009}
}
@article{carmines2006political,
author = {Carmines, E.G. and Wagner, M.W.},
journal = {Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci.},
pages = {67--81},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
title = {{Political issues and party alignments: Assessing the issue evolution perspective}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.091905.180706},
volume = {9},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Cox2002,
author = {Cox, GW and Poole, KT},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
title = {{On Measuring Partisanship in Roll-Call Voting: The US House of Representatives, 1877-1999}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/3088393},
year = {2002}
}
@book{Manza2002,
abstract = {Do politicians listen to the public? How often and when? Or are the views of the public manipulated or used strategically by political and economic elites? Navigating Public Opinion brings together leading scholars of American politics to assess and debate these questions. It describes how the relationship between opinion and policy has changed over time; how key political actors use public opinion to formulate domestic and foreign policy; and how new measurement techniques might improve our understanding of public opinion in contemporary polling and survey research. The distinguished contributors shed new light on several long-standing controversies over policy responsiveness to public opinion. Featuring a new analysis by Robert Erikson, Michael MacKuen, and James Stimson that builds from their pathbreaking work on how public mood moves policy in a macro-model of policymaking, the volume also includes several critiques of this model by Lawrence Jacobs and Robert Shapiro, another critique by G. William Domhoff, and a rejoinder by Erikson and his coauthors. Other highlights include discussions of how political elites, including state-level policymakers, presidents, and makers of foreign policy, use (or shape) public opinion; and analyses of new methods for measuring public opinion such as survey-based experiments, probabilistic polling methods, non-survey-based measures of public opinion, and the potential and limitations of Internet polls and surveys. Introductory and concluding essays provide useful background context and offer an authoritative summary of what is known about how public opinion influences public policy. A must-have for all students of American politics, public opinion, and polling, this state-of-the-art collection addresses issues that lie at the heart of democratic governance today.},
author = {Manza, Jeff and Cook, Fay Lomax and Page, Benjamin I},
isbn = {0195149343},
pages = {376},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Navigating Public Opinion: Polls, Policy, and the Future of American Democracy}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=6yH3mjUglTgC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Cooper1996,
abstract = {This research was occasioned by prevalent criticism that under the current civil jury system, jurors cannot adequately evaluate complex expert testimony. Participants (n=54), who served as mock jurors, watched a videotaped trial in which two scientists provided evidence on whether polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) could have caused a plaintiff's illness. The complexity of the expert's testimony and the strength of the expert's credentials were varied in a 2 x 2 factorial design. After watching the videotape, mock jurors rendered a verdict and completed a number of attitude measures related to the trial. Consistent with the study hypothesis, findings show that jurors were more persuaded by a highly expert witness than by a less expert witness, but only when the testimony was highly complex. When the testimony was less complex, jurors relied primarily on the content of that testimony, and witness credentials had little impact on the persuasiveness of the message. 25 references},
author = {Cooper, Joel and Bennett, Elizabeth a. and Sukel, Holly L},
doi = {10.1007/BF01498976},
isbn = {0147-7307},
issn = {0147-7307},
journal = {Law and Human Behavior},
number = {4},
pages = {379--394},
title = {{Complex scientific testimony: how do jurors make decisions?}},
volume = {20},
year = {1996}
}
@incollection{Wyka2008,
address = {Wroclaw, Poland},
author = {Wyka, Angelika W},
booktitle = {Comparing Media Systems in Central Europe: Between Commercialization and Politicization},
editor = {Dobek-Ostrowska, B and G{\l}owacki, M},
number = {3054},
pages = {55--70},
publisher = {Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wroc{\l}awskiego},
title = {{In search of the East Central European media model–The italianization model? A comparative perspective on the East Central European and South European media systems}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Guadagno2007a,
author = {Guadagno, R E and Blascovich, J and Bailenson, J N and Mccall, C},
isbn = {1521-3269},
journal = {Media Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {1--22},
title = {{Virtual humans and persuasion: The effects of agency and behavioral realism}},
volume = {10},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Reicher1994a,
abstract = {This paper builds upon Reicher's (1984a) model of deindividuation by arguing that manipulations of identifiability do not only affect the salience of social identity but also have strategic consequences for the expression of in-group stereotypes. Increasing the visibility of group members to a powerful out-group should decrease the ability of those members to express any aspects of their identity which would meet resistance from the out-group. A preliminary study found that making supporters of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament individually identifiable to a powerful out-group only affects the incidence of stereotypic behaviours which would be punishable by that out-group. In the main study, science students taking a psychology course are either defined as 'scientists' or as 'students'. They are then asked to complete a questionnaire about the psychology course consisting of items where difference from a staff norm would either be unpunishable or punishable. On the punishable items, the 'science' stereotype is compatible with the staff position, while the 'student' stereotype is incompatible. As expected, increased visibility of subjects to academic staff decreases conformity to the in-group stereotype for those defined as students but does not affect the behaviour of those defined as scientists. What is more, this pattern of results only holds for the punishable items. However, contrary to expectations, on the unpunishable items, increased visibility increases conformity to the in-group stereotype for both groups. Taken together, the two experiments confirm that immersing individuals in a group where they are anonymous to outsiders not only predisposes them to act in terms of social identity but also blunts out-group power in such a way as to allow full expression of that identity.},
author = {Reicher, S and Levine, M},
journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
keywords = {,bf psychology},
pages = {145--163},
title = {{Deindividuation, power relations between groups and the expression of social identity: the effects of visibility to the outgroup.}},
url = {http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/19045/},
volume = {33},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Hainmueller2010,
abstract = {Past research has emphasized two critical economic concerns that appear$\backslash$nto generate anti-immigrant sentiment among native citizens: concerns$\backslash$nabout labor market competition and concerns about the fiscal burden$\backslash$non public services. We provide direct tests of both models of attitude$\backslash$nformation using an original survey experiment embedded in a nationwide$\backslash$nU.S. survey. The labor market competition model predicts that natives$\backslash$nwill be most opposed to immigrants who have skill levels similar$\backslash$nto their own. We find instead that both low-skilled and highly skilled$\backslash$nnatives strongly prefer highly skilled immigrants over low-skilled$\backslash$nimmigrants, and this preference is not decreasing in natives' skill$\backslash$nlevels. The fiscal burden model anticipates that rich natives oppose$\backslash$nlow-skilled immigration more than poor natives, and that this gap$\backslash$nis larger in states with greater fiscal exposure (in terms of immigrant$\backslash$naccess to public services). We find instead that rich and poor natives$\backslash$nare equally opposed to low-skilled immigration in general. In states$\backslash$nwith high fiscal exposure, poor (rich) natives are more (less) opposed$\backslash$nto low-skilled immigration than they are elsewhere. This indicates$\backslash$nthat concerns among poor natives about constraints on welfare benefits$\backslash$nas a result of immigration are more relevant than concerns among$\backslash$nthe rich about increased taxes. Overall the results suggest that$\backslash$neconomic self-interest, at least as currently theorized, does not$\backslash$nexplain voter attitudes toward immigration. The results are consistent$\backslash$nwith alternative arguments emphasizing noneconomic concerns associated$\backslash$nwith ethnocentrism or sociotropic considerations about how the local$\backslash$neconomy as a whole may be affected by immigration.},
author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Hiscox, Michael J},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055409990372},
isbn = {0003-0554},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl,veni},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl,veni},
number = {01},
pages = {61--84},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
title = {{Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: evidence from a survey experiment}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409990372},
volume = {104},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Dalton1998,
author = {Dalton, R J J and Beck, P A A and Huckfeldt, R},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {1},
pages = {111--126},
shorttitle = {Partisan cues and the media},
title = {{Partisan cues and the media: Information flows in the 1992 presidential election}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2585932},
volume = {92},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Burkell2004,
author = {Burkell, J},
journal = {Journal of the Medical Library Association},
title = {{What are the chances? Evaluating risk and benefit information in consumer health materials}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC385301/},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Bass1955,
abstract = {The hypothesis that scores on the F scale and similarly constructed inventories are primarily measures of acquiescence rather than authoritarianism is tested by testing subjects on a G scale composed of opposite statements to those of the F scale. Response set to acquiescence was measured by obtaining each individual's tendency to support both F and G scale statements. If individual fluctuations from one scale to another are ignored, they tend to differ significantly from each other in tendency to acquiesce. Response set to acquiescence increased as items became more ambivalent. It is suggested that a much more parsimonious explanation can be given to account for the positive relations between authoritarianism, misanthropy, xenophobia, and ethnocentrism.},
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (Authoritarianism or acquiescence? - Bass, Bernard M)

Expanding on the relationship between authoritarianism and acquiescence},
author = {Bass, Bernard M},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {616},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Authoritarianism or acquiescence?}},
volume = {51},
year = {1955}
}
@book{mutz_hearing_2006,
author = {Mutz, D C},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Pr},
shorttitle = {Hearing the other side},
title = {{Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{DeWaal2008,
abstract = {By means of a two-wave representative panel survey of adults in the Netherlands, this study examines changes in the profile of the online-news audience, how it uses and evaluates online news and how this eventually affects the use of traditional media. The analyses reveal interesting differences in the use of newspaper websites and other, non-paper, news sites. Displacement effects become visible: online newspapers gradually substitute for printed newspapers, other news sites for teletext and non-paper news sites for newspaper sites.},
author = {de Waal, Ester and Schoenbach, Klaus},
doi = {10.1080/15205430701668113},
isbn = {1520543070166},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {161--176},
title = {{Presentation Style and Beyond: How Print Newspapers and Online News Expand Awareness of Public Affairs Issues}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15205430701668113},
volume = {11},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Brewer2001,
author = {Brewer, PR R},
journal = {Political Psychology},
title = {{Value words and lizard brains: Do citizens deliberate about appeals to their core values?}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/0162-895X.00225/abstract},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Nosek2007,
abstract = {Mental process and mental experience are not the same thing. The former is the operation of the mind; the latter is the subjective life that emerges from that operation. In social evaluation, implicit and explicit attitudes express this distinction. Although it is clear that they are not the same, how they differ is not. Across content domains, implicit and explicit attitude measures show substantial variability in the strength of correspondence, ranging from near zero to strongly positive. Variation in controllability, intentionality, awareness, or efficiency is thought to differentiate implicit and explicit attitudes. Dual-process theories and empirical evidence for moderating influences of implicit-explicit attitude relations provide a framework for comprehending relations between the operation and the experience of the mind.},
author = {Nosek, Brian A.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00477.x},
issn = {0963-7214},
journal = {Current Directions in Psychological Science},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {65--69},
title = {{Implicit?Explicit Relations}},
url = {http://cdp.sagepub.com/content/16/2/65.short},
volume = {16},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Gallagher1991,
abstract = {Different PR methods should be seen not as being more proportional or less proportional than each other but as embodying different ideas as to what maximizing proportionality means and, by extension, what minimizing disproportionality means. Each of the main methods of PR (d'Hondt, Sainte-Lagu{\"{e}}, largest remainders) generates its own index of proportionality and, thus, its own way of measuring disproportionality. Applying these indices to competitive elections of the period 1979–1989 shows a high correlation between the rankings produced by the various methods, but the ordering of countries is sufficiently different to require a choice to be made between the indices.},
author = {Gallagher, Michael},
doi = {10.1016/0261-3794(91)90004-C},
issn = {02613794},
journal = {Electoral Studies},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {33--51},
title = {{Proportionality, disproportionality and electoral systems}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(91)90004-C},
volume = {10},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Kim2008,
abstract = {This study investigates whether the entertainment media produce different patterns of political information acquisition and information processing (i.e., online- vs. memorybased information processing) in making political judgments (i.e., evaluation of a political actor) compared to the news media. Using an adult sample (aged 18–64 years), the study adopts an experimental design using the collections of real news and entertainment programs (The Daily Show with Jon Stewart) on the topic of the U.S. Supreme Court Justice and Chief Justice nomination processes in addition to a baseline group exposed to science documentaries. The results indicate that compared to news media, entertainment media are less effective in acquiring factual information, particularly in retaining issue and procedure knowledge. The study, for the first time, reveals that entertainment media facilitate online-based political information processing, whereas news media promote memory-based political information processing. The implications for the methodological and theoretical development of the impact of entertainment media and for citizen competence and participation in the recent changes in the political information environment are discussed.},
author = {Kim, Young Mie and Vishak, John},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00388.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {338--360},
title = {{Just Laugh! You Dont Need to Remember: The Effects of Entertainment Media on Political Information Acquisition and Information Processing in Political Judgment}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00388.x},
volume = {58},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Brun1988,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( 

Verbal probabilities: ambiguous, context-dependent, or both?

- Brun, W; Teigen, K H )








From Duplicate 2 ( 

Verbal probabilities: ambiguous, context-dependent, or both?

- )

},
author = {Brun, W and Teigen, K H},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
number = {3},
pages = {390--404},
title = {{Verbal probabilities: ambiguous, context-dependent, or both?}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0749597888900362},
volume = {41},
year = {1988}
}
@article{brody_instability_1988,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (The instability of partisanship: An analysis of the 1980 presidential election - Brody, R A; Rothenberg, L S)

From Duplicate 1 ( 

The instability of partisanship: An analysis of the 1980 presidential election

- Brody, R A; Rothenberg, L S )

},
author = {Brody, R A and Rothenberg, L S},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
pages = {445--465},
shorttitle = {The instability of partisanship},
title = {{The instability of partisanship: An analysis of the 1980 presidential election}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/193880},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Cronbach1946,
author = {Cronbach, Lee J},
doi = {10.1177/001316444600600405},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {475--494},
title = {{Response Sets and Test Validity}},
url = {http://epm.sagepub.com/content/6/4/475.extract},
volume = {6},
year = {1946}
}
@article{Boczkowski2012a,
abstract = {This study examines whether there is a thematic gap between the stories that journalists display most prominently and the stories consumers read most frequently in six mainstream American news sites. It looks at the choices of both groups in relation to each other and explores whether these choices vary in connection with the occurrence of a major political event, the 2008 presidential campaign. We find that during a time of routine political activity, there is a sizable gap between the news choices of journalists and consumers in which the former give more prominence to public affairs news (stories about politics, economics, and international topics) than the latter, but, during the campaign, this gap changes variously across the sites studied. Moreover, within the 2008 election cycle the predilection of journalists and consumers for public affairs news increases as election day nears, although journalists' choices are thematically less variable than those of consumers. These findings contribute to the study of political communication by shedding light primarily on the dynamics of monitorial citizenship, and secondarily on issues of agenda setting and consumer behavior in high-choice media environments. This study examines whether there is a thematic gap between the stories that journalists display most prominently and the stories consumers read most frequently in six mainstream American news sites. It looks at the choices of both groups in relation to each other and explores whether these choices vary in connection with the occurrence of a major political event, the 2008 presidential campaign. We find that during a time of routine political activity, there is a sizable gap between the news choices of journalists and consumers in which the former give more prominence to public affairs news (stories about politics, economics, and international topics) than the latter, but, during the campaign, this gap changes variously across the sites studied. Moreover, within the 2008 election cycle the predilection of journalists and consumers for public affairs news increases as election day nears, although journalists' choices are thematically less variable than those of consumers. These findings contribute to the study of political communication by shedding light primarily on the dynamics of monitorial citizenship, and secondarily on issues of agenda setting and consumer behavior in high-choice media environments.},
author = {Boczkowski, Pablo J and Mitchelstein, Eugenia and Walter, Mart{\'{i}}n},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {aggregate level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {347--366},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{When Burglar Alarms Sound, Do Monitorial Citizens Pay Attention to Them? The Online News Choices of Journalists and Consumers During and After the 2008 U.S. Election Cycle}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2012.722173},
volume = {29},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Schuck2013a,
author = {Schuck, Andreas R.T. T and Boomgaarden, Hajo G. and de Vreese, Claes H.},
doi = {10.1111/jcom.12023},
issn = {1460-2466},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {287--311},
publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc},
title = {{Cynics All Around? The Impact of Election News on Political Cynicism in Comparative Perspective}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12023 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jcom.12023},
volume = {63},
year = {2013}
}
@unpublished{Pierce,
author = {Pierce, Andrew W},
title = {{When Did Polarization Begin?: Improving Upon Estimates of Ideology over Time}}
}
@book{webb1981nonreactive,
author = {Webb, Eugene J and Campbell, Donald T and Schwartz, Richard D and Sechrest, Lee and Grove, Janet Belew},
publisher = {Houghton Mifflin Boston},
title = {{Nonreactive measures in the social sciences}},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Kohring2007,
author = {Kohring, M and Matthes, J},
doi = {10.1177/0093650206298071},
isbn = {0093650206298},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {231--252},
title = {{Trust in News Media: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0093650206298071},
volume = {34},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Hamilton1788,
abstract = {A series of articles arguing for the adoption of the Federal Constitution},
author = {Hamilton, Alexander},
journal = {The Federalist},
number = {51},
pages = {1--2},
title = {{The Federalist Papers: No . 51}},
year = {1788}
}
@book{Kinder2017,
author = {Kinder, Donald R and Kalmoe, Nathan P},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Neither liberal nor conservative: Ideological innocence in the American public}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Klein1967,
author = {Klein, S M and Maher, J R and Dunnington, R A},
isbn = {0021-9010},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {152--160},
title = {{Differences between identified and anonymous subjects in responding to an industrial opinion survey}},
volume = {51},
year = {1967}
}
@book{krosnickfabrigar,
author = {Krosnick, Jon A and Fabrigar, Leandre R},
publisher = {New York: Oxford University Press},
title = {{Designing good questionnaires: Insights from psychology}}
}
@article{otten2000valence,
author = {Otten, Sabine and Mummendey, Am{\'{e}}lie},
publisher = {Sage Publications Ltd},
title = {{Valence-dependent probability of ingroup favouritism between minimal groups: An integrative view on the positive--negative asymmetry in social discrimination.}},
year = {2000}
}
@book{Abramowitz2007,
address = {Chicago, IL},
author = {Abramowitz, Alan},
publisher = {Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association},
title = {{{Constraint, Ideology and Polarization in the A{\}}merican Electorate: Evidence from the 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Ksiazek2010,
abstract = {This study examines patterns of news consumption across multiple media platforms and relates them to civic participation. Analyzing a national sample of close to 25,000 respondents, nearly half the adult population in America is classified as news ?Avoiders,? and the other half as ?News-seekers.? Testing the relationship between civic participation and news consumption for each of 6 media platforms individually, and to an overall index combining those sources into 1 measure, the results show a positive relationship with civic participation, but the influence of Total News Consumption on civic participation is greater for Avoiders than for News-seekers. This study examines patterns of news consumption across multiple media platforms and relates them to civic participation. Analyzing a national sample of close to 25,000 respondents, nearly half the adult population in America is classified as news ?Avoiders,? and the other half as ?News-seekers.? Testing the relationship between civic participation and news consumption for each of 6 media platforms individually, and to an overall index combining those sources into 1 measure, the results show a positive relationship with civic participation, but the influence of Total News Consumption on civic participation is greater for Avoiders than for News-seekers.},
author = {Ksiazek, Thomas B and Malthouse, Edward C and Webster, James G},
issn = {0883-8151},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {551--568},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{News-seekers and Avoiders: Exploring Patterns of Total News Consumption Across Media and the Relationship to Civic Participation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2010.519808},
volume = {54},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Brady1985,
author = {Brady, H E and Sniderman, P M},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
number = {4},
pages = {1061--1078},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Attitude attribution: A group basis for political reasoning}},
volume = {79},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Elvestad2008,
abstract = {{\{}blacksquare This article discusses national and individual differences in newspaper reading in Europe. The study uses comparative data on newspaper reading from 23 European countries from the European Social Survey (ESS). By using a multilevel analysis technique, newspaper reading is analysed from the perspective of both individual and national characteristics. The authors claim the findings of this study could throw new light on Hallin and Mancini's theory of media systems. The analysis shows that individual differences explain most of the variation in newspaper reading, but some of the variance could also be explained as national variance. Age, gender, education level and household income explain differences in newspaper reading, but these variables do not have the same effect in all countries. National-level variables in newspapers' situation, other media use, demography and public opinion also improve the effectiveness of `the newspaper reading in Europe' model. blacksquare{\}}},
author = {Elvestad, E and Blekesaune, A},
doi = {10.1177/0267323108096993},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {425--447},
title = {{Newspaper Readers in Europe: A Multilevel Study of Individual and National Differences}},
url = {http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/23/4/425.abstract},
volume = {23},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Ss2015,
author = {Ss, Simone},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/Figures/randomestimatesipip.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {4090178320},
pages = {492},
title = {{Number of Items}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Roccas2008,
author = {Roccas, S and Sagiv, L},
journal = {Personality and  {\ldots}},
title = {{Toward a unifying model of identification with groups: Integrating theoretical perspectives}},
url = {http://psr.sagepub.com/content/12/3/280.short},
year = {2008}
}
@incollection{kinder1983diversity,
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {Kinder, D R},
booktitle = {Political science: The state of the discipline},
editor = {Finifter, A.W},
pages = {389--425},
publisher = {The American Political Science Association},
title = {{Diversity and complexity in American public opinion}},
year = {1983}
}
@book{groenendyk2013competing,
author = {Groenendyk, Eric},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Competing motives in the partisan mind: How loyalty and responsiveness shape party identification and democracy}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{peabody1961attitude,
author = {Peabody, Dean},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {1},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Attitude content and agreement set in scales of authoritarianism, dogmatism, anti-Semitism, and economic conservatism.}},
volume = {63},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Baum2006,
author = {Baum, M A and Kernell, S},
journal = {The Principles and Practice of American Politics, Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press (forthcoming)},
title = {{How cable ended the golden age of Presidential television: From 1969–2006}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Adena2015,
abstract = {How do the media affect public support for democratic institutions in a fragile democracy? What role do they play in a dictatorial regime? We study these questions in the context of Germany of the 1920s and 1930s. During the democratic period, when the Weimar government introduced progovernment political news, the growth of Nazi popularity slowed down in areas with access to radio. This effect was reversed during the campaign for the last competitive election as a result of the pro-Nazi radio broadcast following Hitler's appoint- ment as chancellor. During the consolidation of dictatorship, radio propaganda helped the Nazis enroll new party members. After the Nazis established their rule, radio propaganda incited anti-Semitic acts and denunciations of Jews to authorities by ordinary citizens. The effect of anti-Semitic propaganda varied depending on the listeners' predispositions toward the message. Nazi radio was most effective in places where anti-Semitism was historically high and had a negative effect in places with historically low anti-Semitism.},
author = {Adena, Maja},
doi = {10.1093/qje/qjv030.Advance},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
number = {May},
pages = {1885--1939},
title = {{RADIO AND THE RISE OF THE NAZIS IN PREWAR}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bartels2003,
author = {Bartels, LM M},
journal = {Electoral democracy},
title = {{Democracy with attitudes}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=zaller+1992{\&}hl=en{\&}btnG=Search{\&}as{\_}sdt=1,5{\&}as{\_}sdtp=on{\#}3},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Stock2002,
abstract = {Weak instruments arise when the instruments in linear instrumental variables (IV) regression are weakly correlated with the included endogenous variables. In generalized method of moments (GMM), more generally, weak instruments correspond to weak identification of some or all of the unknown parameters. Weak identification leads to GMM statistics with nonnormal distributions, even in large samples, so that conventional IV or GMM inferences are misleading. Fortunately, various procedures are now available for detecting and handling weak instruments in the linear IV model and, to a lesser degree, in nonlinear GMM.},
author = {Stock, James H and Wright, Jonathan H and Yogo, Motohiro},
doi = {10.1198/073500102288618658},
issn = {0735-0015},
journal = {Journal of Business {\&} Economic Statistics},
keywords = {Instrument relevance,Instrumental variables,Similar tests,broadbandpolarization},
language = {en},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {518--529},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{A Survey of Weak Instruments and Weak Identification in Generalized Method of Moments}},
url = {http://amstat.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1198/073500102288618658},
volume = {20},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Iyengar1987,
abstract = {Causal beliefs are important ingredients of public opinion. Citizens are able to identify the causes of complex national issues and do so spontaneously. Evidence is presented that individuals' explanations of political issues are significantly influenced by the manner in which television news presentations 'frame' these issues. These results are politically consequential, for individuals' explanations of national issues independently affect their assessments of presidential performance.},
author = {Iyengar, Shanto},
doi = {10.2307/1962678},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {3},
pages = {815--831},
publisher = {American Political Science Association},
title = {{Television News and Citizens' Explanations of National Affairs}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1962678},
volume = {81},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Flannelly1998,
author = {Flannelly, K J and Flannelly, L T and McLeod, M S},
isbn = {0025-3618},
journal = {JOURNAL-MARKET RESEARCH SOCIETY},
pages = {337--346},
title = {{Comparison of election predictions, voter certainty and candidate choice on political polls}},
volume = {40},
year = {1998}
}
@book{Allport1937,
author = {Allport, G W},
publisher = {H. Holt and Company},
title = {{Personality: a psychological interpretation}},
year = {1937}
}
@article{Holbert2003,
author = {Holbert, R L and Stephenson, M T},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
number = {4},
pages = {556--572},
title = {{The importance of indirect effects in media effects research: Testing for mediation in structural equation modeling}},
volume = {47},
year = {2003}
}
@book{Fowler2007,
abstract = {Drawing on broadcast content (both local television news and campaign advertising) and survey data from multiple media markets across three election cycles, I find that local television news does not consistently provide the cues necessary to aid citizens in making informed political decisions. In particular, although local newscasts in general offer little coverage of elections, viewers in markets with uncompetitive statewide races receive half the information. In other words, the volume and content of local television is systematically related to political competition, meaning that viewers in some places have much less information (both paid and free) from which to draw in making political decisions. The lack of consistent effects for local television, however, is not due to an emphasis on strategic aspects of the campaign. Contrary to current wisdom, focusing on strategy and horserace coverage is not necessarily inferior to substantive issue coverage in affecting citizen knowledge and may work to motivate learning. Finally, I find that advertising and local television at times play a vital role in decreasing the informational inequality between sophisticates and those who generally pay little attention to politics.},
address = {Madison},
author = {Fowler, EF},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
publisher = {University of Wisconsin},
title = {{Missing messages? Elections on local television news}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?start=150{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=2005{\&}sciodt=0,5{\&}cites=2526544117497916729{\&}scipsc={\#}7},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Baum2003,
author = {Baum, M A},
isbn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
number = {2},
pages = {173--190},
title = {{Soft news and political knowledge: Evidence of absence or absence of evidence?}},
volume = {20},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Martin2013a,
abstract = {The effects of international news have been relatively underexamined despite evidence that socioeconomic-based gaps in knowledge and participation tend to be the widest for foreign news. This study investigated international news use, online expression, foreign affairs knowledge, and monetary donations in the context of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Regression analysis of national survey data found that high levels of attention to news about the disaster narrowed the knowledge gap for foreign news questions. Also, attention to news about the earthquake was the strongest predictor of monetary donation to the relief effort after controls and was more than twice as likely as income to predict donation. Three measures of online expression (exchanging information about the Haiti earthquake via social media website, e-mail, and text message) also produced positive independent associations with donation, and produced a complementary effect with news attention when interaction terms were considered. The effects of international news have been relatively underexamined despite evidence that socioeconomic-based gaps in knowledge and participation tend to be the widest for foreign news. This study investigated international news use, online expression, foreign affairs knowledge, and monetary donations in the context of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Regression analysis of national survey data found that high levels of attention to news about the disaster narrowed the knowledge gap for foreign news questions. Also, attention to news about the earthquake was the strongest predictor of monetary donation to the relief effort after controls and was more than twice as likely as income to predict donation. Three measures of online expression (exchanging information about the Haiti earthquake via social media website, e-mail, and text message) also produced positive independent associations with donation, and produced a complementary effect with news attention when interaction terms were considered.},
author = {Martin, Jason A},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {417--440},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Closing Gaps in International Knowledge and Participation: News Attention, Online Expression, and the 2010 Haiti Earthquake}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2012.713149},
volume = {16},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Lee2009,
abstract = {Recent changes in the media environment have generated serious debates about whether these changes will foster or hamper the proper functioning of democracy. Along this line, the tendency toward audience fragmentation has arisen as one of the main concerns that might undermine a healthy democracy. People are not likely to discuss common social problems and understand each other in fragmented society, much less agree on methods to solve them. This dissertation investigates whether the environmental changes result in the audience fragmentation. This study first clarifies conceptual and operational definition of fragmentation. It is conceptualized as division of the general public into small groups not communicating with each other, and operationalized as existence of a common agenda by means of incidental news exposure facilitated by structural factors of online communication, an exemplar of the new information environment. Data from several different methods are employed to investigate effects of new media on fragmentation: a content analysis, a survey, and a laboratory experiment. The viii results provide evidence supporting that the public still can share experiences by learning a common agenda from the media on the Internet, the medium considered an icon of the new media environment. Findings of the content analysis found significant positive correlations between news agenda of different media outlets, indicating that there is a common agenda in the media. Environmental factors of the media environment rather than individual differences in political predispositions have strong influence on people's incidental news exposure, a key route to acquire a common agenda. A series of analyses based on the survey found that overall frequency of Internet use significantly predicted individuals' reports of incidental news exposure online, whereas there was no significant relationship between political predispositions and incidental exposure. It also appears that certain online activities such as getting entertainment/sports information significantly predicted the incidental news exposure. The incidental news exposure was found to have actual effects on people's learning of a common agenda and recognition/recall of information carried by stimulus messages in the experiment. The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of communication research and media/democracy.},
address = {Ann Arbor},
author = {Lee, J K},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television,individual level,internet},
publisher = {ProQuest LLC},
title = {{Incidental exposure to news: Limiting fragmentation in the new media environment}},
url = {http://gradworks.umi.com/33/72/3372675.html},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Teigen1988b,
author = {Teigen, K H},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral Decision  {\ldots}},
title = {{Societal risks as seen by a Norwegian public}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdm.3960010205/abstract},
year = {1988}
}
@article{van2012political,
abstract = {What influences perceptions of political polarization? The authors examine the polarization of people's own political attitudes as a source of perceived polarization: Individuals with more extreme partisan attitudes perceive greater polarization than individuals with less extreme partisan attitudes. This “polarization projection” was demonstrated in 3 studies in which people estimated the distribution of others' political attitudes: one study with a nationally representative sample concerning the 2008 presidential election, and 2 studies concerning university students evaluating a policy regarding scarce resource allocation. These studies demonstrate that polarization projection occurs simultaneously with and independently of simple projection, the tendency to assume that others share one's partisan political attitudes. Polarization projection may occur partly because people assume that others engage in similar attitudinal processes as the self, such as extensive thought and emotional arousal. The projection of various attitudinal processes was demonstrated in a study concerning health care reform policies. Further supporting this explanation, polarization projection increased when people introspected about their own attitudinal processes, which increased the accessibility of those processes. Implications for perceptions of partisanship, social judgment, and civic behavior are discussed.},
author = {{Van Boven}, Leaf and Judd, Charles M. and Sherman, David K.},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
keywords = {polpar,xnat},
mendeley-tags = {polpar,xnat},
number = {1},
pages = {84--100},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Political polarization projection: Social projection of partisan attitude extremity and attitudinal processes.}},
volume = {103},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Murray2015,
author = {Murray, Gregg R and Matland, Richard E},
doi = {10.1080/15377857.2015.1086135},
issn = {15377865},
journal = {Journal of Political Marketing},
keywords = {Backlash,Campaigns,Experiment,GOTV,Privacy,Reactance,Social norms,Social pressure,Turnout,Voter mobilization},
number = {4},
pages = {333--351},
title = {{“You've gone too far”: Social pressure mobilization, reactance, and individual differences}},
volume = {14},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Huddy2001,
author = {Huddy, L},
journal = {Political Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {127--156},
shorttitle = {From social to political identity},
title = {{From social to political identity: A critical examination of social identity theory}},
volume = {22},
year = {2001}
}
@article{sears_tax_1982,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (Tax revolt: Something for nothing in California - Sears, D O; Citrin, J)

From Duplicate 1 ( 

Tax revolt: Something for nothing in California

- Sears, D O; Citrin, J )

},
author = {Sears, D O and Citrin, J},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {Harvard Univ Pr},
shorttitle = {Tax revolt},
title = {{Tax revolt: Something for nothing in California}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=mmX{\_}e{\_}4dVnsC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA1{\&}dq=david+sears{\&}ots=lc08caImvb{\&}sig=8a1mEm601A8rHRW-AUnLxSbqUks},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Webster1988,
abstract = {This study examined the impact that program scheduling and market characteristics had on people's exposure to the early evening local news. Three factors combined to explain 81{\%} of the variation in local news ratings across the U.S.: a station's network news rating, the lead-in rating for the local news, and the size of the available television audience. We discussed how such structural factors might be better integrated into research and theory that emphasize individual characteristics as determinants of exposure to television programming.},
author = {Webster, James G and Newton, Gregory D},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {aggregate level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level},
number = {4},
pages = {381--389},
title = {{Structural Determinants of Television News Audience}},
volume = {32,},
year = {1988}
}
@phdthesis{Kim2011,
abstract = {The abundant choices offered by digital media have raised concerns that news consumption might polarize the public into people who either seek out or avoid the news. Some have further warned against the ideological polarization of the public, facilitated by selective exposure to partisan news media outlets. Despite a growing body of research involving these phenomena, there is little research that has analyzed the process of audience fragmentation and polarization over a period of years, or that has considered media use patterns across multiple platforms in a contemporary media environment. Moreover, there is a dearth of research in this area conducted in non-Western national contexts. This study first assesses TV news consumption patterns by analyzing respondent-level peoplemeter data from 2001 to 2007, a period of rapid growth in Korean cable television. Then, it further investigates cross-platform media use patterns in the current Korean media environment, with a particular focus on polarization of news consumption driven by content preferences and political ideology. This study uses a unique dataset that collected information on media use and political variables from a survey conducted on a television peoplemeter panel. The use of a single-source dataset provides an opportunity to precisely examine the political implications of cross-platform media use behavior. The results indicate that polarization in TV news viewing was already established at an early stage of cable penetration, and has changed little over the seven-year period. However, the investigation of cross-platform media consumption in the contemporary media environment reveals that Korean media users form media repertoires to cope with the abundance of choices. Most people consume a relatively good amount of news from one or more new media outlets, which suggests a less daunting picture of the division between news seekers and avoiders. This study found the polarizing effect of content preferences on total news consumption and political participation as well as evidence of selective exposure to partisan news media, but the degree of polarization is not as prevalent as it is in the U.S. where there is a more diversified and proliferated media market and a clearer division of conservative and liberal news media outlets.},
author = {Kim, Su Jung},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
school = {NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY},
title = {{Emerging Patterns of News Media Use across Multiple Platforms and Their Political Implications in South Korea}},
url = {http://gradworks.umi.com/34/56/3456674.html},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Sudulich2015,
abstract = {This article examines whether voters' use of the internet as a source of political news affects the extent to which they are certain of their vote choice in national-level elections. It employs data pertaining to the 2011 general election in Ireland, linking geographical information on broadband coverage with individual-level public opinion data from the 2011 Irish National Election Study. The resultant dataset allows the adoption of a quasi-experimental approach in our examination of the effects of online political newsgathering on voters' electoral uncertainty. Implementing instrumental variables, the study finds consistent evidence of a causal relationship between the use of the internet as a source of political information and increased levels of political uncertainty among voters, ceteris paribus. These findings are robust to a range of model specifications and alternative operationalizations of dependent and independent variables.},
author = {Sudulich, Maria and Wall, Matthew and Baccini, Leonardo},
doi = {10.1017/S0007123413000513},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Dropbox/Mendeley{\_}Files/Sudulich, Wall, Baccini - 2015 - Wired Voters The Effects of Internet Use on Voters' Electoral Uncertainty.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
number = {04},
pages = {853--881},
title = {{Wired Voters: The Effects of Internet Use on Voters' Electoral Uncertainty}},
volume = {45},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Ethier1994,
author = {Ethier, Kathleen A and Deaux, Kay},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {243--251},
title = {{Negotiating Social Identity When Contexts Change: Maintaining Identification and Responding to Threat}},
volume = {67},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Wilson2005,
author = {Wilson, T D},
isbn = {1047-840X},
journal = {Psychological Inquiry},
number = {4},
pages = {185--193},
title = {{TARGET ARTICLE: The Message Is the Method: Celebrating and Exporting the Experimental Approach}},
volume = {16},
year = {2005}
}
@book{Kaplan2002,
abstract = {Politics and the American Press takes a fresh look at the origins of modern journalism's ideals and political practices. The book also provides fresh insights into the economics of journalism and documents the changes in political content of the press by a systematic content analysis of newspaper news and editorials over a span of 55 years. The book concludes by exploring the question of what should be the appropriate political role and professional ethics of journalists in a modern democracy.},
author = {Kaplan, Richard L},
isbn = {0521006023},
keywords = {trust2013},
mendeley-tags = {trust2013},
pages = {224},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Politics and the American Press: The Rise of Objectivity, 1865-1920}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=pMPnpcg70UwC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Hart2012,
abstract = {The deficit-model of science communication assumes increased communication about science issues will move public opinion toward the scientific consensus. However, in the case of climate change, public polarization about the issue has increased in recent years, not diminished. In this study, we draw from theories of motivated reasoning, social identity, and persuasion to examine how science-based messages may increase public polarization on controversial science issues such as climate change. Exposing 240 adults to simulated news stories about possible climate change health impacts on different groups, we found the influence of identification with potential victims was contingent on participants' political partisanship. This partisanship increased the degree of political polarization on support for climate mitigation policies and resulted in a boomerang effect among Republican participants. Implications for understanding the role of motivated reasoning within the context of science communication are discussed. Keywords},
author = {Hart, P. S. and Nisbet, E. C.},
doi = {10.1177/0093650211416646},
isbn = {0093-6502},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
number = {6},
pages = {701--723},
title = {{Boomerang Effects in Science Communication: How Motivated Reasoning and Identity Cues Amplify Opinion Polarization About Climate Mitigation Policies}},
volume = {39},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Frey1986,
author = {Frey, J H},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {267},
title = {{An experiment with a confidentiality reminder in a telephone survey}},
volume = {50},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Suedfeld2010,
abstract = {This article reviews over 30 years of research on the role of integrative complexity (IC) in politics. IC is a measure of the cognitive structure underlying information processing and decision making in a specific situation and time of interest to the researcher or policymaker. As such, it is a state counterpart of conceptual complexity, the trait (transsituationally and transtemporally stable) component of cognitive structure. In the beginning (the first article using the measure was published in 1976), most of the studies were by the author or his students (or both), notably Philip Tetlock; more recently, IC has attracted the attention of a growing number of political and social psychologists. The article traces the theoretical development of IC; describes how the variable is scored in archival or contemporary materials (speeches, interviews, memoirs, etc.); discusses possible influences on IC, such as stress, ideology, and official role; and presents findings on how measures of IC can be used to forecast political decisions (e.g., deciding between war and peace). Research on the role of IC in individual success and failure in military and political leaders is also described.},
author = {Suedfeld, Peter},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00666.x},
isbn = {1467-6494 (Electronic)$\backslash$r0022-3506 (Linking)},
issn = {00223506},
journal = {Journal of Personality},
number = {6},
pages = {1669--1702},
pmid = {21039528},
title = {{The cognitive processing of politics and politicians: Archival studies of conceptual and integrative complexity}},
volume = {78},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Freedman1987,
author = {Freedman, D A},
journal = {Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics},
keywords = {path analysis, path models, structural equation mo},
number = {2},
pages = {101},
title = {{As others see us: A case study in path analysis}},
volume = {12},
year = {1987}
}
@unpublished{Yu2012,
abstract = {Some scholars have become concerned that the increased media choice online and greater potential for filtering media content may lead to greater selectivity, where individuals have a fragmented information diet by pursuing non-political or supporting partisan information at the expense of political or dissenting political viewpoints. Using manually coded content analysis, this study tests the selectivity hypotheses by analyzing blog posts. Particularly, unlike previous research on selectivity in blogosphere that solely focuses on political blogs with a simplistic operationalization of blog content, this study fills the gap in literature by analyzing the extent to which and how popular phrases in online spaces during the 2008 U.S. presidential elections are presented in political and non-political blogs. The findings reveal that, while relatively infrequent, political phrases do appear in non-political blogs and cross-ideological citations (e.g., right-leaning phrases are cited in left-leaning blogs) exist in blogosphere.},
address = {Ann Arbor},
author = {Yu, Rebecca P and Oh, Yu Won},
booktitle = {wapor2012.hkpop.hk},
institution = {University of Michigan},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
pages = {1--29},
title = {{Selectivity in Blogosphere: the Potential for Exposure to Political Information in Non-Political Blogs}},
url = {http://wapor2012.hkpop.hk/doc/papers/ConcurrentSessionsV/VB/VB-4.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Conover1981,
author = {Conover, W J and Iman, R L},
journal = {American Statistician},
number = {3},
pages = {124--129},
title = {{Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics}},
volume = {35},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Iyengar2010a,
author = {Iyengar, S and Curran, J and Lund, A B and Salovaara-Moring, I and Hahn, K S and Coen, S},
journal = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion {\&} Parties},
number = {3},
pages = {291--309},
title = {{Cross-National versus Individual-Level Differences in Political Information: A Media Systems Perspective}},
volume = {20},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Lupu2013,
author = {Lupu, Noam},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00615.x},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {49--64},
title = {{Party Brands and Partisanship: Theory with Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Argentina}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00615.x},
volume = {57},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Ciaglia2013,
abstract = {The link between mass media systems and politics is widely acknowledged and has been confirmed by a significant amount of research. However, the degree of this tie and the forms that it can take vary significantly according to different national contexts. By conducting a comparative analysis that is centred on three cases in the United Kingdom, Germany and Italy, this study addresses the overlap between media and politics from a dual perspective: the politicization of public service broadcasting and the permeability of the political system for media-related personalities or practitioners. The data show that the natural connection between political and media systems is never completely absent, although profound differences can be detected in the extent and in the implications that these connections can have for the entire system},
author = {Ciaglia, Antonio},
doi = {10.1177/0267323113494882},
isbn = {1933-1681},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
keywords = {comparative research,media politicization,media systems,mediatization,public service},
number = {5},
pages = {541--555},
title = {{Politics in the media and the media in politics: A comparative study of the relationship between the media and political systems in three European countries}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0267323113494882},
volume = {28},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Althaus2009,
abstract = {The choice to seek out political information is a function both of the individual traits of consumers and of the supply of news content in particular media markets, but previous research has tended to focus only on the individual-level correlates of news exposure. This article explores how the size and complexity of local information markets influence levels of exposure to local, network, and cable television news, as well as exposure to talk radio, online news sources, and daily newspapers. Using multilevel modeling and spatial lag regression, our analysis shows that the structure and demographic tendencies of local news markets are strongly correlated with patterns of individual-level news exposure even after controlling for individual-level demographic characteristics known to predict information seeking behavior. Moreover, we find consistent evidence of regional information cultures that influence demand for news beyond the impact of demographic and market-level factors},
author = {Althaus, Scott L and Cizmar, Anne M and Gimpel, James G},
doi = {10.1080/10584600903053361},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {249--277},
title = {{Media Supply, Audience Demand, and the Geography of News Consumption in the United States}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584600903053361},
volume = {26},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Tourangeau1988,
abstract = {We begin this article with the assumption that attitudes are best understood as structures in long-term memory, and we look at the implications of this view for the response process in attitude surveys. More specifically, we assert that an answer to an attitude question is the product of a four-stage process. Respondents first interpret the attitude question, determining what attitude the question is about. They then retrieve relevant beliefs and feelings. Next, they apply these beliefs and feelings in rendering the appropriate judgment. Finally, they use this judgment to select a response. All four of the component processes can be affected by prior items. The prior items can provide a framework for interpreting later questions and can also make some responses appear to be redundant with earlier answers. The prior items can prime some beliefs, making them more accessible to the retrieval process. The prior items can suggest a norm or standard of comparison for making the judgment. Finally, the prior items can create consistency pressures or pressures to appear moderate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).},
author = {Tourangeau, Roger and Rasinski, Kenneth A},
doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.299},
issn = {19391455},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
number = {3},
pages = {299--314},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Cognitive processes underlying context effects in attitude measurement.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.299},
volume = {103},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Warner1985,
author = {Warner, K E},
isbn = {0028-4793},
journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
number = {6},
pages = {384--388},
title = {{Cigarette advertising and media coverage of smoking and health}},
volume = {312},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Homans1958,
author = {Homans, G C},
journal = {American journal of sociology},
keywords = {muslim},
pages = {597--606},
title = {{Social behavior as exchange}},
year = {1958}
}
@article{Iyengar2004,
author = {Iyengar, S},
journal = {The yin and yang of social cognition: Perspectives on the Social Psychology of thought systems. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association},
pages = {247--257},
title = {{Engineering consent: The renaissance of mass communications research in politics}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Schoonvelde2014,
author = {Schoonvelde, Martijn},
isbn = {doi:10.1017/psrm.2013.18},
issn = {2049-8489},
journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
language = {English},
month = {oct},
number = {02},
pages = {163--178},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Media Freedom and the Institutional Underpinnings of Political Knowledge}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S2049847013000186},
volume = {2},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Scherpenzeel2011,
abstract = {In this paper, we introduce a methodology to set up a panel that combines the scientific standards for a longitudinal panel with the advantages of Internet interviewing as a method of data collection. A panel that is intended for scientific research demands a probability sample, covering the whole population of interest and thus including people without Internet access and people who do not actively volunteer to answer questions. We will show how such a panel can be built and maintained, and how researchers can use it for their own, cost free data collection.},
author = {Scherpenzeel, Annette},
doi = {10.1177/0759106310387713},
journal = {Bulletin de M{\'{e}}thodologie Sociologique},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {56--61},
title = {{Data Collection in a Probability-Based Internet Panel: How the LISS Panel Was Built and How It Can Be Used}},
url = {http://bms.sagepub.com/content/109/1/56.short},
volume = {109},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Clinton2017,
author = {Clinton, Hillary},
title = {{CCAP Panel Study}},
year = {2017}
}
@incollection{Chaiken1987,
abstract = {A major implication that the heuristic model has for understanding persuasion phenomena is the idea that opinion change in response to persuasive communications is often the outcome of only minimal information processing on the part of recipients empirical evidence supporting the heuristic model / role of motivation and ability / salience and vividness / more direct evidence for heuristic processing},
author = {Chaiken, S},
booktitle = {Social influence: The Ontario symposium, Vol. 5. Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology},
doi = {10.1023/A},
isbn = {9780898596786},
pages = {3--39},
title = {{The heuristic model of persuasion}},
year = {1987}
}
@book{Finkel1995,
abstract = {(from the introduction) Panel data, which consist of information gathered from the same individuals or units at several different points in time, are commonly used in the social sciences to test theories of individual and social change. The most important feature of panel studies is that, in contrast to static cross-sectional analyses, change is explicitly incorporated into the design so that individual (or other unit-level) changes in a set of variables are directly measured. Panel data may also be distinguished from 2 other forms of longitudinal data: "repeated cross-section" or "trend" data, which consist of information collected on the same variables for different units over time; and "time series" data, which consist of observations collected on several variables for a single unit at multiple points in time. The distinctiveness of panel data is that they contain measures of the same variables from numerous units observed repeatedly through time. This monograph provides an overview of models appropriate for the analysis of panel data, focusing specifically on the area where panels offer major advantages over cross-sectional research designs: the analysis of causal interrelationships among variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Finkel, Steven E},
booktitle = {Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences},
doi = {10.4135/9781412983594},
isbn = {0803938969},
issn = {0585213305 9780585213309 9781412983594 1412983592},
number = {c},
pages = {98},
pmid = {3014895},
title = {{Causal analysis with panel data}},
url = {http://books.google.co.jp/books?hl=ja{\&}lr={\&}id=WJI5iN-AwHEC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR4{\&}dq=Causal+analysis+with+panel+data{\&}ots=Nut{\_}V29qeb{\&}sig=zmR-m-z4DY8eqcv0j13-WMpHp2o{\&}redir{\_}esc=y{\#}v=onepage{\&}q=Causal analysis with panel data{\&}f=false},
volume = {105},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Chan2012,
abstract = {In 2011, China's Internet population reached over half a billion users and the popular Twitter-like social networking service, Weibo, has been adopted by half of the users since its launch in August 2009. Given the potential of the Internet to facilitate a civic culture in the authoritarian state, the use of Weibo and its effects on citizens' political attitudes and behaviors are of important concern. A survey of 499 Weibo users found that intensity of use was related to increased willingness to express opinions about government and politics, the perception that one has the ability to participate in politics, and feelings that the government is not responsive to the demands of citizens. Moreover, the above relationships were moderated by the motivations of Weibo use, such that information motives strengthened the relationships while entertainment motives weakened the relationships.},
author = {Chan, Michael and Wu, Xuan and Hao, Yinqi and Xi, Rui and Jin, Tian},
issn = {2152-2723},
journal = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Asian Continental Ancestry Group,Asian Continental Ancestry Group: psychology,Attitude,Blogging,China,Communication,Culture,Female,Humans,Internet,Male,Politics,Self Efficacy,Social Networking,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {jul},
number = {7},
pages = {345--349},
publisher = {Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA},
title = {{Microblogging, online expression, and political efficacy among young chinese citizens: the moderating role of information and entertainment needs in the use of weibo.}},
url = {http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cyber.2012.0109},
volume = {15},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Norman2002,
author = {Norman, D A and Books24x7, Inc},
publisher = {Basic Books New York},
title = {{The design of everyday things}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Greenwald2008,
author = {Greenwald, A G and Nosek, B A},
journal = {Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures},
pages = {65--82},
title = {{Attitudinal dissociation: What does it mean}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{converse_concept_1966,
author = {Converse, P E},
journal = {Elections and the political order},
keywords = {asymmetry},
pages = {9--39},
title = {{The concept of a normal vote}},
year = {1966}
}
@article{ANES2014,
author = {ANES},
pages = {1--161},
title = {{User's Guide and Codebook for the ANES 2012 Time Series Study}},
url = {http://www.electionstudies.org/},
year = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{Gallego2008,
abstract = {This paper tests the impact of exposure to political information in traditional and new media on different dimensions of political participation. The models are run using data from a survey conducted in Spain in 2007. First and foremost, in order to analyze the scope of the impact of media use on political participation, media exposure is categorized according to the degree of its political content. Second, a set of political attitudes that are usually associated to political participation are included in the analysis and they have been also used to control the indirect effects of exposure to new and old media. The results demonstrate that impacts on political participation of the use of new media on one hand and exposure to old media on the other are quite different. We also conclude that Internet use is not only an intermediate variable between attitudes and participation. Searching for information in the net and conducting other interactive activities also foster motivations with impact on political participation.},
author = {Gallego, A and Jorba, L},
booktitle = {Conference Youth and Politics: Strange Bedfellows},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
title = {{Does new media use lead to a widening knowledge gap and declining participation?}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?start=200{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=2005{\&}sciodt=0,5{\&}cites=2526544117497916729{\&}scipsc={\#}3},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Sproull1991,
abstract = {Electronic interactions differ significantly from face-to-face exchanges. As a result, computer networks will profoundly affect the structure of organizations and the conduct of work.},
author = {Sproull, Lee and Kiesler, Sara},
doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican0991-116},
issn = {0036-8733},
journal = {Scientific American},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {116--127},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Computers, Networks and Work.}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/scientificamerican0991-116},
volume = {265},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Franklin1984,
abstract = {The traditional view that party identification develops at an early age, is remarkably stable throughout life, and is relatively unaffected by other political attitudes has been recently challenged by evidence that adult partisanship is in fact quite responsive to other political attitudes such as policy preferences, retrospective evaluations, and past votes. The author tests predictions based on the traditional and revisionist views by estimating a model of party identification which considers the effects of parental socialization and policy preferences on the party identification of young adults. In addition, the author estimates the reciprocal effects of partisanship on policy preference.},
author = {Franklin, CH},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {3},
pages = {459--478},
title = {{Issue preferences, socialization, and the evolution of party identification}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2110900},
volume = {28},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Davis2009,
author = {Davis, J A},
journal = {Chicago: National Opinion Research Center [producer]},
title = {{General social surveys, 1972-2008 [machine-readable data file]/Principal Investigator, James A. Davis; Director and Co-Principal Investigator, Tom W. Smith; Co-Principal Investigator, Peter V. Marsden; Sponsored by National Science Foundation}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Morris2009,
abstract = {In this study, the authors test for the presence of bias during Fox News and CNN's coverage of the 2004 national party conventions. The content analysis demonstrates that Fox News's coverage was more favorable to the Republican Party than it was to the Democratic Party, while CNN's coverage was more impartial. The authors also use panel data from the National Annenberg Election Survey to show how opinion change toward the 2004 presidential candidates was associated with exposure to cable television coverage of the national party conventions. These findings highlight the evolving role of the cable news media in presidential campaigns and elections.},
author = {Morris, J. S. and Francia, P. L.},
doi = {10.1177/1065912909338463},
issn = {1065-9129},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {834--849},
title = {{Cable News, Public Opinion, and the 2004 Party Conventions}},
url = {http://prq.sagepub.com/content/early/2009/07/20/1065912909338463.abstract},
volume = {63},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hainmueller2014,
abstract = {Immigrant populations inmany developed democracies have grown rapidly, and so too has an extensive literature on natives' attitudes toward immi- gration. This research has developed from two theoretical foundations, one grounded in political economy, the other in political psychology.These two literatures have developed largely in isolation from one another, yet the conclusions that emerge from each are strikingly similar. Consistently, im- migration attitudes show little evidence of being strongly correlated with personal economic circumstances. Instead, research finds that immigration attitudes are shaped by sociotropic concerns about its cultural impacts— and to a lesser extent its economic impacts—on the nation as a whole. This pattern of results has held up as scholars have increasingly turned to ex- perimental tests, and it holds for the United States, Canada, and Western Europe. Still, more work is needed to strengthen the causal identification of sociotropic concerns and to isolate precisely how, when, and why they matter for attitude formation.},
author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Hopkins, Daniel J},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818},
isbn = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818},
issn = {1094-2939},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
keywords = {cultural threat,imm{\_}nl,immigration attitudes,political economy,political psychology,prejudice,public opinion},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {1},
pages = {225--249},
title = {{Public Attitudes Toward Immigration}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{King2001,
author = {King, G and Zeng, L},
pages = {19--21},
title = {{How Factual is Your Counterfactual?}},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Iyengar2012,
abstract = {The current debate over the extent of polarization in the American mass public focuses on the extent to which partisans' policy preferences have moved. Whereas "maximalists" claim that partisans' views on policies have become more extreme over time (Abramowitz 2010), "minimalists" (Fiorina and Abrams 2009) contend that the majority of Americans remain centrist, and that what little centrifugal movement has occurred reflects sorting, i.e., the increased association between partisanship and ideology. We argue in favor of an alternative definition of polarization, based on the classic concept of social distance (Bogardus 1947). Using data from a variety of sources, we demonstrate that both Republicans and Democrats increasingly dislike, even loathe, their opponents. We also find that partisan affect is inconsistently (and perhaps artifactually) founded in policy attitudes. The more plausible account lies in the nature of political campaigns; exposure to messages attacking the out-group reinforces partisans' biased views of their opponents.},
annote = {From Duplicate 2 (Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization - Iyengar, S.; Sood, G.; Lelkes, Y.)

From Duplicate 1 ( 


Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization


- Iyengar, S.; Sood, G.; Lelkes, Y. )

},
author = {Iyengar, S. and Sood, G. and Lelkes, Y.},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfs038},
issn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,lelkeswestwood,mybib,partisandiscrimination,polpar,selexppol,website,xnat},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,lelkeswestwood,mybib,partisandiscrimination,polpar,selexppol,website,xnat},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {405--431},
title = {{Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/09/15/poq.nfs038.abstract?etoc http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/76/3/405.short},
volume = {76},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Gervais2012,
abstract = {Scientific interest in the cognitive underpinnings of religious belief has grown in recent years. However, to date, little experimental research has focused on the cognitive processes that may promote religious disbelief. The present studies apply a dual-process model of cognitive processing to this problem, testing the hypothesis that analytic processing promotes religious disbelief. Individual differences in the tendency to analytically override initially flawed intuitions in reasoning were associated with increased religious disbelief. Four additional experiments provided evidence of causation, as subtle manipulations known to trigger analytic processing also encouraged religious disbelief. Combined, these studies indicate that analytic processing is one factor (presumably among several) that promotes religious disbelief. Although these findings do not speak directly to conversations about the inherent rationality, value, or truth of religious beliefs, they illuminate one cognitive factor that may influence such discussions.},
author = {Gervais, W. M. and Norenzayan, A.},
doi = {10.1126/science.1215647},
issn = {0036-8075},
journal = {Science},
month = {apr},
number = {6080},
pages = {493--496},
title = {{Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6080/493.abstract},
volume = {336},
year = {2012}
}
@article{turner1999some,
author = {Turner, J.C.},
journal = {Social identity: Context, commitment, content},
pages = {6--34},
title = {{Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories}},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Jacoby2006,
author = {Jacoby, W G William G},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00211.x},
issn = {0092-5853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {706--723},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Value choices and American public opinion}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00211.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00211.x/full},
volume = {50},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Barstow2008,
author = {Barstow, D},
journal = {New York Times},
title = {{Behind TV analysts, Pentagon's hidden hand}},
volume = {20},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Chong2007,
author = {Chong, D and Druckman, J N},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {99--118},
title = {{A theory of framing and opinion formation in competitive elite environments}},
volume = {57},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Abrams1988,
abstract = {The background and development of motivational hypotheses in social identity theory are examined, revealing two general motives for intergroup discrimination: a desire for cognitive coherence, or good structure; and a need for positive self-esteem. The latter (self-esteem hypothesis: SEH) has received most attention. Both the theoretical and empirical bases of the SEH are largely rooted in research using the minimal group paradigm. However, it remains unclear whether self-esteem is to be considered primarily as a cause or an effect of discrimination. When real social groups are considered the SEH appears to provide only a partial explanation, and a variety of more or less powerful alternative social motives may underlie discriminatory behaviour. We explore some social-structural, individual and interpersonal limits to the SEH, and we call for an awareness of these motives and a re-examination of the good-structure thesis. The SEH, as it stands, provides only a partial contribution to our understanding of the relationship between social identity and discriminatory intergroup behaviour.},
author = {Abrams, Dominic and Hogg, Michael A},
doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2420180403},
isbn = {1099-0992},
issn = {10990992},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {317--334},
pmid = {12362553},
title = {{Comments on the motivational status of self‐esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination}},
volume = {18},
year = {1988}
}
@article{jenkinson1994criterion,
author = {Jenkinson, C and Wright, L and Coulter, A},
journal = {Quality of Life Research},
number = {1},
pages = {7--12},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Criterion validity and reliability of the SF-36 in a population sample}},
volume = {3},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Wojcieszak2009,
author = {Wojcieszak, Magdalena E. and Mutz, Diana C.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {40--56},
shorttitle = {Online Groups and Political Discourse},
title = {{Online Groups and Political Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to Political Disagreement?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x},
volume = {59},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Huckfeldt2004,
author = {Huckfeldt, R and Mendez, JM and Osborn, T},
journal = {Political Psychology},
title = {{Disagreement, ambivalence, and engagement: The political consequences of heterogeneous networks}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00357.x/abstract},
year = {2004}
}
@article{NIE2001,
abstract = {During the course of the past year, at least four different academic surveys have been conducted, each focusing to some extent on the impact of Internet use on the quantity and quality of interpersonal communication and sociability. Remarkably, these studies arrive at starkly different conclusions regarding the social repercussions of Internet use. At the heart of this debate is whether Internet use can be a potentially isolating activity or one that leads to substantially greater communication among people and thus enhances human connectivity and sociability. Based on an analysis of these studies' key findings and methodological approaches, this article attempts to understand the role of the Internet in shaping our interpersonal relations. The key findings suggest that Internet users do not become more sociable; rather, they already display a higher degree of social connectivity and participation, due to the fact that they are better educated, better off financially, and less likely to be among the elderly. And simply because of the inelasticity of time, Internet use may actually reduce interpersonal interaction and communication.},
author = {NIE, N. H.},
doi = {10.1177/00027640121957277},
issn = {0002-7642},
journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {nov},
number = {3},
pages = {420--435},
title = {{Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the Internet: Reconciling Conflicting Findings}},
url = {http://abs.sagepub.com/content/45/3/420.abstract},
volume = {45},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Yang2011,
abstract = {This experimental study tested the knowledge gap hypothesis at the intersection of audience education levels and news formats (newspaper versus online). The findings reveal a gap in public affairs knowledge acquisition between South Korean citizens (N = 123) from different educational backgrounds. Moreover, the high education group comprehended news with the same level of efficiency across online and newspaper formats while low education participants gained more knowledge from reading a newspaper than using an online news source. Taken together, this study's findings confirm the knowledge gap hypothesis through experimental research and offer evidence of its potential contribution to the digital divide.},
author = {Yang, J and Grabe, M E},
issn = {1461-4448},
journal = {New Media {\&} Society},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {may},
number = {8},
pages = {1211--1227},
title = {{Knowledge acquisition gaps: A comparison of print versus online news sources}},
url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/13/8/1211.short},
volume = {13},
year = {2011}
}
@article{mcguire1985attitudes,
author = {McGuire, William J},
journal = {Handbook of social psychology},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {3},
pages = {233--346},
title = {{Attitudes and attitude change}},
volume = {2},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Prior2015a,
author = {Prior, Markus and Sood, Gaurav and Khanna, Kabir},
doi = {10.1561/100.00014127},
issn = {1554-0626},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
number = {4},
pages = {489--518},
title = {{You Cannot be Serious: The Impact of Accuracy Incentives on Partisan Bias in Reports of Economic Perceptions}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014127},
volume = {10},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Baron1986,
author = {Baron, R M and Kenny, D A},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {1173--1182},
title = {{The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations}},
volume = {51},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Fischer2018,
author = {Fischer, Sean and Lelkes, Yphtach},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/Hollywood{\_}s{\_}Political{\_}Space.pdf:pdf},
title = {{Hollywood ' s Political Space : Estimating Film Ideology from Revealed Preferences}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Perreault1999,
abstract = {In line with social identity theory, minimal group paradigm (MGP) studies have shown that high in-group identifiers discriminate more than low in-group identifiers. But why do some people identify more to their ad hoc group in the MGP? One week prior to a MGP study, 121 undergraduates completed scales assessing their ethnocentrism, authoritarianism, and personal need for structure. In Phase 2, the same participants took part in a MGP study in which us{\^{a}}€“them categorization was either assigned randomly or was chosen. Participants who chose their group membership identified more with their own group and discriminated more than respondents randomly assigned to their group. Path analysis showed that ethnocentrism and perception of control over group ascription predicted degree of in-group identification, which in turn, was positively related to discriminatory behavior (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA )},
author = {Perreault, St{\'{e}}phane and Bourhis, Richard Y},
doi = {10.1177/0146167299025001008},
isbn = {0146-1672},
issn = {0146-1672},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
keywords = {College Students,Discrimination,Ethnocentrism,Ingroup Outgroup,Social Identity},
number = {1},
pages = {92--103},
pmid = {61622530},
title = {{Ethnocentrism, social identification, and discrimination}},
volume = {25},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Lieberman2003,
author = {Lieberman, M D and Schreiber, D and Ochsner, K N},
isbn = {1467-9221},
journal = {Political Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {681--704},
title = {{Is political cognition like riding a bicycle? How cognitive neuroscience can inform research on political thinking}},
volume = {24},
year = {2003}
}
@incollection{Esser2012,
address = {New York},
author = {Esser, F and Hanitzsch, T},
booktitle = {The Handbook of Comparative Communication Research},
editor = {Esser, F. and Hanitzsch, T.},
pages = {3--22},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{On the why and how of comparative inquiry in communication studies}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Halevy2010,
abstract = {Two experiments utilized a new experimental paradigm—the Intergroup Prisoner's Dilemma— Maximizing Difference (IPD-MD) game—to study how relative deprivation at the group level affects intergroup competition. The IPD-MD game enables group members to make a costly contribution to either a within-group pool that benefits fellow ingroup members, or a between-group pool, which, in addition, harms outgroup members. We found that when group members were put in a disadvantaged position, either by previous actions of the outgroup (Experiment 1) or by random misfortune (Experiment 2), they contributed substantially more to the competitive between-group pool. This destructive behavior both minimized inequality between the groups and reduced collective efficiency. Our results underscore the conditions that lead group members to care about relative (rather than absolute) group outcomes and highlight the need to differentiate between the motivation to get ahead and the motivation not to fall behind: the latter, it appears, is what motivates individual participation in destructive intergroup competition.},
author = {Halevy, Nir and Chou, Eileen Y and Cohen, Taya R and Bornstein, Gary},
doi = {10.1177/1368430210371639},
isbn = {1368-4302
1461-7188},
issn = {13684302},
journal = {Group Processes and Intergroup Relations},
keywords = {collective action,experimental games,intergroup competition,intragroup cooperation,relative deprivation},
number = {6},
pages = {685--700},
title = {{Relative deprivation and intergroup competition}},
volume = {13},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Walton2012,
author = {Walton, Gregory M and Cohen, Geoffrey L and Cwir, David and Spencer, Steven J},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {3},
pages = {513--532},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Mere belonging: The power of social connections}},
volume = {102},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Iyengar2012a,
author = {Iyengar, Shanto and Vavreck, Lynn},
journal = {The SAGE handbook of political communication},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
pages = {225},
publisher = {SAGE Publications Limited},
title = {{Online panels and the future of political communication research}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Norris2001,
abstract = {Is the process of political communications by the news media and by parties responsible for civic malaise? A Virtuous Circle sets out to challenge the conventional wisdom that it is. Based on a comparative examination of the role of the news media and parties in postindustrial societies, this study argues that rather than mistakenly "blaming the messenger" we need to understand and confront more deep-rooted flaws in the systems of representative democracy.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Norris, Pippa},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055402404339},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9780521790154},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {Challenges to Democracy},
keywords = {Broadcasting industry,Industry,Political Science},
number = {3},
pages = {100--117},
pmid = {4665152},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{A Virtuous Circle? The Impact of Political Communications in Post-Industrial Democracies}},
volume = {7247},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Vandello1999,
author = {Vandello, J A and Cohen, D},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
pages = {279--292},
title = {{Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States}},
volume = {77},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Lacour2014,
abstract = {In light of a recent exchange between Prior (2013a) and Dilliplane, Goldman, and Mutz (2013), we evaluate the new American National Election Study program-count measures of news exposure using a unique dataset that tracks self-reports as well as actual exposure to news collected via passive tracking devices. We bring these data to bear on concerns raised by Prior (2013a) about the construct and convergent validity of the new ANES measures. Our results add nuance to previous findings showing respondents? propensity to overreport exposure to news, and also demonstrate that on average, self-reported measures reflect relative levels of exposure quite well. Additionally, we show that the more unique news programs a person watches, the more total time he or she is exposed to political news. Very few people watch only one program but watch it repeatedly. The data also reveal an increase in the number of programs watched leading up to election day, and a concomitant increase in the amount of time per capita spent with political news as elections approach. We conclude, however, that the program-count measure is not without its weaknesses. Shortening the list of programs affects construct validity by introducing noise into the low end of the scale. Expanding the list of programs in the survey to include local news and special reports will improve fidelity at the low end of this new measure.},
author = {Lacour, Michael J and Vavreck, Lynn},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2014.921258},
isbn = {1058-4609},
issn = {10917675},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {ANES,Media,Mutz,Prior},
number = {3},
pages = {408--420},
title = {{Improving media measurement: Evidence from the field}},
volume = {31},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Walter2012,
abstract = {This article examines which political parties are the most likely targets of negative campaigning in a multiparty system. The choice of target is an important strategic decision parties make when deciding on their campaign strategy. The article advances existing research on negative campaigning in several ways. First, it is the only paper of its kind to statistically test which parties are most likely to be attacked in a multiparty system and in a non-US setting. Second, it contributes to the development of a general theory on negative campaigning by examining its use in a multiparty system. Finally, it presents new content analysis data on negative campaigning from ten Dutch Parliamentary elections between 1981 and 2010. The findings show that large parties, ideologically proximate parties, parties close to the median party position and government parties are the most likely targets of negative campaigning in the Dutch multiparty system.},
author = {Walter, A. S.},
doi = {10.1177/1354068811436050},
issn = {1354-0688},
journal = {Party Politics},
month = {mar},
pages = {1354068811436050--},
title = {{Choosing the enemy: Attack behaviour in a multiparty system}},
url = {http://ppq.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/03/04/1354068811436050.abstract{\#}cited-by},
year = {2012}
}
@article{McClosky1984,
author = {McClosky, H and Zaller, J},
keywords = {mcclosky1984,partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {mcclosky1984,partisandiscrimination},
title = {{The American ethos: Public attitudes toward capitalism and democracy}},
url = {http://www.getcited.org/pub/102369078},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Hopko2003a,
author = {Hopko, D R and Mahadevan, R and Bare, R L and Hunt, M K},
isbn = {1073-1911},
journal = {Assessment},
number = {2},
pages = {178},
title = {{The abbreviated math anxiety scale (AMAS)}},
volume = {10},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Knowles1999,
author = {Knowles, Eric S and Condon, Christopher A},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {379},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Why people say" yes": A dual-process theory of acquiescence.}},
volume = {77},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Haidt2001,
abstract = {Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construc- tion, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent than rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology. Julie},
author = {Haidt, Jonathan},
doi = {10.1037//0033-295X.},
isbn = {0033-295X (Print)$\backslash$n0033-295X (Linking)},
issn = {0033-295X},
journal = {Psychological review},
number = {1},
pages = {814--834},
pmid = {11212634},
title = {{The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment}},
volume = {108},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Chew1994,
abstract = {Nutrition knowledge levels measured in a national three-wave survey showed that the inter-wave knowledge gap between groups with high and low interest remained constant and significant. Interest, not education, was a stronger determinant of knowledge gain resulting from exposure to television programming. Program viewing increased interest and nutrition knowledge. This finding suggests that through television viewing people can move into the ranks of higher interest.},
author = {Chew, Fiona and Palmer, Sushma},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
pages = {271--287},
title = {{Interest, the Knowledge Gap, and Television Programming}},
url = {http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jbem38{\&}id=281{\&}div={\&}collection=journals},
volume = {38},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Bishop1980,
author = {Bishop, G F and Oldendick, R W and Tuchfarber, A J and Bennett, S E},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {198},
title = {{Pseudo-opinions on public affairs}},
volume = {44},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Matsusaka1995,
abstract = {Voting research is rich in empirical regularities yet a parsimonious theory of voter turnout that can match the facts has proven to be elusive. This paper argues that voter turnout patterns can be explained by extending the traditional rational voter model to include limited information. A model is presented in which utility-maximizing consumers receive higher payoffs from voting the more confident they are of their vote choice. The model provides an explanation for the most important cross-sectional voter turnout patterns. In addition, it suggests a novel explanation for the post-1960 decline in U.S. participation.},
author = {Matsusaka, John G.},
doi = {10.1007/BF01047803},
isbn = {0048-5829},
issn = {00485829},
journal = {Public Choice},
number = {1-2},
pages = {91--117},
title = {{Explaining voter turnout patterns: An information theory}},
volume = {84},
year = {1995}
}
@article{DellaVigna2007,
author = {DellaVigna, S. and Kaplan, E.},
doi = {10.1162/qjec.122.3.1187},
issn = {0033-5533},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
language = {en},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {1187--1234},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting}},
url = {http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/122/3/1187.abstract},
volume = {122},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Levendusky2012,
author = {Levendusky, Matthew S and Horowitz, Michael C},
issn = {1468-2508},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
language = {English},
month = {apr},
number = {02},
pages = {323--338},
title = {{When Backing Down Is the Right Decision: Partisanship, New Information, and Audience Costs}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S002238161100154X},
volume = {74},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hwang2009,
abstract = {This knowledge gap meta-analysis examines (a) average effect size of the gap, (b) impact of media publicity, and (c) moderators of the gap. Positive correlation between education and level of knowledge (r = .28) was found, with no differences in the size of the gap (a) over time and (b) between issues of higher and lower publicity. However, gap magnitude was moderated by topic, setting, knowledge measure, and study design, but not by publication status, country, and sampling method. Relatively smaller gaps were found for (a) health-science topics compared to social-political topics and (b) local/personal issues compared to international issues.},
author = {Hwang, Y. and Jeong, S.-H.},
doi = {10.1177/107769900908600304},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {513--532},
title = {{Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: A Meta-Analysis of Thirty-Five Years of Research}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/86/3/513.short},
volume = {86},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Easton1965,
author = {Easton, D},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
title = {{A systems analysis of political life}},
url = {http://www.getcited.org/pub/101891456},
year = {1965}
}
@book{Goffman1959,
abstract = {A study of human behavior in social situations and the way we appear to others. Dr. Goffman has employed as a framework the metaphor of theatrical performance. Discussions of social techniques are based upon detailed research and observation of social customs in many regions.},
author = {Goffman, Erving},
isbn = {0385094027},
pages = {259},
publisher = {Doubleday},
title = {{The presentation of self in everyday life}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=ZEzoEfZrot8C{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1959}
}
@article{Dimitrova2011,
abstract = {While the majority of previous research suggests there are positive relationships between digital media use and political participation and knowledge, most studies have relied on cross-sectional surveys and have thus not been able to firmly establish the chain of causality. Also, there is little research investigating use of different forms of digital media and their relative effects on political participation and knowledge. This study examines (a) the effects of digital media use on political participation and knowledge and (b) whether different forms of digital media use affect people differently. Drawing on two representative panel surveys, the study demonstrates that there are only weak effects of digital media use on political learning, but that the use of some digital media forms has appreciable effects on political participation.},
author = {Dimitrova, D V and Shehata, A and Stromback, J and Nord, L W},
doi = {10.1177/0093650211426004},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {nov},
number = {1},
pages = {95--118},
title = {{The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns: Evidence From Panel Data}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/11/02/0093650211426004.abstract},
volume = {41},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Luskin1990,
author = {Luskin, R C},
journal = {Political Behavior},
number = {4},
pages = {331--361},
title = {{Explaining political sophistication}},
volume = {12},
year = {1990}
}
@misc{Media,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( 

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author = {Media, Center for History and New and {Center for History and New Media}},
howpublished = {http://zotero.org/support/quick{\_}start{\_}guide},
title = {{Zotero Quick Start Guide}},
url = {http://zotero.org/support/quick{\_}start{\_}guide}
}
@book{Lavine2012,
author = {Lavine, HG and Johnston, CD and Steenbergen, MR},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{The ambivalent partisan: How critical loyalty promotes democracy}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Druckman2009,
author = {Druckman, J N and Kifer, M J and Parkin, M},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {03},
pages = {343--366},
title = {{Campaign communications in US congressional elections}},
volume = {103},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Uziel2010a,
author = {Uziel, L},
isbn = {0146-1672},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
number = {12},
pages = {1591},
title = {{Look at Me, I'm Happy and Creative: The Effect of Impression Management on Behavior in Social Presence}},
volume = {36},
year = {2010}
}
@article{VanOudenhoven1998,
abstract = {In two studies, one among 94 Moroccan and 203 Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands and one among 1844 people of the Dutch majority, we examined how these groups react to four different adaptation strategies of people with a Moroccan and a Turkish background. These strategies are: assimilation (original culture is considered unimportant whereas contact with the majority is considered important), integration (both the original culture and contact with the majority are important), separation (original culture is considered important whereas contact with the majority is not), and marginalization (both the original culture and contact with the majority are considered unimportant). The respondents were confronted with a scenario (a fictitious newspaper article) representing one of the four strategies. Moroccans and Turks had to indicate whether they identified themselves with the person in the scenario. Their affective and normative reactions towards that person were also measured. Both Moroccans and Turks appeared to react most positively to integration and to identify themselves most with an integrating person. Dutch majority members were asked to estimate the percentage of Moroccans or Turks that use a particular adaptation form, and were also asked to give their affective and normative reactions towards the person in the scenario. The Dutch have positive attitudes towards assimilation and integration. Remarkably, they believe that separation, which is the least liked strategy by them, is the one chosen most frequently by the immigrants. Copyright {\textcopyright} 1998 John Wiley {\&} Sons, Ltd.},
author = {{Van Oudenhoven}, Jan Pieter and Prins, Karin S and Buunk, Bram P},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<995::AID-EJSP908>3.0.CO;2-8},
isbn = {1099-0992},
issn = {1099-0992},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {6},
pages = {995--1013},
pmid = {1911},
title = {{Attitudes of minority and majority members towards adaptation of immigrants}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6{\%}3C995::AID-EJSP908{\%}3E3.0.CO;2-8},
volume = {28},
year = {1998}
}
@incollection{Gentzkow2014a,
abstract = {News consumption is moving online. If this move fundamentally changes how news is produced and consumed it will have important ramifications for politics. In this chapter we formulate a model of the supply and demand of news online that is motivated by descriptive features of online news consumption. We estimate the demand model using a combination of microdata and aggregate moments from a panel of Internet users. We evaluate the fit of the model to key features of the data and use it to compute the predictions of the supply model. We discuss how such a model can inform debates about the effects of the Internet on political polarization and other outcomes of interest.},
author = {Gentzkow, M and Shapiro, J M},
booktitle = {Economics of Digitization},
chapter = {6},
editor = {Goldfarb, Avi and Greenstein, Shane and Tucker, Catherine},
keywords = {echo chambers,individual level,internet,news},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Ideology and Online News}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12993.ack},
year = {2014}
}
@article{mutz_consequences_2002,
author = {Mutz, D C},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {4},
pages = {838--855},
title = {{The consequences of cross-cutting networks for political participation}},
volume = {46},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Green2008,
author = {Green, D P and Vavreck, L},
isbn = {1047-1987},
journal = {Political Analysis},
number = {2},
pages = {138},
title = {{Analysis of cluster-randomized experiments: A comparison of alternative estimation approaches}},
volume = {16},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Snyder1977,
author = {Snyder, M and Tanke, E D and Berscheid, E},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {9},
pages = {655--666},
title = {{Social Perception and Interpersonal Behavior: On the Self-Fulfilling Nature of Social Stereotypes}},
volume = {35},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Tomz2009,
abstract = {{{\}}pCandidates often make ambiguous statements about the policies they intend to pursue. In theory, ambiguity affects how voters make choices and who wins elections. In practice, measurement and endogeneity problems have impeded empirical research about the consequences of ambiguity. We conducted survey experiments that overcame these obstacles by manipulating a common form of ambiguity: the imprecision of candidate positions. Our data show that, on average, ambiguity does not repel and may, in fact, attract voters. In nonpartisan settings, voters who have neutral or positive attitudes toward risk, or who feel uncertain about their own policy preferences, tend to embrace ambiguity. In partisan settings, voters respond even more positively to ambiguity; they optimistically perceive the locations of ambiguous candidates from their own party without pessimistically perceiving the locations of vague candidates from the opposition. We further find, through analysis of two additional new data sets, that candidates often take—and voters frequently perceive—ambiguous positions like the ones in our experiments. The pervasive use of ambiguity in campaigns fits with our experimental finding that ambiguity can be a winning strategy, especially in partisan elections./p},
author = {Tomz, Michael and {Van Houweling}, Robert P},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055409090066},
isbn = {0003-0554},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {83--98},
pmid = {7441},
title = {{The electoral implications of candidate ambiguity}},
volume = {103},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lipset1959,
abstract = {A variety of evidence from many countries suggests that low status and low education predispose individuals to favor extremist, intolerant, and transvaluational forms of political and religious behavior. The evidence includes reports from surveys concerning differential attitudes among the various strata towards democratic values, including civil liberties for unpopular political groups, civil rights for ethnic minorities, legitimacy of opposition, and proper limits on the power of national political leaders; psychological research on the personality traits of different strata; data on the composition and appeal of chiliastic religious sects; and materials bearing on the support of authoritarian movements. The factors operating to support this predisposition are all those which make for a lack of ''sophistication,'' a complex view of causal relations, and heightened insecurity, both objective and subjective. These findings suggest that the success of the Communist Party among those of},
author = {Lipset, Seymour Martin},
doi = {10.2307/2089536},
issn = {00031224},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
number = {4},
pages = {482--501},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Democracy and Working-Class Authoritarianism}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2089536},
volume = {24},
year = {1959}
}
@article{Buck2005,
abstract = {Does expert testimony on forensic interviews with children help adults distinguish between poorly conducted and well-conducted interviews? This study evaluates the effects of social framework expert testimony regarding child witnesses in a case involving allegations of child sexual abuse. A 2 (Expert Testimony: present or absent) × 3 (Child Forensic Interview Quality: poor, typical, or good) × 2 (Child's Age: 4- or 10-year-old) factorial design was used to examine whether expert testimony is prejudicial or beneficial to jurors (N = 463). The results revealed that, without expert testimony, mock jurors did not consider the forensic interview quality when reaching a verdict. However, with expert testimony, mock jurors were more likely to render guilty verdicts if the interview quality was good versus poor. Further expert testimony increased mock jurors' knowledge about child witnesses. These findings suggest that expert testimony related to the impact of interview techniques on the reliability of children's reports may assist fact-finders in evaluating child abuse cases.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
author = {Buck, Julie A. and London, Kamala and Wright, Daniel B.},
doi = {10.1007/s10979-010-9228-2},
isbn = {1097901092},
issn = {01477307},
journal = {Law and Human Behavior},
keywords = {,Child abuse,Child witness,Expert testimony,Interviewing,Memory,Suggestibility},
number = {2},
pages = {152--154},
pmid = {20443056},
title = {{Expert testimony regarding child witnesses: Does it sensitize jurors to forensic interview quality?}},
volume = {35},
year = {2005}
}
@book{moy2000malice,
author = {Moy, Patricia and Pfau, Michael},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
publisher = {Praeger Publishers},
title = {{With malice toward all?: The media and public confidence in democratic institutions}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Schuman1983,
author = {Schuman, H and Kalton, G and Ludwig, J},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {112},
title = {{Context and contiguity in survey questionnaires}},
volume = {47},
year = {1983}
}
@article{Pearlin1961,
author = {Pearlin, L I},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {4},
pages = {640},
title = {{The appeals of anonymity in questionnaire response}},
volume = {25},
year = {1961}
}
@incollection{Jackman2005,
author = {Jackman, Mary},
booktitle = {On the nature of prejudice},
editor = {Dovidio, John F and Glick, Peter and Rudman, Laurie A},
keywords = {lelkeswestwood,partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {lelkeswestwood,partisandiscrimination},
pages = {89--105},
title = {{Rejection or inclusion of outgroups}},
year = {2005}
}
@misc{lohr_how_2016,
author = {Lohr, Steve and Singer, Natasha},
booktitle = {The New York Times},
title = {{How Data Failed Us in Calling an Election}},
url = {https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/technology/the-data-said-clinton-would-win-why-you-shouldnt-have-believed-it.html},
year = {2017}
}
@book{Dalton2002,
author = {Dalton, Russell J and Wattenberg, Martin P},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Parties without partisans: Political change in advanced industrial democracies}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{MCLEOD1996,
abstract = {Research on dimensions of community integration has suffered from the lack of clear conceptual and operational definitions. The purposes of this article are to explicate the concept of community integration and its dimensions and to specify the structural and media antecedents and the political consequences of these dimensions. Using 15 indicators drawn from previous integration studies, we test the hypothesis that integration is a multidimensional concept. A factor analysis reveals that community integration has at least five dimensions: psychological attachment, interpersonal discussion networks, city versus group, localism versus cosmopolitanism, and city versus neighborhood. The structural and media use antecedents and the political consequences of these dimensions are examined to provide construct validity for our measurement. We find strong relationships between local media use and the dimensions of community integration, as well as links between local media use and community integration and local political interest, knowledge, and participation.},
author = {MCLEOD, J M and DAILY, K and GUO, Z and EVELAND, W P and BAYER, J and YANG, S and WANG, H},
doi = {10.1177/009365096023002002},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {179--209},
title = {{Community Integration, Local Media Use, and Democratic Processes}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/23/2/179.short},
volume = {23},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Wlezien1995,
author = {Wlezien, C},
journal = {Elections and voting behaviour: new challenges,  {\ldots}},
keywords = {wlezien1995},
mendeley-tags = {wlezien1995},
title = {{The Public as Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=6611910963666341296{\&}hl=en{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\#}1 http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2111666},
year = {1995}
}
@article{NASS1991,
author = {NASS, C I and REEVES, B},
journal = {Communication Research},
number = {2},
pages = {240},
title = {{Combining, distinguishing, and generating theories in communication: A domains of analysis framework}},
volume = {18},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Huizingh1997,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (A Comparison of Verbal and Numerical Judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process - Huizingh, E K R E; Vrolijk, H C J)

From Duplicate 1 ( 

A Comparison of Verbal and Numerical Judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process* 1

- Huizingh, E K R E; Vrolijk, H C J )








From Duplicate 2 ( 

A comparison of verbal and numerical judgments in the analytic hierarchy process

- )

},
author = {Huizingh, E K R E and Vrolijk, H C J},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
number = {3},
pages = {237--247},
title = {{A Comparison of Verbal and Numerical Judgments in the Analytic Hierarchy Process}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749597897927084},
volume = {70},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Nicholson2012,
abstract = {People categorize themselves and others, creating ingroup and outgroup$\backslash$ndistinctions. In American politics, parties constitute the in- and$\backslash$noutgroups, and party leaders hold sway in articulating party positions. A$\backslash$nparty leader's endorsement of a policy can be persuasive, inducing$\backslash$nco-partisans to take the same position. In contrast, a party leader's$\backslash$nendorsement may polarize opinion, inducing out-party identifiers to take a$\backslash$ncontrary position. Using survey experiments from the 2008 presidential$\backslash$nelection, I examine whether in- and out-party candidate cues—John McCain$\backslash$nand Barack Obama—affected partisan opinion. The results indicate that$\backslash$nin-party leader cues do not persuade but that out-party leader cues$\backslash$npolarize. This finding holds in an experiment featuring President Bush in$\backslash$nwhich his endorsement did not persuade Republicans but it polarized$\backslash$nDemocrats. Lastly, I compare the effect of party leader cues to party$\backslash$nlabel cues. The results suggest that politicians, not parties, function as$\backslash$npolarizing cues.},
author = {Nicholson, Stephen P},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00541.x},
isbn = {1540-5907},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {52--66},
pmid = {22400143},
title = {{Polarizing cues}},
volume = {56},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Kivisto2007,
author = {Kivisto, Peter and Pittman, Dan},
pages = {271--290},
title = {{Goffman's Dramaturgical Sociology}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Duckitt2015,
abstract = {The theory of an authoritarian personality was an influential though controversial mid-twentieth-century theory to explain the mass appeal of fascism and ethnocentrism. Methodological and conceptual criticisms of the original theory, however, lead to alternative theories and culminated in research suggesting two distinct dimensions of ideological attitudes, Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) or Social Conservatism and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) or Anti-Egalitarianism. RWA and SDO were initially thought to be direct expressions of two different authoritarian personalities, but have more recently been seen as describing social or ideological attitude dimensions with multiple social and personal determinants.},
author = {Duckitt, John},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.24042-7},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/AuthoritarianPers-IntnlEncyclopofSocialBehavSciences-2015.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9780080970875},
journal = {International Encyclopedia of the Social {\&} Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition},
keywords = {Anti-egalitarianism,Authoritarian personality,Ethnocentrism,Ideological attitudes,Right-wing authoritarianism,Social conservatism,Social dominance orientation},
number = {December 2015},
pages = {255--261},
title = {{Authoritarian Personality}},
year = {2015}
}
@book{Lewis-Beck2008,
abstract = {Today we are politically polarized as never before. The presidential elections of 2000 and 2004 will be remembered as two of the most contentious political events in American history. Yet despite the recent election upheaval, The American Voter Revisited discovers that voter behavior has been remarkably consistent over the last half century. And if the authors are correct in their predictions, 2008 will show just how reliably the American voter weighs in, election after election.The American Voter Revisited re-creates the outstanding 1960 classic The American Voter--which was based on the presidential elections of 1952 and 1956--following the same format, theory, and mode of analysis as the original. In this new volume, the authors test the ideas and methods of the original against presidential election surveys from 2000 and 2004. Surprisingly, the contemporary American voter is found to behave politically much like voters of the 1950s."Simply essential. For generations, serious students of American politics have kept The American Voter right on their desk. Now, everyone will keep The American Voter Revisited right next to it."--Larry J. Sabato, Director of the University of Virginia Center for Politics and author of A More Perfect Constitution"The American Voter Revisited is destined to be the definitive volume on American electoral behavior for decades. It is a timely book for 2008, with in-depth analyses of the 2000 and 2004 elections updating and extending the findings of the original The American Voter. It is also quite accessible, making it ideal for graduate students as well as advanced undergrads."--Andrew E. Smith, Director of the University of New Hampshire Survey Center"A theoretically faithful, empirically innovative, comprehensive update of the original classic."--Sam Popkin, Professor of Political Science, University of California, San DiegoMichael S. Lewis-Beck is F. Wendell Miller Distinguished Professor of Political Science at the University of Iowa. William G. Jacoby is Professor of Political Science at Michigan State University. Helmut Norpoth is Professor of Political Science at Stony Brook University. Herbert F. Weisberg is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University.},
author = {Lewis-Beck, Michael S and Norpoth, Helmut and Jacoby, William G and Weisberg, Herbert F},
booktitle = {Social Forces},
isbn = {0472050400},
issn = {15347605},
number = {2},
pages = {493},
publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
title = {{The American voter revisited}},
url = {http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social{\_}forces/v088/88.2.dodson.html},
volume = {88},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Tajfel1981,
address = {Cambridge},
author = {Tajfel, Henri},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Human Groups and Social Categories}},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Cialdini2004,
author = {Cialdini, R B and Goldstein, N J},
title = {{Social influence: Compliance and conformity}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Heerwegh2008,
author = {Heerwegh, Dick and Loosveldt, Geert},
journal = {Public Opinon Quarterly},
number = {5},
pages = {836--846},
title = {{Face-to-Face versus Web Surveying in a High-Internet-Coverage Population: Differences in Response Quality}},
volume = {72},
year = {2008}
}
@inproceedings{Facchini2008,
abstract = {In democratic societies individual attitudes of voters represent the foundations of policy making. We start by analyzing patterns in public opinion on migration and find that, across countries of different income levels, only a small minority of voters favour more open migration policies. Next we investigate the determinants of voters' preferences towards immigration from a theoretical and empirical point of view. Our analysis supports the role played by economic channels (labour market, welfare state, efficiency gains) using both the 1995 and 2003 rounds of the ISSP survey. The second part of the paper examines how attitudes translate into a migration policy outcome. We consider two alternative political- economy frameworks: the median voter and the interest groups model. On the one hand, the restrictive policies in place across destination countries and the very low fractions of voters favouring immigration are consistent with the median voter framework. At the same time, given the extent of individual-level opposition to immigration that appears in the data, it is somewhat puzzling, in a median-voter perspective, that migration flows take place at all. Interest-groups dynamics have the potential to explain this puzzle. We find evidence from regression analysis supporting both political-economy frameworks.},
author = {Facchini, Giovanni and Mayda, Anna Maria},
booktitle = {Economic Policy},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0327.2008.00212.x},
isbn = {9781405173971},
issn = {02664658},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {56},
pages = {651--713},
pmid = {34479489},
title = {{From individual attitudes towards migrants to migration policy outcomes: Theory and evidence}},
volume = {23},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Sartori2005,
abstract = {In this rich and broad-ranging volume, Giovanni Sartori outlines what is now recognised to be the most comprehensive and authoritative approach to the classification of party systems. He also offers an extensive review of the concept and rationale of the political party, and develops a sharp critique of various spatial models of party competition. This is political science at its best -- combining the intelligent use of theory with sophisticated analytic arguments, and grounding all of this on a substantial cross-national empirical base. Parties and Party Systems is one of the classics of postwar political science, and is now established as the foremost work in its field. This edition includes a new preface by the author, and a new introduction by Peter Mair.},
author = {Sartori, Giovanni},
isbn = {0954796616},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
pages = {342},
publisher = {ECPR Press},
title = {{Parties and Party Systems (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=ywr0CcGDNHwC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2005}
}
@article{deutsch1955study,
author = {Deutsch, Morton and Gerard, Harold B},
journal = {The journal of abnormal and social psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {629},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment.}},
volume = {51},
year = {1955}
}
@book{layman2001great,
author = {Layman, G.},
publisher = {Columbia Univ Pr},
title = {{The great divide: Religious and cultural conflict in American party politics}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=I4WDBLRFliYC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR9{\&}dq=carmines+and+layman+1997{\&}ots=jagM1AHreM{\&}sig=CM4T9N2WLRmjPO063XIKsC7BbVw},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Mullainathan2002,
abstract = {There are two different types of media bias. One bias, which we refer to as ideology, reflects a news outlet's desire to affect reader opinions in a particular direction. The second bias, which we refer to as spin, reflects the outlet's attempt to simply create a memorable story. We examine competition among media outlets in the presence of these biases. Whereas competition can eliminate the effect of ideological bias, it actually exaggerates the incentive to spin stories.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Mullainathan, Sendhil and Shleifer, Andrei},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1098-6596},
journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
keywords = {icle},
number = {October},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Media bias}},
volume = {1},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Schifferes2009,
abstract = {This article examines the role of online news consumption in the 2005 UK General Election. In particular, it uses public opinion survey data and log file data from the BBC News Election website to assess: (1) the growth and patterns in online news consumption; (2) the ways in which website visitors' consume online news; (3) the potential links between online news consumption and political participation and voter turnout. The data indicates that although online news consumption is still a minority interest, it is growing rapidly but as part of a wider news diet. In terms of the online news audience, a minority of politically interested and engaged citizens are using online sources to supplement and increase their political information. However the majority of online news surfers tend to either use it on a one-off occasion or for irregular monitoring of the campaign.},
author = {Schifferes, Steve and Lusoli, Wainer and Ward, Stephen},
doi = {10.1386/nl.7.51_1},
issn = {1601829X},
journal = {Northern Lights: Film and Media Studies Yearbook},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {51--71},
title = {{What's the story? Online news consumption in the 2005 UK election}},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/nl/2009/00000007/00000001/art00004},
volume = {7},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Suchman1990,
author = {Suchman, L and Jordan, B},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
number = {409},
pages = {232--241},
title = {{Interactional troubles in face-to-face survey interviews}},
volume = {85},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Hargittai2008,
author = {Hargittai, Eszter and Hinnant, Amanda},
journal = {Communication Research},
number = {5},
pages = {602--621},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{Digital inequality differences in young adults' use of the internet}},
volume = {35},
year = {2008}
}
@article{MacKinnon2006,
author = {MacKinnon, D P and Fairchild, A J and Fritz, M S},
title = {{Mediation analysis}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Vavreck2007a,
author = {Vavreck, L},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
number = {4},
pages = {325--343},
title = {{The exaggerated effects of advertising on turnout: The dangers of self-reports}},
volume = {2},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Green2002a,
address = {New Haven, CT},
author = {Green, Donald and Palmquist, Bradley and Schickler, Eric},
publisher = {Yale University Press},
title = {{Partisan Hearts and Minds}},
year = {2002}
}
@misc{Keinon2014,
author = {Keinon, Herb},
booktitle = {Jerusalem Post},
title = {{PM avoids direct address to situation in Egypt at US Embassy's annual Fourth of July celebration.}},
url = {http://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Peres-lauds-America-as-beacon-of-hope-on-Independence-Day-318790},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Boulianne2009,
author = {Boulianne, S},
journal = {Political Communication},
number = {2},
pages = {193--211},
title = {{Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research}},
volume = {26},
year = {2009}
}
@incollection{Juan1978,
author = {Juan, J},
booktitle = {The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes},
editor = {Linz, Juan and Stepan, Alfred C},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
publisher = {Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.},
title = {{The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?hl=en{\&}q=Crisis,+Breakdown,+and+Reequilibration{\&}btnG={\&}as{\_}sdt=1,5{\&}as{\_}sdtp={\#}0},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Lelkes2017a,
abstract = {Over the last two decades, as the number of media choices available to consumers has exploded, so too have worries over self-selection into media audiences. Some fear greater apathy, others heightened polarization. In this article, we shed light on the latter possibility. We identify the impact of access to broadband Internet on affective polarization by exploiting differences in broadband availability brought about by variation in state right-of-way regulations (ROW). We merge state-level regulation data with county-level broadband penetration data and a large-N sample of survey data from 2004 to 2008 and find that access to broadband Internet increases partisan hostility. The effect occurs in both years and is stable across levels of political interest. We also find that access to broadband Internet boosts partisans' consumption of partisan media, a likely cause of increased polarization.},
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach and Sood, Gaurav and Iyengar, Shanto},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12237},
issn = {1540-5907},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {dec},
title = {{The Hostile Audience: The Effect of Access to Broadband Internet on Partisan Affect}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12237},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Stegmueller2013,
author = {Stegmueller, Daniel},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12001},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {748--761},
title = {{How Many Countries for Multilevel Modeling? A Comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian Approaches}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ajps.12001},
volume = {57},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Milgram1964,
author = {Milgram, S},
isbn = {0003-066X},
journal = {American Psychologist},
number = {11},
pages = {848--852},
title = {{Issues in the study of obedience: A reply to Baumrind}},
volume = {19},
year = {1964}
}
@article{Monin2008,
author = {Monin, B and Sawyer, P J and Marquez, M J},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {76--93},
title = {{The rejection of moral rebels: Resenting those who do the right thing.}},
volume = {95},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Bullock2011,
abstract = {An enduring concern about democracies is that citizens conform too readily to the policy views of elites in their own parties, even to the point of ignoring other information about the policies in question. This article presents two experiments that undermine this concern, at least under one important condition. People rarely possess even a modicum of information about policies; but when they do, their attitudes seem to be affected at least as much by that information as by cues from party elites. The experiments also measure the extent to which people think about policy. Contrary to many accounts, they suggest that party cues do not inhibit such thinking. This is not cause for unbridled optimism about citizens' ability to make good decisions, but it is reason to be more sanguine about their ability to use information about policy when they have it.},
author = {Bullock, John G},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055411000165},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {3},
pages = {496--515},
title = {{Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate}},
volume = {105},
year = {2011}
}
@misc{Lewis-Beck1988,
author = {Lewis-Beck, Michael S},
booktitle = {Political Behavior},
number = {1},
pages = {5--21},
title = {{Economics and the American Voter}},
volume = {10},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Fuller1974,
author = {Fuller, C},
isbn = {0021-9010},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {292--296},
title = {{Effect of anonymity on return rate and response bias in a mail survey}},
volume = {59},
year = {1974}
}
@article{Brewer1999,
author = {Brewer, Marilynn},
journal = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
number = {2},
pages = {187--197},
title = {{Multiple Identities and Identity Transition: Implications for Hong Kong}},
volume = {23},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Ladd,
author = {Ladd, J M D},
isbn = {0190-9320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
pages = {1--19},
title = {{The role of media distrust in partisan voting}}
}
@book{Popkin1991a,
author = {Popkin, Samuel L},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
shorttitle = {The reasoning voter},
title = {{The reasoning voter: Communication and persuasion in presidential campaigns}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=fAT-IREgyQ8C{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR9{\&}ots=6ae5vYoi96{\&}sig=rGso3PblH2DA98HnL4p8O8T0{\_}uo},
year = {1991}
}
@article{1967,
author = {O'Neill, Harry W},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {The Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {pp. 95----102},
publisher = {Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research},
title = {{Response Style Influence in Public Opinion Surveys}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2746887},
volume = {31},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Alwin1992,
author = {Alwin, D F},
journal = {Sociological Methodology},
title = {{Information transmission in the survey interview: Number of response categories and the reliability of attitude measurement}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}q=Krosnick+1991{\&}btnG=Search{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\&}as{\_}ylo={\&}as{\_}vis=0{\#}1},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Johnston2006,
author = {Johnston, R},
journal = {Annu. Rev. Polit. Sci.},
title = {{Party identification: Unmoved mover or sum of preferences?}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.062404.170523},
year = {2006}
}
@book{kinder_belief_2003,
address = {Ann Arbor},
author = {Kinder, D R},
booktitle = {Electoral Democracy},
editor = {MacKuen, Michael B. and Rabinowitz, George B.},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {13--47},
publisher = {University of Michigan Press},
title = {{Belief systems after converse}},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Nir2012a,
abstract = {Although many studies documented how news increases political knowledge gaps, most insights are based on single country studies. Why are gaps wide in some countries and narrower in others? We propose that fragmentation of the broadcast news landscape provides citizens with differential opportunities to become informed. A shared (less fragmented) news landscape in a country offsets the advantages of individual motivation and ability to seek political information, and narrows gaps in engagement. Analyses of a cross-national survey of respondents in 13 countries and content analyses of news items from over 50 international print and television outlets show evidence consistent with the theoretical statements. Although many studies documented how news increases political knowledge gaps, most insights are based on single country studies. Why are gaps wide in some countries and narrower in others? We propose that fragmentation of the broadcast news landscape provides citizens with differential opportunities to become informed. A shared (less fragmented) news landscape in a country offsets the advantages of individual motivation and ability to seek political information, and narrows gaps in engagement. Analyses of a cross-national survey of respondents in 13 countries and content analyses of news items from over 50 international print and television outlets show evidence consistent with the theoretical statements.},
author = {Nir, Lilach},
issn = {0883-8151},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {578--596},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Public Space: How Shared News Landscapes Close Gaps in Political Engagement}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2012.732145},
volume = {56},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Shehata2011a,
abstract = {Research has shown that individual-level characteristics such as socioeconomic status and political interest are becoming more important as predictors of news consumption in a rapidly changing media environment. Despite this general trend, this article argues that the importance of individual-level predictors of news consumption varies between national media environments. We use extensive survey data from 16 European countries and multilevel modeling in order to investigate both contextual-level and cross-level effects on news consumption. The results show that media environment characteristics have additional effects on news consumption beyond the effects of individual-level characteristics such as education and political interest, but also moderating impacts on these individual-level predictors of news consumption. More specifically, national media environments characterized by higher levels of newspaper-centrism are related to smaller gaps in newspaper reading between those with high and low levels of education and political interest. Lower degrees of newspaper-centrism are, on the other hand, related to a weaker ?lower-class bias? of television news and larger gaps in news consumption between those with and without high political interest. These findings are discussed in light of previous research on news consumption, knowledge, and participation gaps as well as cross-national comparative research.
Research has shown that individual-level characteristics such as socioeconomic status and political interest are becoming more important as predictors of news consumption in a rapidly changing media environment. Despite this general trend, this article argues that the importance of individual-level predictors of news consumption varies between national media environments. We use extensive survey data from 16 European countries and multilevel modeling in order to investigate both contextual-level and cross-level effects on news consumption. The results show that media environment characteristics have additional effects on news consumption beyond the effects of individual-level characteristics such as education and political interest, but also moderating impacts on these individual-level predictors of news consumption. More specifically, national media environments characterized by higher levels of newspaper-centrism are related to smaller gaps in newspaper reading between those with high and low levels of education and political interest. Lower degrees of newspaper-centrism are, on the other hand, related to a weaker ?lower-class bias? of television news and larger gaps in news consumption between those with and without high political interest. These findings are discussed in light of previous research on news consumption, knowledge, and participation gaps as well as cross-national comparative research.},
author = {Shehata, Adam and Str{\"{o}}mb{\"{a}}ck, Jesper},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2010.543006},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {110--134},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{A Matter of Context: A Comparative Study of Media Environments and News Consumption Gaps in Europe}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.543006},
volume = {28},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Lelkes2012,
abstract = {Studies have shown that allowing people to answer questionnaires completely anonymously yields more reports of socially inappropriate attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, and researchers have often assumed that this is evidence of increased honesty. But such evidence does not demonstrate that reports gathered under completely anonymous conditions are more accurate. Although complete anonymity may decrease a person's motivation to distort reports in socially desirable directions, complete anonymity may also decrease accountability, thereby decreasing motivation to answer thoughtfully and precisely. Three studies reported in this paper demonstrate that allowing college student participants to answer questions completely anonymously sometimes increased reports of socially undesirable attributes, but consistently reduced reporting accuracy and increased survey satisficing. These studies suggest that complete anonymity may compromise measurement accuracy rather than improve it. {\textcopyright} 2012.},
author = {Lelkes, Y. and Krosnick, J.A. and Marx, D.M. and Judd, C.M. and Park, B.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2012.07.002},
issn = {00221031},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
keywords = {Accountability,Anonymity,Response bias,Satisficing,Social Desirability},
number = {6},
title = {{Complete anonymity compromises the accuracy of self-reports}},
volume = {48},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Gudjonsson1986,
abstract = {This study investigates the relationship between interrogative suggestibility, as measured by the Gudjonsson Suggestibility (GSS) and acquiescence (i.e. the tendency to agree with questionnaire statements regardless of content). Thirty Ss completed the GSS and two tests of acquiescence. Acquiescence was found to correlate positively with suggestibility, particularly after negative feedback had been applied during the interrogation. The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.},
annote = {Link to interrogative suggestibility in acquiescence bias},
author = {Gudjonsson, Gisli H},
doi = {10.1016/0191-8869(86)90055-3},
issn = {01918869},
journal = {Personality and Individual Differences},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {195--199},
title = {{The relationship between interrogative suggestibility and acquiescence: Empirical findings and theoretical implications}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0191886986900553},
volume = {7},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Carmines2012,
author = {Carmines, Edward G and Ensley, Michael J and Wagner, Michael W},
journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
number = {12},
pages = {1631--1653},
title = {{Who Fits the Left-Right Divide? Partisan Polarization in the American Electorate}},
volume = {56},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Dominitz2001,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( 

Estimation of income expectations models using expectations and realization data

- Dominitz, J )








From Duplicate 2 ( 

Estimation of income expectations models using expectations and realization data

- Dominitz, J )

},
author = {Dominitz, J},
journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
number = {2},
pages = {165--195},
title = {{Estimation of income expectations models using expectations and realization data}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304407601000525},
volume = {102},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Granka2010,
abstract = {This paper addresses the patterns of influence between the news media and the public, by specifically targeting breaking stories, or shocks, to a news system. Specifically, we assess media agenda setting and selective exposure by looking at the relative public attention spans to hard and soft news (as measured by query volume), in comparison with the volume of news coverage (in print, broadcast, and Web content) for these selected news events. We measure the dynamic distribution of issue coverage in the news media, and how this volume of coverage ultimately influences online search traffic. In order to assess sustained interest in a given topic, distributions of query volume and news coverage were fit with Gamma distributions of appropriate parameters. Findings indicate that there are significant differences in the public attention spans for hard and soft news issues, particularly relative to what news coverage might predict. Soft news events produced a slower rate of decline in query volume, matching the slow tapering off of issue coverage found in Web content. Conversely, for hard, substantive news issues, query volume drops off quite quickly, more closely paralleling the distribution of coverage in broadcast news.},
author = {Granka, L A},
journal = {Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association},
keywords = {aggregate level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level},
number = {5},
title = {{Measuring agenda setting with online search traffic: Influences of online and traditional media}},
url = {https://research.google.com/pubs/archive/36915.pdf},
volume = {2},
year = {2010}
}
@article{mcdermott1998race,
author = {McDermott, M.L.},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
number = {4},
pages = {895--918},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Race and gender cues in low-information elections}},
url = {http://prq.sagepub.com/content/51/4/895.short},
volume = {51},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Platt1973,
author = {Platt, J},
journal = {American Psychologist},
number = {8},
pages = {641--651},
title = {{Social traps.}},
volume = {28},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Mutz2005,
author = {Mutz, D C and Reeves, B},
isbn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
number = {01},
pages = {1--15},
title = {{The new videomalaise: Effects of televised incivility on political trust}},
volume = {99},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bischof2017,
author = {Bischof, Daniel and Senninger, Roman},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Dropbox/Mendeley{\_}Files/Bischof, Senninger - 2017 - Simple Politics for the `People' Complexity in Campaign Messages and Political Knowledge.pdf:pdf},
journal = {European Journal of Political Research},
title = {{Simple Politics for the `People': Complexity in Campaign Messages and Political Knowledge}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Kuh2001,
author = {Kuh, G D},
journal = {Indiana University Center for Postsecondary Research {\&} Planning, IN: Bloomington},
title = {{The National Survey of Student Engagement: Conceptual framework and overview of psychometric properties}},
year = {2001}
}
@article{lichtenstein1965acquiescence,
author = {Lichtenstein, Edward and Bryan, James H},
journal = {Journal of abnormal psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {290},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Acquiescence and the MMPI: An item reversal approach.}},
volume = {70},
year = {1965}
}
@article{LaymanCarsey2002,
author = {Layman, Geoffrey C and Carsey, Thomas M},
journal = {Political Behavior},
number = {3},
pages = {199--236},
title = {{Party Polarization and Party Structuring of Policy Attitudes: A Comparison of Three NES Panel Studies}},
volume = {24},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Abramowitz1998,
annote = {From Duplicate 3 ( 


Ideological realignment in the US electorate


- )

},
author = {Abramowitz, Alan I and Saunders, Kyle L},
issn = {1468-2508},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {634--652},
title = {{Ideological Realignment in the US Elections}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381600052075 http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=6188636},
volume = {60},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Duffy2005,
author = {Duffy, Bobby and Smith, Kate and Terhanian, George and Bremer, John},
journal = {International Journal of Market Research},
number = {6},
pages = {615},
publisher = {NTC PUBLICATIONS LTD},
title = {{Comparing data from online and face-to-face surveys}},
volume = {47},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Puglisi2015,
abstract = {We measure the relative ideological positions of newspapers, voters, interest groups, and political parties, using data on ballot propositions. We exploit the fact that newspapers, parties, and interest groups take positions on these propositions, and the fact that citizens ultimately vote on them. We find that, on average, newspapers in the United States are located almost exactly at the median voter in their states—that is, they are balanced around the median voter. Still, there is a significant amount of ideological heterogeneity across newspapers, which is smaller than the one found for interest groups. However, when we group propositions by issue area, we find a sizable amount of ideological imbalance: broadly speaking, newspapers are to the left of the state-level median voter on many social issues, and to the right on many economic issues. To complete the picture, we use two existing methods of measuring bias and show that the news and editorial sections of newspapers have almost identical partisan positions.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Puglisi, Riccardo and Snyder, James M},
doi = {10.1111/jeea.12101},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {15424774},
journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
number = {2},
pages = {240--264},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{The balanced us press}},
volume = {13},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Tillie2004,
abstract = {This paper studies determinants of the political participation of immigrants in Amsterdam. A distinction is made between determinants on the individual level and determinants on the group level. On the individual level gender, ethnic membership, cross?ethnic membership and social activities in the network of the respondent are of relevance. On the group level the amount of social capital in the ethnic community is important. To explain individual political participation, the paper suggests an explanatory model, which entails an interaction effect between individual determinants (i.e. organisational membership and the social network of the individual citizen) and the structure of the ethnic civic community as it is reflected in the structure of the network of ethnic organisations.
This paper studies determinants of the political participation of immigrants in Amsterdam. A distinction is made between determinants on the individual level and determinants on the group level. On the individual level gender, ethnic membership, cross?ethnic membership and social activities in the network of the respondent are of relevance. On the group level the amount of social capital in the ethnic community is important. To explain individual political participation, the paper suggests an explanatory model, which entails an interaction effect between individual determinants (i.e. organisational membership and the social network of the individual citizen) and the structure of the ethnic civic community as it is reflected in the structure of the network of ethnic organisations.},
author = {Tillie, Jean},
doi = {10.1080/13691830410001682070},
issn = {1369-183X},
journal = {Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {may},
number = {3},
pages = {529--541},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Social capital of organisations and their members: explaining the political integration of immigrants in Amsterdam}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691830410001682070},
volume = {30},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Bachman1984,
author = {Bachman, Jerald G and O'MALLEY, PATRICK M},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {491--509},
publisher = {AAPOR},
title = {{Yea-saying, nay-saying, and going to extremes: Black-white differences in response styles}},
volume = {48},
year = {1984}
}
@article{VanDalen2011,
abstract = {Critics claim that journalists spread a cynical view of politics, as their relation with politicians is characterized by mistrust and hyper-adversarialism. To gain an insight into how cynical journalists themselves are about politics and how this can be explained, this article investigates the role relationship between politicians and journalists in four European countries with different political communication systems. The empirical basis for the study is a survey of over 400 political reporters from the UK, Denmark, Germany and Spain. Compared to their colleagues in Northern Europe, Spanish journalists have the most cynical view of politicians, which can partly be explained by feelings of political pressure. Journalists are cynical when they have a negative view of the role of spin doctors and believe that politicians use the media as a podium where they can be in the spotlight. The possible influence of journalists' political attitudes on news content is discussed.},
author = {van Dalen, A. and Albaek, E. and de Vreese, C.},
doi = {10.1177/0267323111404841},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {147--162},
title = {{Suspicious minds: Explaining political cynicism among political journalists in Europe}},
url = {http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/26/2/147.short},
volume = {26},
year = {2011}
}
@incollection{Chadwick2012,
abstract = {The internet is evolving into one the most significant enablers of political innovation since the emergence of mass democracy. Over the last decade, few areas of social and political life have escaped its influence. Due to the potentially huge scope of this area (see Chadwick 2006; Chadwick and Howard 2008b), this chapter has two interrelated objectives. First, following a brief explication of concepts, it discusses significant recent shifts in what we know, or should seek to know, about the internet's role in promoting political knowledge and political engagement, with reference to some important strands of literature from the United States and Britain. Second, it generates some hypotheses about the likely effects of recent changes in the online environment, through discussion of British and U.S. examples of what is now widely termed “web 2.0.” The broad argument is that continuing to frame research in this area in terms of traditional understandings of engagement, participation, and deliberative democracy risks missing the significance of three key forces in the contemporary political context of these two countries: “granularity,” “informational exuberance,” and by-product political learning.},
author = {Chadwick, Andrew},
booktitle = {Digital Media and Political Engagement Worldwide: A Comparative Study},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
number = {August 2010},
pages = {39--55},
title = {{Recent Shifts in the Relationship Between the Internet and Democratic Engagement in Britain and the United States : Granularity , Informational Exuberance , and Political Learning}},
volume = {44},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Jowell,
abstract = {Social scientists tend to accept lower standards of rigor in cross-national surveys than in national surveys, leading to heroic conclusions about differences between nations on the basis of obviously faulty data. Arising perhaps from a commendable wish to respect different cultural norms, even some of the most conscientious cross-national studies make the mistake of permitting considerable variations by country in the type and quality of the methods they deploy. Meanwhile, analysts of cross-national data frequently abandon offering explanations and interpretations in favor of league tables of distributions showing merely "gee whiz" national differences. This article acknowledges the formidable obstacles in the way of achieving rigor in large-scale comparative studies and offers 10 possible rules to mitigate the difficulties. It suggests that bigger is usually worse and recommends routine cross-national collaboration in analysis and interpretation--not just in design, development, and execution--among scholars in each of the nations under the microscope.},
author = {Jowell, Roger},
doi = {10.1177/0002764298042002004},
issn = {0002-7642},
journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
month = {oct},
number = {2},
pages = {168--177},
title = {{How comparative is comparative research?}},
url = {http://abs.sagepub.com/content/42/2/168.short},
volume = {42},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Zaller1994a,
author = {Zaller, J},
journal = {Taken by storm: The media, public opinion and US  {\ldots}},
title = {{Elite leadership of mass opinion}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=eMajb92GFt0C{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA186{\&}dq=zaller+1992{\&}ots=ubsXa9RpqP{\&}sig=7-rAD{\_}1bIbbUg6ks1xJW1YGGlx4},
year = {1994}
}
@techreport{yankelovich1989,
author = {{Yankelovich/Time Magazine/CNN}},
institution = {Yankelovich Clancy Shulman},
title = {{Yankelovich/Time Magazine/CNN Poll: Intra-Contra/Japan [USYANK1989-05412]}},
url = {http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/CFIDE/cf/action/ipoll/abstract.cfm?keyword=jim AND  wright AND  guilty{\&}keywordoptions=1{\&}exclude={\&}excludeOptions=1{\&}topic=Any{\&}organization=Yankelovich{\&}label={\&}fromdate=1/1/1989{\&}toDate=12/31/2014{\&}{\&}archno=USYANK1989-05412{\&}start=summary},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Prior2010a,
abstract = {Some people are more politically interested than others, but political scientists do not know how stable these differences are and why they occur. This paper examines stability in political interest. Eleven different panel surveys taken in four different countries over 40 years are used to measure stability. Several studies include a much larger number of interview waves—up to 23—than commonly used panels. The analysis empirically characterizes the stability of interest over time using a model that accounts for measurement error and a dynamic panel model. The large number of panel waves makes it possible to relax many restrictive assumptions to ensure robustness. With one exception (Germany reunification), political interest is exceptionally stable in the short run and over long periods of time. Hence, this study provides strong justification for efforts to understand how political interest forms among young people.},
author = {Prior, Markus},
doi = {10.1017/S0022381610000149},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jul},
number = {03},
pages = {747--766},
title = {{You've Either Got It or You Don't? The Stability of Political Interest over the Life Cycle}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381610000149},
volume = {72},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Nichols2009,
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Nichols, Austin},
doi = {10.1001/jama.1989.03420150114051},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0-917227-03-4},
issn = {0098-7484},
journal = {$\backslash$Url{\{}Http://Ideas.Repec.Org/P/Boc/Dcon09/8.Html{\}}},
pmid = {8963376},
title = {{Causal inference}},
url = {https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1268/2018/02/hernanrobins{\_}v1.10.34.pdf},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Esser1999,
abstract = {`Tabloidization' is a new, frequently used term equally employed by journalists, media critics and academics to characterize a recent, dubious trend in the mass media. This article sets out to define this diffuse, multidimensional concept and discusses its usefulness for communication research. It emerges that `tabloidization' can only be analysed adequately with a long-term cross-national design that focuses on quality news media and employs a wide range of empirical measures. This approach is taken here by comparing the press of Britain, Germany and the US, whereas the focus remains on the first two countries. A three-step empirical analysis – based on a definition developed before – demonstrates that journalistic values, media cultures as well as economic and legal conditions are responsible for the degree of `tabloidization' in a given country.},
author = {Esser, F},
doi = {10.1177/0267323199014003001},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {291--324},
title = {{`Tabloidization' of News: A Comparative Analysis of Anglo-American and German Press Journalism}},
url = {http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/14/3/291.short},
volume = {14},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Theil2002,
author = {Theil, M},
journal = {Journal of Risk Research},
title = {{The role of translations of verbal into numerical probability expressions in risk management: a meta-analysis}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13669870110038179},
year = {2002}
}
@article{ANDREOLI1975,
author = {ANDREOLI, V and EASON, J O E},
isbn = {1559-1816},
journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {157--172},
title = {{Is the Medium the Message? A Study of the Effects of Media, Communicator, and Message Characteristics on Attitude Change'}},
volume = {5},
year = {1975}
}
@article{Wainer2006,
author = {Wainer, H and Brown, L M},
journal = {Handbook of Statistics},
pages = {893--918},
title = {{Three Statistical Paradoxes in the Interpretation of Group Differences: Illustrated with Medical School Admission and Licensing Data}},
volume = {26},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Murray1987,
author = {Murray, D M and Perry, C L},
isbn = {0306-4603},
journal = {Addictive Behaviors},
number = {3},
pages = {225--233},
title = {{The measurement of substance use among adolescents: When is the [] bogus pipeline'method needed?* 1}},
volume = {12},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Bensley1991,
abstract = {Two experiments tested whether a dogmatic alcohol prevention message may, by arousing psychological reactance (the motivation to reassert a threatened freedom) result in more subsequent alcohol consumption, compared to a netural message. In Study 1, 535 college students received either a high-threat (dogmatic) or low-threat (neutral) message recommending either abstinence or controlled drinking. Results indicated that high-threat messages were rated more negatively and resulted in more drinking intentions compared to low threat. The negative effect of high threat on message ratings was most pronounced for habitually heavy drinkers and on abstinence-espousing message. In Study 2, under the guise of a "memory study", 74 college students received either a high- or low-threat message recommending abstinence from alcohol. Then, undert the guise of a "perception study", all subjects participated in a taste-rating task in which their beer consumption was unobstrusively measured. Results indicated that the effect of high threat was most negative for male heavy drinkers, who drank significantly more beer compared to low-threat controls. These results suggest that the persuasive ability of alcohol prevention efforts depend to a considerable extent on the reactance-arousing properties of the materials and that dogmatic alcohol prevention materials may have counterproductive effects for some college students.},
author = {Bensley, Lillian Southwick and Wu, Rui},
doi = {10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00461.x},
isbn = {0021-9029},
issn = {15591816},
journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
number = {13},
pages = {1111--1124},
title = {{The Role of Psychological Reactance in Drinking Following Alcohol Prevention Messages}},
volume = {21},
year = {1991}
}
@phdthesis{Messing2013,
author = {Messing, Solomon},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
school = {Stanford University},
title = {{How Social Influence Shapes the Diffusion of Elite Discourse, Public Opinion, and Participation}},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Dominitz2003,
author = {Dominitz, J},
journal = {American Law and Economics Review},
number = {2},
pages = {412},
title = {{How do the laws of probability constrain legislative and judicial efforts to stop racial profiling?}},
volume = {5},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Converse1979,
abstract = {Reviews original 1956-1960 panel data from Converse (1964) in light or new arguments about decreasing partisanship and increasing issue crystallization...the new results from 1972-76 remain almost identical to the earlier data},
author = {Converse, Philip E and Markus, Gregory},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {32--49},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Plus ca change...: The new CPS election study panel}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1954729},
volume = {73},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Hogarth1975,
author = {Hogarth, R M},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
pages = {271--289},
title = {{Cognitive processes and the assessment of subjective probability distributions}},
year = {1975}
}
@article{GRABE2000,
abstract = {Over the past 30 years, survey researchers have documented the existence of a knowledge gap and expressed concern that people with little education are falling behind because they do not acquire the information necessary to participate in socioeconomic spheres. This study is the first to offer (a) experimental evidence for the existence of the knowledge gap and (b) explanations for it in terms of varying levels of information processing capacities, or cognitive access. Participants from higher and lower educational backgrounds paid equal levels of attention to television news stories, but they did not display the same recognition memory for facts. Moreover, participants in the higher education group were physiologically more aroused by news than those in the lower education group. These findings do not pinpoint whether cognitive access is learned or innate, but they do suggest that the biological systems of people from higher educational backgrounds are particularly alert in preparing for information processing.},
author = {GRABE, M E and LANG, A and ZHOU, S and BOLLS, P D},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {3--26},
title = {{Cognitive Access to Negatively Arousing News: An Experimental Investigation of the Knowledge Gap}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/27/1/3},
volume = {27},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Stamm1994,
author = {Stamm, K and Dube, R},
doi = {10.1177/009365094021001006},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {105--123},
title = {{The Relationship of Attitudinal Components to Trust in Media}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/009365094021001006},
volume = {21},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Curran2010,
abstract = {The Finnish media devote more attention to hard news than the British media, yet Finns are less interested in politics than the British. The principal reason for this difference in news values is that Finnish TV is more subject to public service influence than British TV, and the Finnish press is more strongly influenced by a professional journalistic culture than its British counterpart. While a number of national differences contribute to different levels of public knowledge, the Finns are better informed about hard news topics partly because they are better briefed in these areas by their media.},
author = {Curran, James and Salovaara-Moring, Inka and Coen, Sharon and Iyengar, Shanto},
journal = {Journalism},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {3--19},
title = {{Crime, foreigners and hard news: A cross-national comparison of reporting and public perception}},
url = {http://jou.sagepub.com/content/11/1/3.abstract},
volume = {11},
year = {2010}
}
@inproceedings{Hilbert2010a,
author = {Hilbert, Martin},
booktitle = {The 38th Research Conference on Communication, Information, and Internet Policy},
doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.11.019},
issn = {0305750X},
pages = {1--16},
title = {{The manifold definitions of the digital divide and their diverse implications for policy responsibility}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{JEFFRES2000,
abstract = {Ethnicity continues to be a political and social force on the national and international scenes. After a discussion of the literature on ethnicity and communication, this article tracks a panel representing 13 different White ethnic groups in a metropolitan area. Data were collected every 4 years, beginning in 1976 and continuing through 1992. In 1976, 13 ethnic groups were surveyed, and 11 groups were tracked in subsequent surveys. Although each wave collected data unique to that period, all surveys included items tapping ethnic identification, ethnic behaviors, ethnic media use, and mainstream media use. Using a variety of analytic techniques, the author finds evidence that ethnic media use leads to stronger ethnic identification across time, suggesting that ethnic media can help sustain ethnic identification in a multicultural context.},
author = {JEFFRES, L. W.},
doi = {10.1177/009365000027004004},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {aug},
number = {4},
pages = {496--535},
title = {{Ethnicity and Ethnic Media Use: A Panel Study}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/27/4/496.short},
volume = {27},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Schachter2000,
author = {Schachter, S and Singer, J E},
isbn = {1939-1471},
journal = {Emotions in social psychology: essential readings},
number = {5},
pages = {379},
title = {{Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state}},
volume = {76},
year = {2000}
}
@inproceedings{Jacobson2000,
author = {Jacobson, G C},
pages = {9--30},
title = {{Party polarization in national politics: The electoral connection}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Tang2013,
author = {Tang, G and Lee, F L F},
journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
title = {{Facebook use and political participation: The impact of exposure to shared political information, connections with public political actors, and network structural}},
url = {http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/06/18/0894439313490625.abstract},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Mendelsohn1996,
author = {Mendelsohn, M},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
title = {{The media and interpersonal communications: The priming of issues, leaders, and party identification}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381600043218},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Gelman2008,
author = {Gelman, A and Jakulin, A and Grazia, M},
journal = {Annals},
number = {4},
pages = {1360--1383},
title = {{A weakly informative default prior distribution for logistic and other regression models}},
volume = {2},
year = {2008}
}
@article{richman1999meta,
author = {Richman, Wendy L and Kiesler, Sara and Weisband, Suzanne and Drasgow, Fritz},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {5},
pages = {754},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{A meta-analytic study of social desirability distortion in computer-administered questionnaires, traditional questionnaires, and interviews.}},
volume = {84},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Voogt2003,
author = {Voogt, R J J and Saris, W E},
journal = {Political analysis},
number = {2},
pages = {164},
title = {{To participate or not to participate: The link between survey participation, electoral participation, and political interest}},
volume = {11},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Daneshkhah2004,
author = {Daneshkhah, A R},
journal = {BEEP's report, University of Sheffield},
title = {{Psychological aspects influencing elicitation of subjective probability}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Mondak1993a,
abstract = {Research in the field of political cognition has proceeded at a rapid pace, offering numerous new perspectives regarding the dynamics of mass political behavior. However, the primary focus of most such research has been the individual actor. For example, the political relevance of heuristic principles of judgment has been addressed in a variety of recent studies, all of which examine individual-level data. However, though it is certainly true that psychological processes operate on the individual, it is also quite clear that the political significance of mass behavior typically is found at the collective level. Thus, it is essential that researchers specify the aggregate consequences of those psychological processes that operate on the political judgments of the individual citizen. In this article, a unique aggregate-level data set is introduced to aid in examination of the broad significance of heuristic processing of source cues. The analysis reveals clear evidence that this individual-level cognitive efficiency mechanism exerts influence on the shape and character of mass opinion.},
author = {Mondak, J J},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {1},
pages = {186--212},
shorttitle = {Source cues and policy approval},
title = {{Source cues and policy approval: The cognitive dynamics of public support for the Reagan agenda}},
volume = {37},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Horiuchi2007,
author = {Horiuchi, Yusaku and Imai, Kosuke and Taniguchi, Naoko},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00274.x},
issn = {0092-5853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {causality},
mendeley-tags = {causality},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {669--687},
title = {{Designing and Analyzing Randomized Experiments: Application to a Japanese Election Survey Experiment}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00274.x},
volume = {51},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Campbell1960a,
address = {New York},
author = {Campbell, Angus and Converse, Philip E and Miller, Warren E and Stokes, Donald E},
publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons},
title = {{{The A{\}}merican Voter}},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Rosen1960,
author = {Rosen, N A},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {4},
pages = {675},
title = {{LIVING RESEARCH: ANONYMITY AND ATTITUDE MEASUREMENT}},
volume = {24},
year = {1960}
}
@unpublished{Duca2012,
abstract = {The increasing polarization of Congressional voting patterns has been attributed to factors including generational shifts, economic conditions, increased media fragmentation, and greater income inequality. The first of these factors is difficult to test with time series data owing to the low frequency of generational shifts, while the tendency of business cycles to reverse suggests that economic cycles are unable to account for long-term shifts in polarization. This leaves two main possible long-run drivers: the increasingly fragmented state of American media as stressed by Prior (2005, 2007) and Duca and Saving (2012a), and increased income inequality, as emphasized by McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal (2006, forthcoming) and Stiglitz (2012). Using statistical techniques suitable for analyzing variables with shifting long-run averages we find evidence indicating that media fragmentation has played a more important role than inequality, at least as tracked by available data and measures. Periods when the share of Americans with access to cable or satellite TV has risen are followed by upward shifts in polarization. Furthermore, our results suggest that the polarization arising from media fragmentation or inequality may make it more difficult to achieve the political consensus needed to address major challenges, such as the long-run fiscal imbalances facing the United States.},
address = {Dallas},
author = {Duca, J V and Saving, J},
institution = {Federal Reserve Bank},
keywords = {Keywords: income inequality,aggregate level,cable television,media fragmentation,political polarization},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television},
pages = {1--26},
title = {{Has income inequality or media fragmentation increased political polarization?}},
url = {http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/papers/2012/wp1206.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Wallsten1990,
author = {Wallsten, TS S},
journal = {Insights in decision making: A tribute to Hillel J.  {\ldots}},
title = {{The costs and benefits of vague information}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=yRXGyjZLaGYC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA28{\&}dq=Rapoport,+Wallsten,+and+Cox+1987{\&}ots={\_}f-IKsWYBh{\&}sig=Fw6S5HjMtpDZzKFgTfwwTZhmxkU http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=yRXGyjZLaGYC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA28{\&}dq=Rapoport,+Wallsten,+and+Cox+1987{\&}ots={\_}f-IKsWYBh{\&}sig=Fw6S5HjMtpDZzKFgTfwwTZhmxkU},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Zaller1993,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( 

The Converse-McGuire model of attitude change and the Gulf War opinion rally

- Zaller, J )

},
author = {Zaller, J},
journal = {Political Communication},
title = {{The Converse-McGuire model of attitude change and the Gulf War opinion rally}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}sugexp=ldymls{\&}pq=import+to+mendely+chrome{\&}xhr=t{\&}q=zaller+1992{\&}cp=4{\&}qe=emFsbA{\&}qesig=-oPjaA10YHwbR5uYOTg1Fg{\&}pkc=AFgZ2tmTCFlIz0MjDfypvu4lnPjT91MVzMeEmKjouVC1R5cPP{\_}G5FggvkSpmJb0dYpLTIDxdP6z{\_}ujjpbz{\_}9Ik1W9muzA3Jy4w{\&}safe=off{\&}bav=on.2,or.r{\_}gc.r{\_}pw.{\&}um=1{\&}ie=UTF-8{\&}sa=N{\&}tab=ws{\#}6 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584609.1993.9963000},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Clarke2009,
abstract = {It is now nearly a half century since the publication of The American Voter. Greeted with wide acclaim, the book quickly exercised enormous influence, not only in the United States, but in many other countries as well. One of those countries was Great Britain where the British Election Study (BES) closely modeled on the American National Election Study (ANES) was initiated in 1964. In this paper we present selected findings from two recent books, Political Choice in Britain (2004) and Performance Politics and the British Voter (2009) that describe what the BES data collection tells us about forces affecting British voting behavior. A valence politics model featuring valence (not position) issues, party leader images, and flexible partisan attachments has powerful explanatory power. The model also works well in the United States, thereby warranting the inference that the American voter's British cousin is a close relative.},
author = {Clarke, Harold D and Sanders, David and Stewart, Marianne C and Whiteley, Paul},
doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.019},
issn = {02613794},
journal = {Electoral Studies},
number = {4},
pages = {632--641},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{The American voter's British cousin}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261379409000547},
volume = {28},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Scheufele2007,
author = {Scheufele, D A and Tewksbury, D},
journal = {Journal of communication},
number = {1},
pages = {9--20},
title = {{Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models}},
volume = {57},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Darley1973,
author = {Darley, J M and Batson, C D and Princeton, U},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {100--108},
title = {{" From Jerusalem to Jericho": A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior}},
volume = {27},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Dalton2008,
abstract = {Previous research claims that the number of parties affects the representation of social cleavages in voting behavior, election turnout, patterns of political conflict, and other party system effects. This article argues that research typically counts the quantity of parties and that often the more important property is the quality of party competition–the polarization of political parties within a party system. The author first discusses why polarization is important to study. Second, the author provides a new measurement of party system polarization based on voter perceptions of party positions in the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, which includes more than 50 separate elections from established and developing democracies. Third, the author compares party polarization and party fractionalization as influences on cleavage-based and ideological voting and as predictors of turnout levels. The finding is that party polarization is empirically more important in explaining these outcomes.},
author = {Dalton, R J},
doi = {10.1177/0010414008315860},
issn = {0010-4140},
journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {feb},
number = {7},
pages = {899--920},
title = {{The Quantity and the Quality of Party Systems: Party System Polarization, Its Measurement, and Its Consequences}},
url = {http://cps.sagepub.com/content/41/7/899.short},
volume = {41},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Fraga2006,
abstract = {The publication of Samuel Huntington{\&}apos;s Who Are We? The Challenges to America{\&}apos;s National Identity provides an opportunity to consider several distinct underlying assumptions about American national identity, and to evaluate the claim that this identity is threatened by growth among native-born and immigrant populations of Latin American origin, particularly{\&}mdash;but not R. Fraga is Associate Professor of Political Science at Stanford University (fragastanford.edu). Fraga was a member of the APSA Standing Committee on Civic Engagement and Education that co-authored Democracy at Risk: And What to do About it (Brookings Institution Press 2005) and is co-author of Multiethnic Moments: The Politics of Urban Education Reform (Temple University Press, forthcoming 2006). Gary M. Segura is Associate Professor of Political Science at University of Washington (gmsegurau.washington.edu). Among his most recent publications are {\&}ldquo;Earth Quakes and After Shocks: Race, Direct Democracy, and Partisan Change,{\&}rdquo; in the American Journal of Political Science (2006), {\&}ldquo;The Mobilizing Effect of Majority-Minority Districts on Latino Turnout{\&}rdquo; in the American Political Science Review (2004), and the edited volume Diversity In Democracy: Minority Representation in the United States, published in 2005 by the University of Virginia Press. Fraga and Segura are both among the co-principal investigators of the Latino National Survey (LNS), an 8600 respondent state-stratified survey of Latinos in the U.S. scheduled for completion in the Spring of 2006.},
author = {Fraga, Luis R and Segura, Gary M},
doi = {10.1017/S1537592706060191},
issn = {15375927},
journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
number = {2},
pages = {279--287},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
title = {{Culture Clash? Contesting Notions of American Identity and the Effects of Latin American Immigration}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S1537592706060191},
volume = {4},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Shehata2013,
abstract = {This article investigates how television, by providing various news and special election programs, influenced the development of knowledge gaps during the 2010 Swedish national election campaign. By contrasting two competing claims on the knowledge-leveling role of television in today's high-choice media environment, the article further analyzes mechanisms of active and passive learning from television. Analysis of panel survey data shows that television functioned as a knowledge-leveler by narrowing gaps in knowledge over the course of the campaign. Additionally, the findings provide evidence of passive forms of learning as the key explanation as to why television news and special election programs narrow gaps in knowledge. The results are discussed in light of ongoing media market changes as well as recent longitudinal and cross-national studies on political information environments.
This article investigates how television, by providing various news and special election programs, influenced the development of knowledge gaps during the 2010 Swedish national election campaign. By contrasting two competing claims on the knowledge-leveling role of television in today's high-choice media environment, the article further analyzes mechanisms of active and passive learning from television. Analysis of panel survey data shows that television functioned as a knowledge-leveler by narrowing gaps in knowledge over the course of the campaign. Additionally, the findings provide evidence of passive forms of learning as the key explanation as to why television news and special election programs narrow gaps in knowledge. The results are discussed in light of ongoing media market changes as well as recent longitudinal and cross-national studies on political information environments.},
author = {Shehata, Adam},
doi = {10.1080/17457289.2013.771362},
issn = {1745-7289},
journal = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion {\&} Parties},
month = {may},
number = {2},
pages = {200--222},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Active or Passive Learning From Television? Political Information Opportunities and Knowledge Gaps During Election Campaigns}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2013.771362},
volume = {23},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Paisley1984,
author = {Paisley, W},
journal = {Progress in communication sciences},
pages = {1--43},
title = {{Communication in the communication sciences}},
volume = {5},
year = {1984}
}
@book{Mossberger2007,
abstract = {Just as education has promoted democracy and economic growth, the Internet has the potential to benefit society as a whole. Digital citizenship, or the ability to participate in society online, promotes social inclusion. But statistics show that significant segments of the population are still excluded from digital citizenship. The authors of this book define digital citizens as those who are online daily. By focusing on frequent use, they reconceptualize debates about the digital divide to include both the means and the skills to participate online. They offer new evidence (drawn from recent national opinion surveys and Current Population Surveys) that technology use matters for wages and income, and for civic engagement and voting. Digital Citizenship examines three aspects of participation in society online: economic opportunity, democratic participation, and inclusion in prevailing forms of communication. The authors find that Internet use at work increases wages, with less-educated and minority workers receiving the greatest benefit, and that Internet use is significantly related to political participation, especially among the young. The authors examine in detail the gaps in technological access among minorities and the poor and predict that this digital inequality is not likely to disappear in the near future. Public policy, they argue, must address educational and technological disparities if we are to achieve full participation and citizenship in the twenty-first century.},
author = {Mossberger, Karen and Tolbert, Caroline J. and Mcneal, Ramona S.},
isbn = {978-0-8194-5606-9},
pages = {192},
publisher = {MIT Press},
title = {{Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Panagopoulos2014,
abstract = {Several recent field experimental studies show that social pressure raises the likelihood of turning out to vote in elections. Ratcheting up social pressure to show subjects their own as well as their neighbors' prior voting history significantly increases the effectiveness of direct mail messages. A key component in stimulating this effect seems to be the presence of individual vote history. When voters are presented with less specific turnout information, such as vote history for the community at-large, the effects on turnout often dissipate. Sensitizing voters to such descriptive norms appears to do little to stimulate participation. To address this contrast, this study presents results from a voter mobilization field experiment conducted in Hawthorne, CA prior to the November 2011 municipal elections. The experiment is a fully crossed 2 × 3 factorial study in which subjects were randomly assigned to one of six conditions, in which they receive no mailing, a mailing with individual vote history only, a mailing with individual vote history and a message emphasizing high (or low) community-level turnout from a previous election, and a mailing emphasizing high (or low) community-level turnout only. County voter files were used to randomly assign voters to treatment and control and to report the effects of each mailing on voter turnout. We find that only messages that included information about subjects' own voting histories effectively mobilized them to vote. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Panagopoulos, Costas and Larimer, Christopher W. and Condon, Meghan},
doi = {10.1007/s11109-013-9234-4},
issn = {01909320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {Descriptive norms,Injunctive norms,Randomized field experiments,Social pressure,Voter mobilization},
number = {2},
pages = {451--469},
title = {{Social Pressure, Descriptive Norms, and Voter Mobilization}},
volume = {36},
year = {2014}
}
@article{rivers2006sample,
author = {Rivers, Douglas},
journal = {Polimetrix White Paper Series},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
title = {{Sample matching: Representative sampling from internet panels}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Mishler2001,
author = {Mishler, W and Rose, R},
doi = {10.1177/0010414001034001002},
issn = {0010-4140},
journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {30--62},
title = {{What Are the Origins of Political Trust?: Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-communist Societies}},
url = {http://cps.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0010414001034001002},
volume = {34},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Brooks2008,
author = {Brooks, Deborah Jordan},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00454.x},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
month = {jul},
number = {03},
title = {{The Resilient Voter: Moving Toward Closure in the Debate over Negative Campaigning and Turnout}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381600008720},
volume = {68},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Himmelfarb,
abstract = {The randomized response technique (RRT) is designed to increase respondents' willingness to answer truthfully questions of a sensitive or socially undesirable nature. This study tested the hypothesis that the difference between the proportion of "yes" responses obtained under self-administered direct questioning and the proportion of "yes" responses obtained under an RRT procedure would be related to the social desirability of a "yes" response to the question. The hypothesis was confirmed by data from 404 undergraduates; the RRT may provide more valid responses to items of a socially desirable and undesirable nature. The RRT deserves more attention because it can circumvent biases due to untruthful responding, demand characteristics, and evaluation apprehension as well as assure the confidentiality of the data. (29 ref) },
author = {Himmelfarb, Samuel and Lickteig, Carl},
title = {{Social desirability and the randomized response technique.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/43/4/710}
}
@article{Ura2012,
author = {Ura, Joseph Daniel and Ellis, Christopher R},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {1},
pages = {277--291},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Press},
title = {{Partisan Moods: Polarization and the Dynamics of Mass Party Preferences}},
volume = {74},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hollander2008,
abstract = {The fragmentation of the mass media audience has led scholars to examine the growing partisanship of news consumers as less partisan individuals turn to more entertainment-oriented fare. An analysis of national survey data from 1998 to 2006 suggests that not only has the news audience grown somewhat more partisan over time, but among these partisans a distinct migration has occurred to sources more likely to be friendly to individual political beliefs or away from sources perceived as less friendly.},
author = {Hollander, B a.},
doi = {10.1177/107769900808500103},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {23--40},
title = {{Tuning Out or Tuning Elsewhere? Partisanship, Polarization, and Media Migration from 1998 to 2006}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/85/1/23.short http://jmq.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.1177/107769900808500103},
volume = {85},
year = {2008}
}
@book{McLuhan1995,
author = {McLuhan, M},
publisher = {Cambridge, Mass.},
title = {{Understanding media: The extensions of man}},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Reinecke1993,
author = {Reinecke, J and Schmidt, P},
journal = {Quality and Quantity},
number = {3},
pages = {219--247},
title = {{Explaining interviewer effects and respondent behavior: Theoretical models and empirical analysis}},
volume = {27},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Abramowitz2016,
abstract = {One of the most important developments affecting electoral competition in the United States has been the increasingly partisan behavior of the American electorate. Yet more voters than ever claim to be independents. We argue that the explanation for these seemingly contradictory trends is the rise of negative partisanship. Using data from the American National Election Studies, we show that as partisan identities have become more closely aligned with social, cultural and ideological divisions in American society, party supporters including leaning independents have developed increasingly negative feelings about the opposing party and its candidates. This has led to dramatic increases in party loyalty and straight-ticket voting, a steep decline in the advantage of incumbency and growing consistency between the results of presidential elections and the results of House, Senate and even state legislative elections. The rise of negative partisanship has had profound consequences for electoral competition, democratic representation and governance.},
author = {Abramowitz, Alan I. and Webster, Steven},
doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2015.11.001},
isbn = {0261-3794},
issn = {02613794},
journal = {Electoral Studies},
keywords = {Partisanship,U.S. elections},
pages = {12--22},
title = {{The rise of negative partisanship and the nationalization of U.S. elections in the 21st century}},
volume = {41},
year = {2016}
}
@article{King2007,
author = {King, G and Zeng, L},
journal = {International Studies Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {183--210},
title = {{When Can History be Our Guide? The Pitfalls of Counterfactual Inference1}},
volume = {51},
year = {2007}
}
@book{mcchesney_death_2010,
author = {McChesney, R W and Nichols, J},
publisher = {Nation Books},
shorttitle = {The death and life of American journalism},
title = {{The death and life of American journalism: the media revolution that will begin the world again}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Montgomery2016,
author = {Montgomery, Jacob M and Nyhan, Brendan and Torres, Michelle},
title = {{How conditioning on post-treatment variables can ruin your experiment and what to do about it}},
year = {2016}
}
@incollection{samejima1997graded,
author = {Samejima, Fumiko},
booktitle = {Handbook of modern item response theory},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
pages = {85--100},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Graded response model}},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Farrell2012,
abstract = {Political scientists are only now beginning to come to terms with the importance of the Internet to politics. The most promising way to study the Internet is to look at the role that causal mechanisms such as the lowering of transaction costs, homophilous sorting, and preference falsification play in intermediating between specific aspects of the Internet and political outcomes. This will allow scholars to disentangle the relevant causal relationships and contribute to important present debates over whether the Internet exacerbates polarization in the United States, and whether social media helped pave the way toward the Arab Spring uprisings of 2011. Over time, ever fewer political scientists are likely to study the Internet as such, as it becomes more and more a part of everyday political life. However, integrating the Internet's effects with present debates over politics, and taking proper advantage of the extraordinary data that it can provide, requires good causal arguments and attention to their und...},
author = {Farrell, Henry},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815},
issn = {1094-2939},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
keywords = {Arab Spring,homophily,information cascades,information technology,polarization,preference falsification},
language = {en},
month = {jun},
number = {1},
pages = {35--52},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
title = {{The Consequences of the Internet for Politics}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-polisci-030810-110815},
volume = {15},
year = {2012}
}
@article{rainey2014arguing,
author = {Rainey, Carlisle},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12102},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {oct},
number = {4},
pages = {1083--1091},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Arguing for a Negligible Effect}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ajps.12102},
volume = {58},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Duckworth2007,
author = {Duckworth, A L and Peterson, C and Matthews, M D and Kelly, D R},
isbn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {1087},
title = {{Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals}},
volume = {92},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Williams2007,
author = {Williams, C B},
journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
number = {4},
pages = {443},
title = {{Closing the gap, raising the bar: Candidate web site communication in the 2006 campaigns for congress}},
volume = {25},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Nguyen2011,
abstract = {Previous research on new media has largely focused on the potential media effects of alternative news sources on their viewers. The effects of these studies have been limited, however, to the narrow audiences targeted by the increasingly polarizing alternative news sources. The advent and popularization of social networks has provided a reason to suspect that, for the first time, alternative news sources are making their way to the mainstream general public. In this study, I examine a new political and media environment that encourages the interaction between the politically inattentive public and polarized and alternative news sources – a link that contains numerous implications of previously inapplicable studies. I elaborate on previous literature pertaining to social networking's capacity to operate as both a social networking vehicle and as a platform for further political debate by incorporating previous research that suggests an inherent polarization in alternative news sources with other studies that have highlighted the majority of society's political inattentiveness. The results of my study suggest that Twitter users – the majority of them being politically inattentive – are more likely to be exposed to polarizing alternative news sources as opposed to mainstream news coverage when seeking out issue-based news items. By discovering a previously undetected link between polarized alternative news sources and the politically inattentive, this paper opens the door for future studies to study the effects of polarized reportage on the politically inattentive and the relationship between social networking and the traditional mainstream media. Keywords: social networking, Twitter, political discourse, alternative news sources, soft news, polarization, new media, politically inattentive.},
author = {Nguyen, Timothy},
journal = {Global Tides},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
number = {1},
title = {{Twitter: a Platform for Political Discourse or Social Networking}},
url = {http://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/globaltides/vol5/iss1/11},
volume = {5},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Sørensen2016,
abstract = {In an influential study, Matthew Gentzkow found that the introduction of TV in the United States caused a major drop in voter turnout. In contrast, the current analysis shows that public broadcasting TV can increase political participation. Detailed data on the rollout of television in Norway in the 1960s and 1970s are combined with municipality-level data on voter turnout over a period of four decades. The date of access to TV signals was mostly a side effect of geography, a feature that is used to identify causal effects. Additional analyses exploit individual-level panel data from three successive election studies. The new TV medium instantly became a major source of political information. It triggered political interest and caused a modest, but statistically significant, increase in voter turnout.},
author = {S{\o}rensen, Rune J},
doi = {10.1017/S000712341600048X},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {a lack of information,allowing an incumbent government,citizens,control of government,for several reasons,how the media affect,lower,media,on,on government performance may,one is the effect,political participation,private interests,television,to serve its own,voter participation is important,voter turnout},
number = {2006},
pages = {1--22},
title = {{The Impact of State Television on Voter Turnout}},
url = {http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S000712341600048X},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Norris2011,
author = {Norris, P and Inglehart, R},
keywords = {muslim},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Pr},
shorttitle = {Sacred and secular},
title = {{Sacred and secular: Religion and politics worldwide}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Easton1975,
author = {Easton, D},
journal = {British journal of political science},
title = {{A re-assessment of the concept of political support}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=3332892},
year = {1975}
}
@article{Dvir-Gvirsman2014,
abstract = {Do users tend to consume only like-minded political information online? We point to two problems with the existing knowledge about this debate. First, the measurement of media preferences by the typical means of surveys is less reliable than behavioral data. Second, most studies have analyzed only the extent of online exposure to like-minded content, not the users' complete web-browsing repertoire. This study used both survey data and real-life browsing behavior (661,483 URLs from 15,976 websites visited by 402 participants) for the period 7 weeks prior to the 2013 Israeli national elections. The results indicate that (1) self-report measurements of ideological exposure are inflated, (2) exposure to online ideological content accounted for only 3{\%} of total online browsing, (3) the participants' media repertoires are very diverse with no evidence of echo chambers, and (4) in accordance with the selective exposure hypothesis, individuals on both sides are more exposed to like-minded content. The results are discussed in light of the selective exposure literature.},
author = {Dvir-Gvirsman, S and Tzfati, Y and Menchen-Trevino, E},
doi = {10.1177/1461444814549041},
issn = {1461-4448},
journal = {New Media {\&} Society},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {sep},
pages = {1461444814549041--},
title = {{The extent and nature of ideological selective exposure online: Combining survey responses with actual web log data from the 2013 Israeli Elections}},
url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/09/02/1461444814549041.abstract},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Kymlicka2001,
author = {Kymlicka, Will},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
publisher = {Oxford University Press Oxford},
title = {{Contemporary political philosophy}},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Bartle2000a,
author = {Bartle, John},
doi = {10.1111/1467-9248.00270},
issn = {0032-3217},
journal = {Political Studies},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {467--484},
title = {{Political Awareness, Opinion Constraint and the Stability of Ideological Positions}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1467-9248.00270},
volume = {48},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Imai,
author = {Imai, K and Keele, L and Tingley, D and Yamamoto, T},
title = {{Unpacking the Black Box: Learning about Causal Mechanisms from Experimental and Observational Studies}}
}
@article{Quintelier2011,
abstract = {Although sweeping statements about the effect of television viewing on political participation could still be found in the literature in the 1990s, it is now commonly held that the effect of television should be studied as a multidimensional phenomenon. Not only the time spent watching television but also the kinds of programs being watched and even the preference for particular stations are assumed to have an effect. In this article, we report on a survey among 6,330 Belgian adolescents allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between various dimensions of television viewing and political participation. We focus on adolescents, because research suggests that the decline in participation levels clearly manifests itself in this age group. The results of the analysis confirm a negative impact of the amount of television viewing, which is partly counterbalanced by a positive impact of a preference for information and for public broadcasting. We discuss the implications of these findings among adolescents for adult participation behavior. Although sweeping statements about the effect of television viewing on political participation could still be found in the literature in the 1990s, it is now commonly held that the effect of television should be studied as a multidimensional phenomenon. Not only the time spent watching television but also the kinds of programs being watched and even the preference for particular stations are assumed to have an effect. In this article, we report on a survey among 6,330 Belgian adolescents allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between various dimensions of television viewing and political participation. We focus on adolescents, because research suggests that the decline in participation levels clearly manifests itself in this age group. The results of the analysis confirm a negative impact of the amount of television viewing, which is partly counterbalanced by a positive impact of a preference for information and for public broadcasting. We discuss the implications of these findings among adolescents for adult participation behavior.},
author = {Quintelier, Ellen and Hooghe, Marc},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {sep},
number = {5},
pages = {620--642},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Television and Political Participation Among Adolescents: The Impact of Television Viewing, Entertainment and Information Preferences}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.530383},
volume = {14},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Prior2009,
abstract = {Many studies of media effects use self-reported news exposure as their key independent variable without establishing its validity. Motivated by anecdotal evidence that people's reports of their own media use can differ considerably from independent assessments, this study examines systematically the accuracy of survey-based self-reports of news exposure. I compare survey estimates to Nielsen estimates, which do not rely on self-reports. Results show severe overreporting of news exposure. Survey estimates of network news exposure follow trends in Nielsen ratings relatively well, but exaggerate exposure by a factor of 3 on average and as much as eightfold for some demographics. It follows that apparent media effects may arise not because of differences in exposure, but because of unknown differences in the accuracy of reporting exposure.},
author = {Prior, Markus},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
number = {1},
pages = {130--143},
title = {{The immensely inflated news audience: Assessing bias in self-reported news exposure}},
volume = {73},
year = {2009}
}
@phdthesis{Hovstad2012,
abstract = {An enlightened people is a prerequisite for a well-functioning democracy. If the common citizens do not participate, or at least monitor, the political processes, there will be room for despotism, and the political liberties that we take for granted in most of the western world, will vanish. It is through interaction with others, the citizen gets the most of his or her information about politics and other social events. This can be through conversations with friends and participation in political meetings, but most people get some or all of their political information and knowledge from the media. The media sphere is continuously changing; first there were newspapers, then the introduction of radio and the television, and then, nearly two decades ago, the internet appeared. Albeit the internet is much more than just news and community information, the focal point of this thesis is online news. As when other new media have been introduced into the media sphere, the internet has entered as a supplement rather than a replacement for the traditional media. It is this supplementary relationship I want to examine, and that is my research question: How the internet is used as a source to news in a relation to television and newspapers and if the consumption of online news is instead or in addition to traditional media. The purpose of this thesis is founded on the basis that an enlightened citizenry is the girder of democratic society. Therefore I will analyze this media relationship in the context of the level of political knowledge of the people. To narrow the thesis, I will compare Norway and the United States.},
author = {Hovstad, K},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
pages = {1--80},
school = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
title = {{Online news as a source to political knowledge: A comparison between Norway and the United States}},
url = {http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:540401},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Cho2009,
abstract = {Recent communication research concerning participatory politics has found that the effects of media, especially campaign ads, conventional news, and online political resources, are largely mediated through interpersonal discussion about politics. This article extends this line of theorizing about the role of political conversation in citizen competence by testing an O-S-R-O-R model of campaign communication mediation, a modification and extension of the longstanding O-S-O-R model of communication effects. This model combines insights from iterations of the communication mediation model (McLeod et al., 2001; Shah et al., 2007) and cognitive mediation model (Eveland, 2001; Eveland, Shah, {\&} Kwak, 2003) to theorize a set of the interrelated reasoning (R) processes that channel the influences of campaign exposure and news consumption on political engagement. Three key mediators of campaign and news influence are postulated: face-to-face political conversation, online political messaging, and cognitive reflection. We provide empirical evidence to test this model by merging two datasets: (1) tracking of the content and placement of campaign messages in the 2000 and 2004 election cycles, and (2) surveys of traditional and digital media consumption and levels of campaign participation during these same elections. Findings reveal that political conversation, political messaging, and cognitive reflection mediate the effects of campaign advertising exposure and news consumption on political participation and knowledge, providing considerable support for our theory. This O-S-R-O-R model helps organize a large body of theorizing and research on campaigns and conversation in the communication sciences.},
author = {Cho, Jaeho and Shah, Dhavan V and McLeod, Jack M and McLeod, Douglas M and Scholl, Rosanne M and Gotlieb, Melissa R},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.01333.x},
issn = {10503293},
journal = {Communication Theory},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {66--88},
title = {{Campaigns, Reflection, and Deliberation: Advancing an O-S-R-O-R Model of Communication Effects}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.01333.x},
volume = {19},
year = {2009}
}
@article{JenningsMarkus1984,
author = {Jennings, M Kent and Markus, Gregory B},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {4},
pages = {1000--1018},
title = {{Partisan Orientations over the Long Haul: Results from the Three-Wave Political Socialization Panel Study}},
volume = {78},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Moons2009,
author = {Moons, Wesley G and Mackie, Diane M and Garcia-Marques, Teresa},
isbn = {1939-1315},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {32--44},
title = {{The impact of repetition-induced familiarity on agreement with weak and strong arguments.}},
url = {http://ucdavis.academia.edu/WesleyMoons/Papers/101131/The-Impact-of-Repetition-Induced-Familiarity-on-Agreement-With-Weak-and-Strong-Arguments},
volume = {96},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Finkel1991,
author = {Finkel, S E and Guterbock, T M and Borg, M J},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {3},
pages = {313},
title = {{Race-of-Interviewer Effects in a Preelection Poll Virginia 1989}},
volume = {55},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Jennings1968,
author = {Jennings, M K and Niemi, R G},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {169--184},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{The transmission of political values from parent to child}},
volume = {62},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Gentzkow2006a,
abstract = {I use variation across markets in the timing of television's introduction to identify its impact on voter turnout. The estimated effect is significantly negative, accounting for between a quarter and a half of the total decline in turnout since the 1950s. I argue that substitution away from other media with more political coverage provides a plausible mechanism linking television to voting. As evidence for this, I show that the entry of television in a market coincided with sharp drops in consumption of newspapers and radio, and in political knowledge as measured by election surveys. I also show that both the information and turnout effects were largest in off-year congressional elections, which receive extensive coverage in newspapers but little or no coverage on television.},
author = {Gentzkow, Matthew},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
keywords = {aggregate level,cable television},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,cable television},
number = {3},
pages = {931--972},
title = {{Television and Voter Turnout}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098813},
volume = {121},
year = {2006}
}
@article{parry1950validity,
author = {Parry, Hugh J and Crossley, Helen M},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {61--80},
publisher = {AAPOR},
title = {{Validity of responses to survey questions}},
volume = {14},
year = {1950}
}
@book{Cantril1944,
author = {Cantril, H},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{Gauging public opinion.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1944-01467-000},
year = {1944}
}
@inproceedings{Sood2010,
author = {Sood, G and Krosnick, J A and DeBell, M},
booktitle = {American Association for Public Opinion Research Annual Conference},
shorttitle = {Differences between confidentially and orally admi},
title = {{{Differences between confidentially and orally administered overt racism measures: Evidence from the 2008 ANES{\}}}},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Gilley2006,
abstract = {This article examines a range of potential causal variables of state legitimacy using a globally representative set of 72 countries accounting for 83 percent of the   world's population. Major theories of legitimacy determinants are advanced and tested using survey and expert data. Three variables (which measure good   governance, democratic rights, and welfare gains) are then chosen from among all strongly correlated variables as being the most plausible basis for a causal theory.  The theory is then further tested using 31 pairs of countries with similar income levels and in similar regions, which shows a significant positive correlation  between performance and legitimacy. The article concludes with suggestions for further research.},
author = {Gilley, B},
doi = {10.1177/0192512106058634},
issn = {0192-5121},
journal = {International Political Science Review/ Revue internationale de science politique},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {47--71},
title = {{The Determinants of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries}},
url = {http://ips.sagepub.com/content/27/1/47.short},
volume = {27},
year = {2006}
}
@book{Glasser1995,
abstract = {Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent offers an unprecedented range of scholarly perspectives on the relationship between public opinion and communication. With contributions written from social-scientific, historical, critical and cultural traditions, the book illuminates the importance and richness of treating "public opinion" as a multifaceted concept.Written by leading thinkers in the field, some of the work's chapters offer state-of-the-art reviews of research findings, while others are scholarly treatises on some aspect of communication, public opinion, and society. Topics covered include: The nature and institutions of public opinion; the influence of media on public opinion; social and psychological contexts of public opinion; the role public opinion assessment plays in a democratic society.},
author = {Glasser, Theodore Lewis and Salmon, Charles T.},
isbn = {0898624991},
pages = {475},
publisher = {Guilford Press},
title = {{Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=oh1AHt9dc8gC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Basinger2005,
author = {Basinger, SJ and Lavine, H},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
title = {{Ambivalence, information, and electoral choice}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0003055405051580},
year = {2005}
}
@techreport{Dominitz1994,
author = {Dominitz, Jeff and Manski, Charles F},
month = {nov},
publisher = {EconWPA},
title = {{Eliciting Student Expectations Of The Returns To Schooling}},
url = {http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwpem/9411002.html},
year = {1994}
}
@article{cox1990centripetal,
author = {Cox, Gary W},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
pages = {903--935},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Centripetal and centrifugal incentives in electoral systems}},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Wallsten1993,
abstract = {Despite the common reliance on numerical probability estimates in decision research and decision analysis, there is considerable interest in the use of verbal probability expressions to communicate opinion. A method is proposed for obtaining and quantitatively evaluating verbal judgments in which each analyst uses a limited vocabulary that he or she has individually selected and scaled. An experiment compared this method to standard numerical responding under three different payoff conditions. Response mode and payoff never interacted. Probability scores and their components were virtually identical for the two response modes and for all Payoff groups. Also, judgments of complementary events were essentially additive under all conditions},
author = {Wallsten, Thomas S. and Budescu, David V. and Zwick, Rami},
issn = {0025-1909},
journal = {Management science},
keywords = {Adult,Adulte,Adulto,Calibration,Cognici{\'{o}}n,Cognition,Communication information,Communication verbale,Comunicaci{\'{o}}n informaci{\'{o}}n,Comunicaci{\'{o}}n verbal,Contraste,Etalonnage,Hombre,Homme,Human,Information communication,Judgment,Jugement,Juicio,Langage,Language,Lenguaje,Probabilidad subjetiva,Probabilit{\'{e}} subjective,Subjective probability,Verbal communication},
language = {eng},
number = {2},
pages = {176--190},
publisher = {Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences},
title = {{Comparing the calibration and coherence of numerical and verbal probability judgments}},
url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN{\&}cpsidt=4676005},
volume = {39}
}
@article{rorer1965great,
author = {Rorer, Leonard G},
journal = {Psychological bulletin},
number = {3},
pages = {129},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{The great response-style myth.}},
volume = {63},
year = {1965}
}
@article{Joinson2001,
author = {Joinson, A N},
isbn = {1099-0992},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {177--192},
title = {{Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity}},
volume = {31},
year = {2001}
}
@article{McGuire1986,
author = {McGuire, W J},
journal = {Public communication and behavior},
pages = {173--257},
title = {{The myth of massive media impact: Savagings and salvagings}},
volume = {1},
year = {1986}
}
@article{mcguire1989mediational,
author = {McGuire, WJ},
journal = {V. Gheorghiu, P. Netter, H. Eysenck y R. Rosenthal, Suggestion and suggestibility: Theory and research. Berlin: Springer-Verlag},
title = {{A mediational theory of susceptibility to social influence}},
year = {1968}
}
@book{Brehm1966,
abstract = {THIS THEORY STATES THAT INDIVIDUALS HAVE CERTAIN FREEDOMS WITH REGARD TO THEIR BEHAVIOR. IF THESE BEHAVIORAL FREEDOMS ARE REDUCED OR THREATENED WITH REDUCTION, THE INDIVIDUAL WILL BE MOTIVATIONALLY AROUSED TO REGAIN THEM. THIS IS PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE. THE THEORY IS EXAMINED IN A SERIES OF EXPERIMENTS WITH PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL THREATS, AND ALSO IN THE LIGHT OF ATTITUDE CHANGE THEORIES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Brehm, J W},
booktitle = {New York},
doi = {10.1002/hrdq.20027},
isbn = {0121298507},
issn = {00029556},
pages = {135},
title = {{A theory of psychological reactance}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=JZ0rkeNvVkcC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA377{\&}dq=Theory+of+Psychological+Reactance{\&}ots=nNrmO9ZUFe{\&}sig=zEfZUDHNWnn21G5Qpp{\_}0ifb-Cgk},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Guillen2005,
abstract = {We argue that the global digital divide, as measured by cross-national differences in Internet use, is the result of the economic, regulatory and sociopolitical characteristics of countries and their evolution over time. We predict Internet use to increase with world-system status, privatization and competition in the telecommunications sector, democracy and cosmopolitanism. Using data on 118 countries from 1997 through 2001, we find relatively robust support for each of our hypotheses. We conclude by exploring the implications of this new, powerful communication medium for the global political economy and for the spread of democracy around the world.},
author = {Guillen, M F and Suarez, S L},
issn = {0037-7732},
journal = {Social Forces},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
month = {dec},
number = {2},
pages = {681--708},
title = {{Explaining the Global Digital Divide: Economic, Political and Sociological Drivers of Cross-National Internet Use}},
url = {http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/84/2/681.short},
volume = {84},
year = {2005}
}
@article{MackieCooper1984,
author = {Mackie, Diane and Cooper, Joel},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {575--585},
title = {{Attitude Polarization: Effects of Group Membership}},
volume = {46},
year = {1984}
}
@book{Alba2009,
abstract = {In this age of multicultural democracy, the idea of assimilation--that the social distance separating immigrants and their children from the mainstream of American society closes over time--seems outdated and, in some forms, even offensive. But as Richard Alba and Victor Nee show in the first systematic treatment of assimilation since the mid-1960s, it continues to shape the immigrant experience, even though the geography of immigration has shifted from Europe to Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Institutional changes, from civil rights legislation to immigration law, have provided a more favorable environment for nonwhite immigrants and their children than in the past. Assimilation is still driven, in claim, by the decisions of immigrants and the second generation to improve their social and material circumstances in America. But they also show that immigrants, historically and today, have profoundly changed our mainstream society and culture in the process of becoming Americans. Surveying a variety of domains--language, socioeconomic attachments, residential patterns, and intermarriage--they demonstrate the continuing importance of assimilation in American life. And they predict that it will blur the boundaries among the major, racially defined populations, as nonwhites and Hispanics are increasingly incorporated into the mainstream.},
author = {Alba, Richard D and Nee, Victor},
doi = {10.4159/9780674020115},
isbn = {9780674018136 067401040X 9780674010406 0674018133},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
pages = {384},
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
title = {{Remaking the American mainstream: assimilation and contemporary immigration}},
url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=qfTiUv4mv{\_}sC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2005}
}
@unpublished{Barbera2014,
author = {Barber{\'{a}}, Pablo and Sood, Gaurav},
institution = {Georgetown University},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
title = {{Follow Your Ideology: A Measure of Ideological Location of Media Sources}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Druckman2010,
author = {Druckman, J N and Kifer, M J and Parkin, M},
journal = {Political Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {88--103},
title = {{Timeless Strategy Meets New Medium: Going Negative on Congressional Campaign Web Sites, 2002–2006}},
volume = {27},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Weber1993,
author = {Weber, E U and B{\"{o}}ckenholt, U},
journal = {Journal of Experimental {\ldots}},
title = {{Determinants of diagnostic hypothesis generation: Effects of information, base rates, and experience.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1994-02994-001},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Walton2004,
author = {Walton, G M and Banaji, M R},
journal = {Social Cognition},
number = {2},
pages = {193--213},
title = {{Being what you say: The effect of essentialist linguistic labels on preferences}},
volume = {22},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Ansolabehere2010,
abstract = {Do citizens hold their representatives accountable for policy decisions, as commonly assumed in theories of legislative politics? Previous research has failed to yield clear evidence on this question for two reasons: measurement error arising from noncomparable indicators of legislators' and constituents' preferences and potential simultaneity between constituents' beliefs about and approval of their representatives. Two new national surveys address the measurement problem directly by asking respondents how they would vote and how they think their representatives voted on key roll-call votes. Using the actual votes, we can, in turn, construct instrumental variables that correct for simultaneity. We find that the American electorate responds strongly to substantive representation. (1) Nearly all respondents have preferences over important bills before Congress. (2) Most constituents hold beliefs about their legislators' roll-call votes that reflect both the legislators' actual behavior and the parties' policy reputations. (3) Constituents use those beliefs to hold their legislators accountable.},
author = {Ansolabehere, Stephen and Jones, Philip Edward},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00448.x},
isbn = {1540-5907},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {3},
pages = {583--597},
title = {{Constituents' responses to congressional roll-call voting}},
volume = {54},
year = {2010}
}
@book{norris2009cosmopolitan,
author = {Norris, Pippa and Inglehart, Ronald},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Cosmopolitan communications: Cultural diversity in a globalized world}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Munro2013,
author = {Munro, Geoffrey D and Zirpoli, Julia and Schuman, Adam and Taulbee, Jeff},
journal = {Basic and Applied Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {151--163},
title = {{Third-Party Labels Bias Evaluations of Political Platforms and Candidates}},
volume = {35},
year = {2013}
}
@book{mason2018uncivil,
author = {Mason, Lilliana},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Uncivil agreement: How politics became our identity}},
year = {2018}
}
@techreport{Popescu2011,
address = {Colchester, UK},
author = {Popescu, Marina and Gosselin, Tania and Pereira, Jose Santana},
booktitle = {Data set. Colchester, UK: Department of Government, University of Essex},
institution = {Department of Government, University of Essex.},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
title = {{European Media Systems Survey 2010: Results and Documentation}},
url = {www.mediasystemsineurope.org},
year = {2011}
}
@incollection{Nie2001,
address = {Cambridge, MA, USA},
author = {Nie, Norman H and Erbring, Lutz},
chapter = {Internet a},
editor = {Compaine, Benjamin M},
isbn = {0-262-53193-3},
pages = {269--271},
publisher = {MIT Press},
title = {{The Digital Divide}},
url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=762625.762640},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Mann1970,
author = {Mann, M},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
title = {{The social cohesion of liberal democracy}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2092986},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Perozek2008,
author = {Perozek, Maria.},
doi = {10.1353/dem.2008.0010},
issn = {1533-7790},
journal = {Demography},
number = {1},
pages = {95--113},
title = {{Using Subjective Expectations to Forecast Longevity: Do Survey Respondents Know Something We Don't Know?}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/92287564mvv65v60/},
volume = {45},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Lensvelt-Mulders2005,
abstract = {This article discusses two meta-analyses on randomized response technique (RRT) studies, the first on 6 individual validation studies and the second on 32 comparative studies. The meta-analyses focus on the performance of RRTs compared to conventional question-and-answer methods. The authors use the percentage of incorrect answers as effect size for the individual validation studies and the standardized difference score (d-probit) as effect size for the comparative studies. Results indicate that compared to other methods, randomized response designs result in more valid data. For the individual validation studies, the mean percentage of incorrect answers for the RRT condition is .38; for the other conditions, it is .49. The more sensitive the topic under investigation, the higher the validity of RRT results. However, both meta-analyses have unexplained residual variances across studies, which indicates that RRTs are not completely under the control of the researcher.},
author = {Lensvelt-Mulders, G. J. L. M. and Hox, J J and {Van Der Heijden}, P G M and Maas, C J M},
doi = {10.1177/0049124104268664},
issn = {0049-1241},
journal = {Sociological Methods {\&} Research},
keywords = {social desirability},
month = {feb},
number = {3},
pages = {319},
title = {{Meta-Analysis of Randomized Response Research: Thirty-Five Years of Validation}},
url = {http://smr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/319},
volume = {33},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Moore1999,
author = {Moore, J C and Stinson, L L and Welniak, E},
journal = {Cognition and survey research},
pages = {155--174},
title = {{Income reporting in surveys: Cognitive issues and measurement error}},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Knauper2004,
author = {Knauper, B and Schwarz, N and Park, D},
journal = {JOURNAL OF OFFICIAL STATISTICS-STOCKHOLM-},
number = {1},
pages = {91--96},
title = {{Frequency reports across age groups}},
volume = {20},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Brewer2005a,
author = {Brewer, Mark D},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {219--229},
title = {{{The Rise of Partisanship and the Expansion of Partisan Conflict within the A{\}}merican Electorate}},
volume = {58},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Brehm1989,
abstract = {The article examines theories and applications relevant to psychological reactance in consumer research. The psychological reactance principle impels the individual to restore the particular freedom that was threatened or taken away and does not impel the individual to acquire just any freedom. The implication principle may be similar to the principles of stimulus and response generalization which is based on logical or psychological understanding rather than on stimulus or response similarity. Evidently, consumers have a complex relationship with innumerable organizations or agencies and any of these relationships is easily capable of threatening a consumer freedom and may simultaneously imply threats to a number of additional freedoms.},
author = {Brehm, Jack W},
doi = {10.1007/BF00290976},
isbn = {012129840X},
issn = {00989258},
journal = {Advances in Consumer Research},
keywords = {CONDITIONED response,CONSUMER behavior,CONSUMER research,CUSTOMER relations,PERCEPTION,PSYCHOLOGICAL reactance,PSYCHOLOGY,RELATIONSHIP marketing,RESPONSE consistency,STIMULUS intensity},
number = {1},
pages = {72--75},
pmid = {6487682},
title = {{Psychological Reactance: Theory and Applications.}},
url = {http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true{\&}db=bth{\&}AN=6487682{\&}lang=fr{\&}site=ehost-live},
volume = {16},
year = {1989}
}
@incollection{Green2007,
address = {Washington, DC},
author = {Green, John C and Kellstedt, Lyman A and Smidt, Corwin E and Guth, James L},
booktitle = {A Matter of Faith: Religion in the 2004 Presidential Election},
editor = {Campbell., David E},
pages = {15--36},
publisher = {Brookings Institution Press},
title = {{How the Faithful Voted: Religious Communities and the Presidential Vote}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Yanovitzky2001,
author = {Yanovitzky, I},
doi = {10.1093/ijpor/13.4.377},
issn = {13534505},
journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {377--397},
title = {{Effect of Call-In Political Talk Radio Shows on Their Audiences: Evidence from a Multi-Wave Panel Analysis}},
url = {http://ijpor.oupjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/ijpor/13.4.377},
volume = {13},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Kiesler1986,
author = {Kiesler, Sara and Sproull, Lee S},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {3},
pages = {402--413},
publisher = {AAPOR},
title = {{Response effects in the electronic survey}},
volume = {50},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Forgette2006,
abstract = {This research assesses whether conflict-laden news coverage affects public perceptions of political institutions and political elites in general. Particularly, is conflict-oriented television news coverage of politics contributing to negative evaluations of political institutions and their leaders? We present evidence from an experiment designed to address this question. Our experiment is constructed around media coverage of the State of the Union Address. We control for the source of news (CNN), and examine how CNN's Crossfire and Inside Politics' coverage and analyses of the State of the Union Address influenced the attitudes and perceptions of viewers. We find that conflict-laden television coverage decreases public evaluations of political institutions, trust in leadership, and overall support for political parties and the system as a whole. Our findings have implications for public opinion in an era of increased abundance of high-conflict cable news talk shows that turn the political process into a contact sport.},
author = {Forgette, R and Morris, J S},
doi = {10.1177/106591290605900312},
issn = {1065-9129},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {447--456},
title = {{High-Conflict Television News and Public Opinion}},
url = {http://prq.sagepub.com/content/59/3/447.short},
volume = {59},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Gustafsson2012,
abstract = {Sweden, with a high level of political participation and an avant-garde position regarding internet access, broadband and social media penetration in the population, is a critical case for studying social media in relation to political participation. Three types of users - members of political parties, members of interest organizations, and non-members - are interviewed in focus groups about their attitudes to political content in the social network site Facebook. The discussions show that although practices and attitudes vary, using social network sites alone does not drive previously inactive respondents to political participation. Respondents who are members of interest organizations view social network sites as valuable tools for participation, whereas respondents who are not refrain from sharing political views with their friends. They are exposed to political content and requests for participation, but prefer generally to remain passive.},
author = {Gustafsson, N},
issn = {1461-4448},
journal = {New Media {\&} Society},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {apr},
number = {7},
pages = {1111--1127},
title = {{The subtle nature of Facebook politics: Swedish social network site users and political participation}},
url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/14/7/1111.short},
volume = {14},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Bem,
author = {Bem, Daryl},
title = {{Introduction to Beliefs, Attitudes, and Ideologies}}
}
@article{Page1979,
abstract = {Past studies have offered diverse estimates of the role of policy preferences, party loyalties, candidate personalities and other factors in voting decisions. Most have postulated recursive (that is, one-way) causal relationships among the central variables. This study specifies a non-recursive simultaneous equation model and estimates its parameters for the 1972 and 1976 elections using CPS data. The estimates differ markedly from those of simple recursive models. Policy preferences appear to have much more influence on voting decisions, and party attachments much less, than was previously thought. Candidate evaluations strongly affect voters' perceptions of closeness to candidates on policy issues. Party identification may be influenced by short-term factors. Differences between 1972 and 1976 reflect the issue-oriented McGovern candidacy. Simultaneous equation models offer no cure-all; in the absence of accepted theory many specifications are open to controversy. But future research must take account of reciprocal causal paths.},
author = {Page, B I and Jones, C C},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {4},
pages = {1071--1089},
title = {{Reciprocal effects of policy preferences, party loyalties and the vote}},
volume = {73},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Ellis2009,
abstract = {Ideological self-identification in the United States is well measured for the period 1970 to the present. Many survey measures are available and they are posed with considerable frequency and regularity. It is thus a relatively straightforward methodological exercise to combine them into a single measure of the American public's latent disposition to identify as liberal or conservative. What is problematic about this state of affairs is that the availability of these good measures occurs after a number of important changes in the American political context, changes that, we argue, have affected how Americans conceive of ideological terms and how scholars think about self-identification in the modern electorate. This paper seeks to measure and explain ideological self-identification in the time before modern survey research. We undertake an historical analysis of scattered pieces of public opinion data before 1970, assembling the pieces to build a time series of self-identification from 1937 to 2006. We then begin attempts at explaining the now observable, and often dramatic, changes in this series.},
author = {Ellis, Christopher and Stimson, J A James A},
doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.010},
issn = {0261-3794},
journal = {Electoral Studies},
keywords = {Asymmetry,conservatism,ideology,liberalism,public opinion,self-identification,symbolic politics},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {388--402},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Symbolic ideology in the American electorate}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.010},
volume = {28},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Berry1997,
author = {Berry, John W.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x},
issn = {0269-994X},
journal = {Applied Psychology},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {5--34},
title = {{Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x},
volume = {46},
year = {1997}
}
@book{brown_prejudice:_2010,
author = {Brown, R},
keywords = {muslim},
publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
shorttitle = {Prejudice},
title = {{Prejudice: Its social psychology}},
year = {2010}
}
@inproceedings{rivers2009inference,
author = {Rivers, Douglas and Bailey, Delia},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the joint statistical meetings},
organization = {YouGov/Polimetrix Palo Alto, CA},
pages = {627--639},
title = {{Inference from matched samples in the 2008 US national elections}},
volume = {1},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Abramowitz2006,
author = {Abramowitz, Alan I and Stone, W J},
journal = {Presidential Studies Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {141--154},
title = {{The Bush Effect: Polarization, Turnout, and Activism in the 2004 Presidential Election}},
volume = {36},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Dalisay2012,
abstract = {Data from Princeton University's New Immigrant Survey were analyzed to examine the associations between immigrants? media use and 3 indicators of acculturation?current English proficiency, preference to use English in interactions, and American political knowledge. Findings show that pre-immigration uses of English language TV, radio, and print media and post-immigration use of English language print media were associated with higher current English proficiency. Pre-immigration use of native language print media and post-immigration uses of English language TV, radio, and print media were positively associated with a current preference to use English in interactions. Post-immigration use of native language print media was inversely associated with a preference to use English. Furthermore, post-immigration uses of native language radio and print media were positively associated with current American political knowledge. The findings imply that it is an oversimplification to assume that native language media hinders acculturation.
Data from Princeton University's New Immigrant Survey were analyzed to examine the associations between immigrants? media use and 3 indicators of acculturation?current English proficiency, preference to use English in interactions, and American political knowledge. Findings show that pre-immigration uses of English language TV, radio, and print media and post-immigration use of English language print media were associated with higher current English proficiency. Pre-immigration use of native language print media and post-immigration uses of English language TV, radio, and print media were positively associated with a current preference to use English in interactions. Post-immigration use of native language print media was inversely associated with a preference to use English. Furthermore, post-immigration uses of native language radio and print media were positively associated with current American political knowledge. The findings imply that it is an oversimplification to assume that native language media hinders acculturation.},
author = {Dalisay, Francis},
doi = {10.1080/08824096.2012.667774},
issn = {0882-4096},
journal = {Communication Research Reports},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {148--160},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Media Use and Acculturation of New Immigrants in the United States}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2012.667774},
volume = {29},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Zhang2006,
abstract = {More recently, many scholars have lamented the decline of social capital, civic and political participation in American society. This study attempts to clarify the concept of social capital and its major components. We differentiate two dimensions of social capital: trust and social connectedness. In addition, we investigate the differential effects of a full range of media use on civic and political participation. Analysis of data from a telephone survey in Clarksville, Tennessee in 2002 showed that people's social connectedness enhances both civic and political participation. Time spent in reading newspaper and watching public affairs on television was positively correlated with political participation whereas frequency of Internet use and entertainment TV viewing was not. The results also showed no correlation between media use and civic participation. Implications of the findings for future research on democratic citizenship were discussed.},
author = {Zhang, Weiwu and Chia, Stella C},
doi = {10.1080/10510970600666974},
isbn = {10510974},
issn = {1051-0974},
journal = {Communication Studies},
keywords = {civic engagement,civil society in the,effectiveness of democracy,institutional trust,interpersonal trust,political participation,public affairs media use,social capital,social theorists have long,society must be self-organizing,stability and,stressed the importance of,television,that is,through some vol-},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {277--297},
pmid = {22564531},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis Group},
title = {{The Effects of Mass Media Use and Social Capital on Civic and Political Participation}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10510970600666974},
volume = {57},
year = {2006}
}
@article{samelson1967acquiescence,
author = {Samelson, Franz and Yates, Jacques F},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
number = {2},
pages = {91},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Acquiescence and the F Scale}},
volume = {68},
year = {1967}
}
@article{Mendelberg1997,
author = {Mendelberg, T},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {134},
title = {{Executing Hortons: Racial crime in the 1988 presidential campaign}},
volume = {61},
year = {1997}
}
@book{Fiorina2017,
author = {Fiorina, Morris},
publisher = {Hoover Press},
title = {{Unstable Majorities: Polarization, Party Sorting, and Political Stalemate}},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{Richardson1991,
author = {Richardson, BM},
booktitle = {The American Political Science Review},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
title = {{European party loyalties revisited}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1963849},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Cohen2006,
author = {Cohen, G L and Garcia, J and Apfel, N and Master, A},
journal = {Science},
number = {5791},
pages = {1307},
title = {{Reducing the racial achievement gap: A social-psychological intervention}},
volume = {313},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Sayles2010,
author = {Sayles, H and Belli, R F and Serrano, E},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {140},
title = {{Interviewer Variance Between Event History Calendar and Conventional Questionnaire Interviews}},
volume = {74},
year = {2010}
}
@article{McCarty2001,
author = {McCarty, Nolan},
issn = {1537-5943},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {xnat},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {sep},
number = {03},
pages = {673--687},
title = {{The Hunt for Party Discipline in Congress}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0003055401003069},
volume = {95},
year = {2001}
}
@book{Kinder1998,
author = {Kinder, D R},
isbn = {0195213769},
publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
title = {{Opinion and action in the realm of politics.}},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Lewin1958,
author = {Lewin, K},
journal = {Readings in social psychology},
pages = {197--211},
title = {{Group decision and social change}},
volume = {3},
year = {1958}
}
@article{Feldman2003,
author = {Feldman, S},
title = {{Values, ideology, and the structure of political attitudes.}},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Fehr-Duda2012,
abstract = {A large body of evidence has documented that risk preferences depend nonlinearly on outcome probabilities. We discuss the foundations and economic consequences of probability-dependent risk preferences and offer a practitioner's guide to understanding and modeling probability dependence. We argue that probability dependence provides a unifying framework for explaining many real-world phenomena, such as the equity premium puzzle, the long-shot bias in betting markets, and households' underdiversification and their willingness to buy small-scale insurance at exorbitant prices. Recent findings indicate that probability dependence is not just a feature of laboratory data, but is indeed manifest in financial, insurance, and betting markets. The neglect of probability dependence may prevent researchers from understanding and predicting important phenomena.},
author = {Fehr-Duda, Helga and Epper, Thomas},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110950},
isbn = {1941-1383$\backslash$r1941-1391},
issn = {1941-1383},
journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
keywords = {cumulative prospect theory,disappointment aversion,probability weighting,rank-dependent utility,risk preferences},
number = {1},
pages = {567--593},
title = {{Probability and Risk: Foundations and Economic Implications of Probability-Dependent Risk Preferences}},
volume = {4},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Kobayashi2014,
abstract = {The new high-choice media environment has allowed entertainment-oriented people to avoid political news, resulting in a wider gap in political knowledge between entertainment- and news-oriented citizens. On the Internet, however, users tend to be concentrated into a handful of portal sites that offer a mixed information environment in which both news and entertainment are readily available. The simultaneous presentation of news and entertainment headlines on portal sites exposes entertainment-oriented people to the news, which may in turn narrow the knowledge gap between them and news-oriented people. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of exposure to major portal sites in Japan, where Yahoo! JAPAN attracts a large majority of Internet users. Two studies using self-reported exposure to portal sites (n = 838) and web browsing histories (n = 1,000) demonstrated that even entertainment-oriented people can acquire political knowledge, and thus portal sites can serve as knowledge levelers.},
author = {Kobayashi, T and Inamasu, K},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {may},
pages = {1--21},
title = {{The Knowledge Leveling Effect of Portal Sites}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/05/23/0093650214534965.abstract},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Gonzalez1993,
author = {Gonzalez, M and Frenck-Mestre, C},
journal = {Acta Psychologica},
title = {{Determinants of numerical versus verbal probabilities}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000169189390033N},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Day2001,
author = {Day, Christopher R.},
journal = {Federal Communications Law Journal},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
title = {{Concrete Barrier at the End of the Information Superhighway: Why Lack of Local Rights-of-Way Access is Killing Competitive Local Exchange Carriers, The}},
url = {http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedcom54{\&}id=481{\&}div={\&}collection=journals},
volume = {54},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Norton2007,
author = {Norton, M I and Frost, J H and Ariely, D},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {97},
title = {{Less is more: The lure of ambiguity, or why familiarity breeds contempt}},
volume = {92},
year = {2007}
}
@incollection{Valenzuela1978,
abstract = {The fate of democratic governments throughout the world is a topic of growing concern. The crises of modern history, from the Machtergreifung by Hitler through the downfall of democracies. In a systematic review of the political experiences of Latin American and European democratic nations, these original, thought-provoking books propose a significant new comparative framework for understanding the dynamics of political change and the conditions necessary for democratic stability.},
author = {Valenzuela, Arturo},
booktitle = {The breakdown of democratic regimes, Latin America.},
editor = {Linz, Juan Jos{\'{e}} and Stepan, Alfred C},
isbn = {0801820103},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
title = {{The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books/about/The{\_}breakdown{\_}of{\_}democratic{\_}regimes{\_}Chil.html?id=U00PAAAAYAAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1978}
}
@article{knight_ideology_1985,
author = {Knight, K},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
number = {3},
pages = {828--853},
shorttitle = {Ideology in the 1980 election},
title = {{Ideology in the 1980 election: Ideological sophistication does matter}},
volume = {47},
year = {1985}
}
@article{Priester2003,
abstract = {Recent research has shown that information presented by untrustworthy endorsers is likely to be thoughtfully elaborated, whereas information presented by trustworthy endorsers is likely to be unthinkingly accepted (Priester {\&} Petty, 1995). Study 1 manipulated argument quality and assessed cognitive responses to demonstrate that this influence of trustworthiness on persua- sion holds for familiar endorsers likely to be used in actual advertisements. Study 2 demon- strated that trustworthiness can be influenced by individuals endorsing too many products, with similar persuasion consequences (i.e., untrustworthy endorsers prompt greater scrutiny of product-related attributes than trustworthy endorsers). Study 2 also found that the attitudes that resulted from an untrustworthy endorser came to mind faster, even when those attitudes were equivalently positive-thus demonstrating that elaboration can influence attitude accessibility. This research provides evidence that attitude extremity may not be a sufficient indicator of ad- vertising effectiveness, in that equally extreme attitudes can vary as to the bases by which they were formed, their underlying strength, and their effectiveness. Further, this research provides theoretical and strategic insight into the use of trustworthy and untrustworthy endorsers},
author = {Priester, Joseph R. and Petty, Richard E.},
doi = {10.1207/S15327663JCP1304_08},
isbn = {1057-7408},
issn = {10577408},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {408--421},
title = {{The Influence of Spokesperson Trustworthiness on Message Elaboration, Attitude Strength, and Advertising Effectiveness}},
volume = {13},
year = {2003}
}
@misc{Clifford2016,
abstract = {Survey researchers worry about the quality of data produced by online surveys. One concern is that respondents might cheat on performance questions, such as political knowledge, invalidating their responses. Yet, existing evidence is unclear about the prevalence of cheating, and scholars lack a validated method for coping with the problem. In this paper, we demonstrate that such cheating behavior varies considerably by sample and provide some evidence that it is motivated by self-deceptive enhancement. We experimentally test a variety of methods for reducing cheating and find that common methods, such as timers, are not the most effective approach. By contrast, a commitment mechanism, in which respondents affirm their choice not to cheat, is more efficacious. Although cheating in online surveys can distort estimates of knowledge and decrease the validity of the measure, there are methods for coping with this problem.},
author = {Clifford, Scott and Jerit, Jennifer},
booktitle = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfw030},
issn = {15375331},
number = {4},
pages = {858--887},
title = {{Cheating on political knowledge questions in online surveys an assessment of the problem and solutions}},
volume = {80},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Benney1956,
author = {Benney, M and Hughes, E C},
journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
keywords = {anonymity},
number = {2},
pages = {137--142},
title = {{Of sociology and the interview: Editorial preface}},
volume = {62},
year = {1956}
}
@book{Mason2011,
address = {Chicago, IL},
author = {Mason, Lilliana and Huddy, Leonie and Aaroe, Lene},
publisher = {Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association},
title = {{The Power of Partisan Identity in Active Political Times}},
year = {2011}
}
@techreport{PewResearch2005,
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {PewResearch},
institution = {Pew Research Center},
keywords = {publications,survey reports},
title = {{Disengaged Public Leans Against Changing Filibuster Rules | Pew Research Center for the People and the Press}},
url = {http://www.people-press.org/2005/05/16/disengaged-public-leans-against-changing-filibuster-rules/},
year = {2005}
}
@incollection{Dalton2002a,
abstract = {This is a broad cross-national study of the role of political parties in contemporary democracies. Leading scholars in the field assess the evidence for partisan decline or adaptation for 20 OECD nations. This book documents the broadscale erosion of the public's partisan identities in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. It demonstrates how political parties have adapted to partisan dealignment by strengthening their internal organizational structures and partially isolating themselves from the ebbs and flows of electoral politics. Centralized, professionalized parties with short time horizons have replaced the ideologically driven mass parties of the past. Parties without Partisans is the most comprehensive cross-national study of parties in advanced industrial democracies in all of their formsin electoral politics, as organizations, and in government.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Dalton, Russell J and Wattenberg, Martin P},
booktitle = {Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced industrial Democracies},
doi = {10.1093/0199253099.001.0001},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0199253099},
issn = {15756548},
keywords = {citizen behaviour,cognitive mobilization,dealignment,education,partisanship,party competition,party identification,political performance},
number = {6},
pages = {232--233},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{The Decline of Party Identifications}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Klingemann1994,
author = {Klingemann, Hans-Dieter and Hofferbert, Richard I and Budge, Ian and Keman, Hans and Bergman, Torbj{\"{o}}rn and P{\'{e}}try, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Strom, Kaare},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
publisher = {Westview Press Boulder, CO},
title = {{Parties, policies, and democracy}},
year = {1994}
}
@article{Messick1989,
author = {Messick, Samuel},
journal = {Educational researcher},
number = {2},
pages = {5--11},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Meaning and values in test validation: The science and ethics of assessment}},
volume = {18},
year = {1989}
}
@article{jost2004ideological,
author = {Jost, John T and Fitzsimons, G. and Kay, A.C.},
journal = {Handbook of experimental existential psychology},
pages = {263--283},
publisher = {The Guilford Press},
title = {{The Ideological Animal}},
year = {2004}
}
@phdthesis{Hall2013,
abstract = {Since the Internet became a mainstream form of communications in 1999, journalism has become a multi-platform discipline. Twitter is a social media site that is emerging as an avenue for getting news online. Previous research about Twitter, a social networking site that limits messages to 140 characters, has also shown Twitter's promise as a channel for news because of the speed at which information can travel and its ability to connect people. By Twitter users following people and companies, the senders have become endorsers of information. This study looked at how Twitter endorsement effects young adult news readers' perceptions of credibility, bias, interest, arousal, importance and knowledge. The 172 participants were placed into one of three conditions. The conditions were stories endorsed by a professional news media outlet tweets, stories endorsed by peer tweets and stories with no social media endorsement. The study found that stories endorsed by Twitter tweets were rated more credible by participants than the non-endorsed stories. Different media platforms also effected knowledge acquisition. Unlike previous research, which found that newer platforms decreased retention rates, this study found that knowledge acquisition was higher among participants in the professional news outlet social media endorsed news condition. However, participants' social media reading frequency did not correlate with their interest in news. Participants rated print and online news more interesting and read them more frequently.},
author = {Hall, Andrea Elizabeth},
keywords = {individual level,internet,knowledge acquisition,online news,social media},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
publisher = {University of Missouri--Columbia},
school = {University of Missouri},
title = {{Tweeting the headlines: the impact of social media endorsement on young adult news readers}},
url = {https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/37941},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Johnston2018,
abstract = {What drives affective polarization in American politics? One common argument is that Democrats and Republicans are deeply polarized today because they are psychologically different—motivated by diametrically opposed and clashing worldviews. This paper argues that the same psychological motivation—authoritarianism—is positively related to partisan extremism among both Republicans and Democrats. Across four studies, this paper shows that authoritarianism is associated with strong partisanship and heightened affective polarization among both Republicans and Democrats. Thus, strong Republicans and Democrats are psychologically similar, at least with respect to authoritarianism. As authoritarianism provides an indicator of underlying needs to belong, these findings support a view of mass polarization as nonsubstantive and group-centric, not driven by competing ideological values or clashing psychological worldviews.},
author = {Johnston, Christopher D},
doi = {10.1111/pops.12483},
issn = {14679221},
journal = {Political Psychology},
keywords = {authoritarianism,cognitive ability,economic policy,ideology,partisanship,personality,polarization},
pages = {219--238},
title = {{Authoritarianism, Affective Polarization, and Economic Ideology}},
volume = {39},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Bakker2013a,
abstract = {applicability for this approach.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Bakker, Bert N and Lelkes, Yphtach},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1098-6596},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
keywords = {icle},
number = {9},
pages = {1689--1699},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Selling ourselves short? How abbreviated measures of personality change the way think about personality and politics}},
volume = {53},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Blackwell2018,
author = {Blackwell, Matthew and Glynn, Adam},
title = {{How to Make Causal Inferences with Time-Series Cross-Sectional Data under Selection on Observables}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Dominitz1996,
author = {Dominitz, J and Manski, C F},
journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
number = {1},
pages = {1--26},
title = {{Eliciting student expectations of the returns to schooling}},
volume = {31},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Papathanassopoulos2013,
abstract = {As news media change, so media news consumption changes with them. This paper, part of a larger international research project involving 11 countries in four continents (Americas, Europe, Asia and Australia), is focused on news consumption. As the range of media outlets has increased dramatically in recent years, this paper asks which news sources are people regularly watching, listening to or reading to understand what is happening in the world. Moreover, the paper tries to detect whether television news remains at the top of the news hierarchy, seeking to identify differences in news consumption in different countries with different media cultures and, consequently, different media behaviour, as well as to reveal differences in news media uses between older and younger generations. As news media change, so media news consumption changes with them. This paper, part of a larger international research project involving 11 countries in four continents (Americas, Europe, Asia and Australia), is focused on news consumption. As the range of media outlets has increased dramatically in recent years, this paper asks which news sources are people regularly watching, listening to or reading to understand what is happening in the world. Moreover, the paper tries to detect whether television news remains at the top of the news hierarchy, seeking to identify differences in news consumption in different countries with different media cultures and, consequently, different media behaviour, as well as to reveal differences in news media uses between older and younger generations.},
author = {Papathanassopoulos, Stylianos and Coen, Sharon and Curran, James and Aalberg, Toril and Rowe, David and Jones, Paul and Rojas, Hernando and Tiffen, Rod},
issn = {1751-2786},
journal = {Journalism Practice},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {690--704},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Online Threat, But Television is Still Dominant}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.761324},
volume = {7},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Cooper2004,
author = {Cooper, J and Kelly, K A and Weaver, K},
journal = {Social cognition},
pages = {244--267},
title = {{Attitudes, norms, and social groups}},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Campbell1981,
abstract = {Bias arising from the race-of-interviewer effect was found to occur among both black and white high school seniors living in the South. The magnitude of the effect was comparable to that observed among non-Southern adults. Such bias was limited to items mentioning the race of the interviewer, and the direction of bias was always toward deference to the interviewer's race. Low status respondents showed a sporadic tendency toward increased deference. The magnitude of the effect of the interviewer's race rarely exceeded 3 percent of variance explained.},
author = {Campbell, Bruce A},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {231--244},
publisher = {Elsevier North-Holland, Inc.},
title = {{Race-of-Interviewer Effects Among Southern Adolescents}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/pss/2748795},
volume = {45},
year = {1981}
}
@misc{Kington2008,
author = {Kington, T.},
booktitle = {The Guardian},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {may},
title = {{68{\%} of Italians Want Roma Expelled – Poll}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Woodberry1998,
author = {Woodberry, R D and Smith, C S},
journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
pages = {25--56},
title = {{Fundamentalism et al: Conservative protestants in America}},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Cronbach1942,
author = {Cronbach, Lee J},
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {401},
publisher = {Warwick {\&} York},
title = {{Studies of acquiescence as a factor in the true-false test.}},
volume = {33},
year = {1942}
}
@article{schutz1963factor,
author = {Schutz, Richard E and Foster, Robert J},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
number = {3},
pages = {435----447},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{A factor analytic study of acquiescent and extreme response set.}},
volume = {23},
year = {1963}
}
@article{Schopler1995,
abstract = {Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity is the tendency, in mixed-motive situations, for groups to interact more competitively, or less cooperatively, than individuals. In order to assess whether the discontinuity effect is partially driven by the individual anonymity inherent in group decisions, a laboratory experiment was conducted in which group members′ votes for the choices on a PDG-Alt matrix were, or were not, to be known by the members of the other group. The results indicated that group members who anticipated that their votes would be identified by the other group made fewer competitive choices and more cooperative choices. A number of different possible theoretical interpretations of these results were discussed. Separate results from a variety of assessments provided evidence for the fear and greed interpretation of discontinuity. It was found, for example, that discussions between groups contained more distrust and greed statements than did discussions between individuals.},
author = {Schopler, John and Insko, Chester A. and Drigotas, Stephen M. and Wieselquist, Jennifer and Pemberton, Michael B. and Cox, Chante},
doi = {10.1006/jesp.1995.1025},
issn = {00221031},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {553--574},
title = {{The Role of Identifiability in the Reduction of Interindividual-Intergroup Discontinuity}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1995.1025},
volume = {31},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Garrett2013,
abstract = {This special issue of Communication Methods and Measures tackles difficult questions relating to the empirical study of politically motivated selective exposure. In this brief response, I reflect on the state of the research area and attempt to bring these articles into conversation with one another and with the larger field. My essay is organized in terms of four broad themes: the debate over selective avoidance, the value of big data, the changing technological landscape, and the emphasis on boundary conditions. Collectively, the works in this issue raise important methodological questions and provide theoretical and empirical guidance for how scholars might answer them going forward. Coupled with innovative theorizing, these insights promise to advance our field in important ways.
This special issue of Communication Methods and Measures tackles difficult questions relating to the empirical study of politically motivated selective exposure. In this brief response, I reflect on the state of the research area and attempt to bring these articles into conversation with one another and with the larger field. My essay is organized in terms of four broad themes: the debate over selective avoidance, the value of big data, the changing technological landscape, and the emphasis on boundary conditions. Collectively, the works in this issue raise important methodological questions and provide theoretical and empirical guidance for how scholars might answer them going forward. Coupled with innovative theorizing, these insights promise to advance our field in important ways.},
author = {Garrett, R Kelly},
doi = {10.1080/19312458.2013.835796},
issn = {1931-2458},
journal = {Communication Methods and Measures},
month = {oct},
number = {3-4},
pages = {247--256},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Selective Exposure: New Methods and New Directions}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2013.835796},
volume = {7},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Green2009,
author = {Green, D P and Leong, T Y and Kern, H L and Gerber, A S and Larimer, C W},
journal = {Political Analysis},
number = {4},
pages = {400},
title = {{Testing the accuracy of regression discontinuity analysis using experimental benchmarks}},
volume = {17},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Highton2011,
author = {Highton, Benjamin and Kam, Cindy D},
issn = {1468-2508},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
month = {jan},
number = {01},
pages = {202--215},
title = {{The Long-Term Dynamics of Partisanship and Issue Orientations}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381610000964},
volume = {73},
year = {2011}
}
@book{Bradburn1979,
author = {Bradburn, N M and Sudman, S and Blair, E and Locander, W and Miles, C and Singer, E and Others},
publisher = {Jossey-Bass San Francisco},
title = {{Improving interview method and questionnaire design:[response effects to threatening questions in survey research]}},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Gannon1996,
abstract = {Drawing from the categorical model of rating scale responses, a typology of rating scale formats based on scale response language is presented and the effects of the rating scale language on patterns of category activation and usage are examined using exemplar generation methodology. Bipolar rating scales which explicitly label two categories appear to activate both labeled categories. Respondents used each to correspond to approximately half of the provided rating scale intervals. In addition, an ad hoc category of exemplars irrelevant to either of the categories was created to provide meaning for the midpoint label. Unipolar scales, which explicitly only label one category, activated that explicitly labeled category. Respondents used this category to correspond to two-thirds of the scale intervals and a contrast category which was not explicitly labeled to correspond to the other third. Implications for rating scale selection and use are discussed.},
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( 


How Meaning Is Given to Rating Scales: The Effects of Response Language on Category Activation


- Gannon K.M. Ostrom T.M. )








From Duplicate 2 ( 


How meaning is given to rating scales: The effects of response language on category activation


- )

},
author = {Gannon, K M and Ostrom, T M},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {24},
publisher = {Academic Press},
title = {{How meaning is given to rating scales: The effects of response language on category activation}},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ap/js/1996/00000032/00000004/art00016 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103196900165},
volume = {32},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Gibson2014,
abstract = {This article tests the hypothesis that the internet is exacerbating an existing knowledge gap in Australia. The data come from the Australian Election Study, which has measured voters' political knowledge and internet use since 2001. The results support the knowledge gap hypothesis: while internet access is expanding, consumption of political information online is narrowing among a younger, better educated and politically interested group, and is increasingly associated with higher levels of political knowledge. The internet is therefore reinforcing the advantages of the most knowledgeable while increasingly failing to draw in the most politically uninterested. Despite hopes that the internet would lead to a more informed demos, these findings suggest that it is exacerbating current participatory biases.},
author = {Gibson, R K and McAllister, I},
issn = {1440-7833},
journal = {Journal of Sociology},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {may},
pages = {1--17},
title = {{New media, elections and the political knowledge gap in Australia}},
url = {http://jos.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/05/06/1440783314532173.abstract},
year = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{Arceneaux2007,
author = {Arceneaux, K and Johnson, M},
keywords = {political communication,self-selection},
title = {{Channel Surfing: Does Choice Reduce Videomalaise?}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Joppke2007,
abstract = {This article argues that, instead of diverging in terms of national models, Western European states' policies on immigrant integration are increasingly converging. One convergent trend is examined in detail, obligatory civic integration courses and tests for newcomers. While a comparison of the Netherlands, France and Germany reveals considerable national variation in implementing civic integration, this variation tends to be incompatible with traditional national model assumptions. Moreover, more noteworthy than variation is the shared feature of civic integration that liberal goals are pursued with illiberal means, making it an instance of repressive liberalism.
This article argues that, instead of diverging in terms of national models, Western European states' policies on immigrant integration are increasingly converging. One convergent trend is examined in detail, obligatory civic integration courses and tests for newcomers. While a comparison of the Netherlands, France and Germany reveals considerable national variation in implementing civic integration, this variation tends to be incompatible with traditional national model assumptions. Moreover, more noteworthy than variation is the shared feature of civic integration that liberal goals are pursued with illiberal means, making it an instance of repressive liberalism.},
author = {Joppke, Christian},
doi = {10.1080/01402380601019613},
issn = {0140-2382},
journal = {West European Politics},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {1--22},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402380601019613},
volume = {30},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Baumgartner2009,
abstract = {This article examines the political uses of social networking (SN) Web sites by young adults in context of the early stages of the 2008 presidential primary season. Using a survey of over 3,500 18- to 24-year-olds contacted immediately prior to the Iowa caucuses, we illustrate that although SN Web sites are recognized by youth as a possible source of news and that many receive some of their news from these sites, the types of news gathered probably do little to inform them or add to democratic discourse. Moreover, the study shows that in spite of the promise SN sites hold for increasing political interest and participation among a chronically disengaged cohort, users are no more inclined to participate in politics than are users of other media.},
author = {Baumgartner, J C and Morris, J S},
doi = {10.1177/0894439309334325},
isbn = {0894-4393},
issn = {0894-4393},
journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {jun},
number = {1},
pages = {24--44},
title = {{MyFaceTube Politics: Social Networking Web Sites and Political Engagement of Young Adults}},
url = {http://ssc.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0894439309334325 http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/early/2009/06/12/0894439309334325.short},
volume = {28},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Sniderman2009a,
author = {Sniderman, P S and Stiglitz, E H},
journal = {Unpublished manuscript. Stanford University},
keywords = {asymmetry},
title = {{The Rational Partisan}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{mason2018ideologues,
author = {Mason, Lilliana},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
title = {{Ideologues Without Issues the Polarizing Consequences of Ideological Identities}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Ong2000,
author = {Ong, Anthony D. and Weiss, David J.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02462.x},
issn = {0021-9029},
journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
month = {aug},
number = {8},
pages = {1691--1708},
title = {{The Impact of Anonymity on Responses to Sensitive Questions1}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02462.x},
volume = {30},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Tsfati2003,
author = {Tsfati, Yariv and Cappella, Joseph N},
doi = {10.1177/0093650203253371},
issn = {00000000},
journal = {Communication Research},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {504--529},
title = {{Do People Watch what they Do Not Trust?: Exploring the Association between News Media Skepticism and Exposure}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0093650203253371},
volume = {30},
year = {2003}
}
@book{Roloff1982,
author = {Roloff, M E and Berger, C R},
publisher = {Sage Publications Beverly Hills, CA},
title = {{Social cognition and communication}},
year = {1982}
}
@unpublished{Redlawsk2014,
abstract = {Worldwide, citizens are turning to the Internet to learn about politics in greater and greater numbers. Unlike those who get their political information from newspapers, magazines, and television shows, internet users frequently get more than just the news—they get information plus a variety of social cues and signals. The current Web 2.0 paradigm, in which user interaction with content is commonplace, gives Internet visitors the opportunity to instantly react to information they find online, whether by clicking buttons to indicate whether they “like” or “dislike” the piece, sharing it via social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, or registering their feelings and comments directly on news sites. Many sites, including such popular destinations as Twitter, The New York Times website and Yahoo! News, track stories based on the number of times they are shared with others and prominently feature the most popular stories and topics. Political information available online is often inextricably colored by the reactions of its readers.},
address = {New Brunswick},
author = {Redlawsk, D P and Pierce, D},
institution = {Rutgers University},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
title = {{How Social Cues Influence Political Information Processing Strategies}},
url = {http://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/2e70bd63-68ac-4788-9dea-eb8f60c740ab.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Downs1986,
author = {Downs, P E and Kerr, J R},
isbn = {0092-0703},
journal = {Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science},
number = {1},
pages = {72--82},
title = {{Recent evidence on the relationship between anonymity and response variables for mail surveys}},
volume = {14},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Lang1953,
author = {Lang, K and Lang, G E},
journal = {American Sociological Review},
pages = {3--12},
title = {{The unique perspective of television and its effect: A pilot study}},
year = {1953}
}
@article{Milazzo2012,
author = {Milazzo, Caitlin and Adams, James and Green, Jane},
issn = {1468-2508},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {xnat},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {jan},
number = {01},
pages = {262--276},
title = {{Are Voter Decision Rules Endogenous to Parties' Policy Strategies? A Model with Applications to Elite Depolarization in Post-Thatcher Britain}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0022381611001575},
volume = {74},
year = {2012}
}
@article{DeVries2010,
author = {{De Vries}, Catherine E},
journal = {European Union Politics},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
number = {1},
pages = {89--117},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{EU Issue Voting: Asset or Liability? How European integration affects parties' electoral fortunes}},
volume = {11},
year = {2010}
}
@article{PCrowne1960,
abstract = {Anew social desirability scale was constructed and correlated with MMPI scales. Comparison was made with correlations of the Edwards Social Desirability scale. The new scale correlated highly with MMPI scales and supported the definition of social desirability. Ss need to respond in "culturally sanctioned ways." },
author = {Crowne, Douglas P. D.P. and Marlowe, David},
journal = {Journal of Consulting Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {349--354},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/ccp/24/4/349 http://www.mendeley.com/research/a-new-scale-of-social-desirability-independent-of-psychopathology/},
volume = {24},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Katz2001,
author = {Katz, E},
journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
number = {3},
pages = {270},
title = {{Lazarsfeld's map of media effects}},
volume = {13},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Penard2010,
abstract = {This paper aims to understand how Internet users may improve their social capital by investing in online social activities. We argue that the Internet can be a convenient and efficient means of maintaining existing social ties and/or of creating new ties. We seek to identify the determinants of online investments in social capital and the nature of the interaction with traditional forms of investment in social capital. Using a Luxembourg household survey, the econometric results reveal a significant positive impact of volunteer activities and trust (two measures of social capital) on online investments to maintain social capital, but more ambiguous results are found between online investments and face-to-face contacts with friends. By contrast, online investments to create new ties are poorly related to the Internet users' existing social capital, but depend on the opportunity cost of time.},
author = {P{\'{e}}nard, Thierry and Poussing, Nicolas},
doi = {10.2753/JEI0021-3624440301},
isbn = {0021-3624},
issn = {0021-3624},
journal = {Journal of Economic Issues},
keywords = {35065 rennes cedex,44 rue emile mark,7 place hoche,adkisson and the two,anonymous referees,as well as m,comments by r,differdange,fellow at ceps,france,instead,internet use,l-4501,luxembourg,marsouin,nicolas poussing is research,of economics,research fellow at crem,social capital,social ties,thierry p{\{}{\'{e}}{\}}nard is professor,thierry p{\'{e}}nard is professor,university of rennes 1,we are grateful for},
number = {3},
pages = {569--595},
title = {{Internet Use and Social Capital: The Strength of Virtual Ties}},
volume = {44},
year = {2010}
}
@misc{Davis2016,
abstract = {What is the relationship between party polarization, media fragmentation, and partisan-ideological sorting? The growth and availability of partisan media—afforded through the expansion of cable, satellite, and Internet penetration—is often linked to the consistency and extremity of individuals' political attitudes and partisan identities. At the same time, the literature on mass audiences and media choice suggests that the effects of choice and partisan media should be differential according to levels of political interest. This debate has yet to fully articulate a role for elite party polarization, which has been identified as a primary cue to facilitate mass partisanship and sorting. Synthesizing these bodies of scholarship, we utilize a variety of data to assess the influence of elite polarization, media fragmentation, and political interest on partisan-ideological sorting. We find that sorting is consistently connected to perceptions of polarization and qualified evidence that media fragmentation is related to partisan-ideological sorting. The expansion of cable and satellite programming is positively related to sorting, but this effect is isolated to individuals highly interested in news and politics.},
author = {Davis, Nicholas T and Dunaway, Johanna L},
booktitle = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfw002},
issn = {15375331},
number = {Specialissue1},
pages = {272--297},
title = {{Party polarization, media choice, and mass partisan-ideological sorting}},
volume = {80},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Ritchie1990,
author = {Ritchie, L D and Fitzpatrick, M A},
journal = {Communication Research},
number = {4},
pages = {523},
title = {{Family communication patterns: Measuring intrapersonal perceptions of interpersonal relationships}},
volume = {17},
year = {1990}
}
@misc{Embretson1996,
abstract = {Classical test theory, which the authors maintain applied psychologists are still too often exclusively taught, are contrasted with the new rules of measurement. In the newer, model-based version of test theory, called item response theory (IRT), some well-known rules of measurement no longer apply. Six old rules of measurement that conflict with the new rules are reviewed, and intuitive explanations of the new rules are provided. Readers are also directed to additional informational sources about IRT, which, it is argued, every psychologist should be familiar with. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)},
address = {US},
author = {Embretson, Susan E},
booktitle = {Psychological Assessment},
doi = {10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.341},
isbn = {1939-134X(Electronic);1040-3590(Print)},
keywords = {*Item Response Theory,*Testing,Theoretical Orientation},
number = {4},
pages = {341--349},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{The new rules of measurement.}},
volume = {8},
year = {1996}
}
@incollection{Bennett2015,
address = {London},
author = {Bennett, W Lance},
booktitle = {Can the Media Serve Democracy? Essays in Honour of Jay G. Blumler},
doi = {10.1057/9781137467928_14},
editor = {Coleman, Stephen and Moss, Giles and Parry, Katy},
isbn = {978-1-137-46792-8},
pages = {151--163},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
title = {{Changing Societies, Changing Media Systems: Challenges for Communication Theory, Research and Education}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137467928{\_}14},
year = {2015}
}
@article{O'Malley2000,
author = {O'Malley, P M and Johnston, L D and Bachman, J G and Schulenberg, J},
journal = {Journal of Drug issues},
title = {{A comparison of confidential versus anonymous survey procedures: Effects on reporting of drug use and related attitudes and beliefs in a national study of students.}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Aalberg2012,
abstract = {Previous research demonstrates that opposition to immigration increases when immigrant groups are seen as economically non-viable and burdened with distinctive and unassimilable cultural practices. However, no research to date has investigated the parallel relationship between attributes of individuals and willingness to admit these individuals as legal immi- grants.This study examines Norwegians' evaluations of individual immigrants. Using an experi- mental design, specific attributes of immigrants are manipulated, making them appear more or less likely to make an economic contribution and more or less likely to assimilate into Nor- wegian culture. It is found that the decision to admit individuals is predominantly influenced by the immigrant's economic background. Norwegians are especially supportive of highly skilled immigrants.The immigrant's race is also relevant, but the effect of racial cues varies between men and women. Immigrants with an Afrocentric appearance are more likely to be rejected by men, but accepted by women.The article recommends that immigration researchers measure public support for immigration at both the policy and individual immigrant levels.},
author = {Aalberg, Toril and Iyengar, Shanto and Messing, Solomon},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9477.2011.00280.x},
isbn = {0080-6757},
issn = {00806757},
journal = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {2},
pages = {97--116},
title = {{Who is a 'Deserving' Immigrant? An Experimental Study of Norwegian Attitudes}},
volume = {35},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Allen2000,
abstract = {This study provides an experimental test for the conclusions of the Allen and Preiss (1997) meta?analysis that statistical evidence is more persuasive than narrative evidence. This investigation extends that finding to consider the case where a message combines statistical and narrative evidence to determine if a combination of evidence is more effective than a single form of support. This investigation using 15 messages and 1,270 participants finds that a message combining narrative and statistical evidence is more persuasive than a message using either narrative or statistical evidence alone.
This study provides an experimental test for the conclusions of the Allen and Preiss (1997) meta?analysis that statistical evidence is more persuasive than narrative evidence. This investigation extends that finding to consider the case where a message combines statistical and narrative evidence to determine if a combination of evidence is more effective than a single form of support. This investigation using 15 messages and 1,270 participants finds that a message combining narrative and statistical evidence is more persuasive than a message using either narrative or statistical evidence alone.},
author = {Allen, Mike and Bruflat, Rebecca and Fucilla, Ren{\'{e}}e and Kramer, Michael and McKellips, Steve and Ryan, Daniel J. and Spiegelhoff, Marieke},
doi = {10.1080/08824090009388781},
issn = {0882-4096},
journal = {Communication Research Reports},
month = {sep},
number = {4},
pages = {331--336},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Testing the persuasiveness of evidence: Combining narrative and statistical forms}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08824090009388781},
volume = {17},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Tresch2009,
abstract = {In times of increasing “mediatization” of politics, when voters and their elected representatives primarily communicate through the media, the question of who gets into the news and why becomes of the utmost importance. This article examines the determinants of Swiss legislators' presence and prominence in the print media by focusing on three competing approaches drawn from communication studies. The first approach regards the media as a “mirror” of political reality and argues that the media focus on the most active deputies in parliament. Second, news values theory predicts that “authoritative” politicians in leadership positions get the most media coverage. Third, theories of “news bias” hold that the media privilege legislators who are in line with their own editorial interests. Overall, the statistical analyses show an important leadership effect and provide strong support for the second explanation. While deputies in official functions get the most extensive news coverage, media access can also be won by parliamentary activity. The least support is shown for the news bias theory, although some newspapers try to localize parliamentary news coverage by focusing on deputies from their own media market. },
annote = {10.1177/1940161208323266 },
author = {Tresch, Anke},
doi = {10.1177/1940161208323266},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics },
month = {jan},
number = {1 },
pages = {67--90},
title = {{Politicians in the Media: Determinants of Legislators' Presence and Prominence in Swiss Newspapers}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/14/1/67.abstract},
volume = {14 },
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lelkes2015,
abstract = {Acquiescence response bias, or the tendency to agree with questions regardless of content, is a prominent concern in survey design. An often proposed solution, and one that was recently implemented in the American National Election Study, is to rewrite response options so that they tap directly into the dimensions of the construct of interest. However, there is little evidence that this solution improves data quality. We present a study in which we employ two waves of the 2012 American National Election Study in order to compare the reliability and concurrent validity of political efficacy questions in both the agree–disagree and construct-specific formats. Construct-specific questions were not only as reliable and valid as agree–disagree questions generally, they were also as valid among respondents that were most likely to acquiesce. This suggests two possible outcomes: Either agree–disagree questions do not negatively impact data quality or that construct-specific questions are not a panacea for acquiescence response bias.},
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach and Weiss, Rebecca},
journal = {Research {\&} Politics},
keywords = {mybib},
mendeley-tags = {mybib},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
title = {{Much ado about acquiescence: The relative validity and reliability of construct-specific and agree–disagree questions}},
url = {http://rap.sagepub.com/content/2/3/2053168015604173.abstract},
volume = {2},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bimber1998,
abstract = {Optimist View The claim about community-building differs from the populist claim, in that the populist theory rests on changes in citizen-to-government communication whereas the community-oriented expectation rests on enhanced citizen-to-citizen communication. 1. Populism That assertion can be framed quite simply: by increasing communication capacity, the Net will increase citizen influence on politics and decrease the influence of traditional political intermediaries who now dominate political communication. That is, the greater the capacity of citizens to communicate directly with government, the more likely they are to be engaged in politics, and the more engaged they are, the greater their direct influence as individuals. (138-139) The Net, in the populist view, will decentralize access to communication and information, increasing citizen access. Individuals' engagement in politics will increase, as will their influence. (139) Rebuttals But one key fact does leap out from studies of political participation, namely that in the historical aggregate, increases in access to information about politics have not been connected with increased engagement.(24) There is no reason yet to reject Verba and Nie's contention nearly three decades ago that during the twentieth century the availability of information about politics has not been directly connected to the public's level of participation as a whole. (141) It is not simply the availability of information that structures engagement; it is human interest and capacity to understand many complex issues.(28) As Verba, Schlozman, and Brady write, people's participation in politics depends upon both capacity and motivation? Citizens must want to participate, and they must have the capacity to do so. Neuman writes: "for the great majority of American citizens, knowledge about candidates and issues is driven more by interest than by information availability."(30) The Net clearly changes capacity and information availability; but it is not yet clear that it will also change motivation and interest, let alone cognitive capacity. (142) 2. Community Other observers have offered a different vision of Net-induced political transformation. I call this set of claims community-based, or community-oriented, because they hold in various ways that the key political function of the Net will be the creation and enhancement of "community." (144-145){\ldots} As Mark Poster notes, most new communication technologies are heralded as leading to an improved social order; excitement about the Net's capacity to build community, foster the "public sphere," and the like are the latest in a long series of predictions about how communications technologies will alter social structure and politics. (145) The most prominent of communitarian activists, Etzioni, believes that answer just might be thick community. He does concede that a "virtual" community existing over the Internet is not a perfect substitute for the real thing. He notes that real communities are better than virtual ones at communicating affect, holding participants accountable, and creating strong and intimate bonds. Yet, Etzioni argues, the Net can contribute to the building and sustaining of community in other ways. The Net allows the development of community in spite of physical distance, and this facility exceeds what is possible by telephone in at least one way, namely allowing social bonding to occur asynchronously. Moreover, community-building through the Net is not bounded by political borders, identities, or appearance. Net-based community also offers a better "memory effect," because of the presence of written records. (148) Rebuttals Critiques of the community-based claim emerged rapidly. James Beniger and others argue that telecommunications technology is capable of nothing more than "pseudo-community." (146) At least four reasons exist to doubt that thick on-line communities will be the rule rather than the exception. First, the shared values and norms that elevate social interaction above thin talk are best nourished by familiarity among individuals. Trust, social capital, and the shared norms of thick community do not grow well in the soil of anonymity. (150-151) Second, thick community is nourished by stable relationships and the expectation of future reliance on others. Yet the Net encourages shifting and fluid relationships as least as much as it encourages the opposite. Citizens may join and quit on-line social groups with ease. (151) Third, thick community is nourished by social pressure, the often intangible normative force of face-to-face contact{\ldots} Absent the normative force of face-to-face contact, it is not at all clear that the same degree of empathy, avoidance of conflict, and other mechanisms of social pressure exist. (151) A final reason to doubt that the Net is likely to have a transformative effect on community stems from earlier experience. The Net is hardly producing the first dramatic expansion in communication: telephone, radio, and television also expanded communication capacity profoundly. Just as those technologies failed to contribute toward a more participatory, populistic brand of politics in the U.S., so too have they apparently failed to contribute to the building of anything like thick community on a large scale... Regardless of whether one is prepared to lay responsibility for the present state of community at television's doorstep, there seems no compelling reason to believe that the communication capacity of the Net will have such a dramatically different effect than have other advances in point-to-point and broadcast communication. (152)},
author = {Bimber, Bruce},
doi = {10.2307/3235370},
isbn = {00323497},
issn = {00323497},
journal = {Polity},
number = {1},
pages = {133--160},
title = {{The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism}},
volume = {31},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Cohen2006a,
author = {Cohen, G L and Prinstein, M J},
journal = {Child Development},
number = {4},
pages = {967--983},
title = {{Peer contagion of aggression and health risk behavior among adolescent males: An experimental investigation of effects on public conduct and private attitudes}},
volume = {77},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Mogahed2007,
author = {Mogahed, D and Nyiri, Z},
journal = {Harvard International Review},
keywords = {muslim},
number = {2},
pages = {14},
title = {{Reinventing Integration Muslims in the West}},
volume = {29},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Cornelius2005,
annote = {doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104854},
author = {Cornelius, Wayne A and Rosenblum, Marc R},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104854},
issn = {1094-2939},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
month = {may},
number = {1},
pages = {99--119},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
title = {{Immigration and Politics}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104854},
volume = {8},
year = {2005}
}
@book{MackieDevosSmith2000,
author = {Mackie, Diane M and Devos, Thierry and Smith, Eliot R},
publisher = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
title = {{Intergroup Emotions: Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context}},
year = {2000}
}
@book{Lippmann1997,
abstract = {In what is widely considered the most influential book ever written by Walter Lippmann, the late journalist and social critic provides a fundamental treatise on the nature of human information and communication. The field of public opinion research has produced much since this classic was first published, but no work is more compelling in its argument or lasting impact. Lippmann's conclusions are as meaningful in a world of computers, televisions, and computers as it was when newspapers were dominant. As Michael Curtis indicates in his introduction, "Public Opinion" qualifies as a classic by virtue of its systematic brilliance and literary grace.},
author = {Lippmann, Walter},
isbn = {1560009993},
pages = {427},
publisher = {Transaction Publishers},
title = {{Public Opinion (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=YhXLOVc6BsoC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Chan2012a,
author = {Chan, Jimmy and Stone, Daniel F},
doi = {10.1007/s11127-012-9928-x},
issn = {0048-5829},
journal = {Public Choice},
month = {feb},
number = {3-4},
pages = {467--490},
title = {{Media proliferation and partisan selective exposure}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11127-012-9928-x},
volume = {156},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Neuman1996,
abstract = {Major American corporate and political forces are currently battling for control of a new digital communications network that marks the convergence of what were until recently separate industries of publishing, broadcasting, telecommunications, and computers. So far the debate over the National Information Infrastructure has been dominated by questions of who gains and who loses economically. This article attempts to redirect attention to the issue of political communication - how technical developments in mass and interpersonal communications may influence how citizens learn about political world around them, how political support is mobilized for issues and candidates, and how citizens signal preferences to their representatives.},
author = {Neuman, W R},
doi = {10.1177/0002716296546001002},
issn = {0002-7162},
journal = {The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
month = {jul},
number = {1},
pages = {9--21},
title = {{Political Communications Infrastructure}},
url = {http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0002716296546001002},
volume = {546},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Lawrence2010a,
author = {Lawrence, E and Sides, J and Farrell, H},
journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
number = {01},
pages = {141--157},
title = {{Self-segregation or deliberation? Blog readership, participation, and polarization in American politics}},
volume = {8},
year = {2010}
}
@article{frederiksen1959response,
author = {Frederiksen, Norman and Messick, Samuel},
journal = {Educational and psychological measurement},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Response set as a measure of personality.}},
year = {1959}
}
@article{Greenstein1965,
author = {Greenstein, F},
journal = {Political Socialization},
title = {{3 Children and Politics}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=IIUmc4ZTTPkC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA56{\&}dq=A+system+analysis+ofpolitical+life{\&}ots=gHcNELpD{\_}X{\&}sig=Y89aHek66OhuOAMZsZyBtv{\_}OrR4},
year = {1965}
}
@article{Mensch2008,
author = {Mensch, B S and Hewett, P C and Gregory, R and Helleringer, S},
journal = {Studies in family planning},
number = {4},
pages = {321--334},
title = {{Sexual behavior and STI/HIV status among adolescents in rural Malawi: an evaluation of the effect of interview mode on reporting}},
volume = {39},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Feldman2005a,
abstract = {White racial resentment is associated with opposition to a broad range of racial policies but it is unclear whether it derives from racial prejudice or stems from ideological principles. To resolve this ambiguity, we examined the impact of racial resentment on support for a college-scholarship program in which program beneficiaries' race and socioeconomic class was experimentally varied. The analyses yield a potentially troubling finding: racial resentment means different things to white liberals and conservatives. Among liberals, racial resentment conveys the political effects of racial prejudice, by predicting program support for black but not white students, and is better predicted by overt measures of racial prejudice than among conservatives. Among conservatives, racial resentment appears more ideological. It is closely tied to opposition to race-conscious programs regardless of recipient race and is only weakly tied to measures of overt prejudice. Racial resentment, therefore, is not a clear-cut measure of racial prejudice for all Americans.},
author = {Feldman, Stanley and Huddy, Leonie},
doi = {10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00117.x},
isbn = {00925853},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {168--183},
title = {{Racial resentment and white opposition to race-conscious programs: Principles or prejudice?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00117.x},
volume = {49},
year = {2005}
}
@book{Hetherington2005,
abstract = {American public policy has become demonstrably more conservative since the 1960s. Neither Jimmy Carter nor Bill Clinton was much like either John F. Kennedy or Lyndon Johnson. The American public, however, has not become more conservative. Why, then, the right turn in public policy? Using both individual and aggregate level survey data, Marc Hetherington shows that the rapid decline in Americans' political trust since the 1960s is critical to explaining this puzzle. As people lost faith in the federal government, the delivery system for most progressive policies, they supported progressive ideas much less. The 9/11 attacks increased such trust as public attention focused on security, but the effect was temporary. Specifically, Hetherington shows that, as political trust declined, so too did support for redistributive programs, such as welfare and food stamps, and race-targeted programs. While the presence of race in a policy area tends to make political trust important for whites, trust affects policy preferences in other, non-race-related policy areas as well. In the mid-1990s the public was easily swayed against comprehensive health care reform because those who felt they could afford coverage worried that a large new federal bureaucracy would make things worse for them. In demonstrating a strong link between public opinion and policy outcomes, this engagingly written book represents a substantial contribution to the study of public opinion and voting behavior, policy, and American politics generally.},
author = {Hetherington, Marc J.},
isbn = {0691117764},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
pages = {176},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=SIar{\_}4CCzxoC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Wallsten1988,
author = {Wallsten, TS},
journal = {Acta Psychologica},
title = {{Understanding and using linguistic uncertainties}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0001691888900443},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Iyengar2011,
author = {Iyengar, S},
title = {{The Media Game: New Moves, Old Strategies}},
url = {http://ceciliaf.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/The-Media-Game{\_}-New-Moves-Old-Strategies.pdf},
year = {2011}
}
@book{Sniderman1997,
abstract = {If white Americans could reveal what they really think about race, without the risk of appearing racist, what would they say? In this elegantly written and innovative book, Paul Sniderman and Edward Carmines illuminate aspects of white Americans' thinking about the politics of race previously hidden from sight. And in a thoughtful follow-up analysis, they point the way toward public policies that could gain wide support and reduce the gap between black and white Americans.  Their discoveries will surprise pollsters and policymakers alike. The authors show that prejudice, although by no means gone, has lost its power to dominate the political thinking of white Americans. Concentrating on the new race-conscious agenda, they introduce a method of hidden measurement which reveals that liberals are just as angry over affirmative action as conservatives and that racial prejudice, while more common among conservatives, is more powerful in shaping the political thinking of liberals. They also find that the good will many whites express for blacks is not feigned but represents a genuine regard for blacks, which they will stand by even when given a perfectly acceptable excuse to respond negatively to blacks.  More crucially, Sniderman and Carmines show that the current impasse over race can be overcome if we remember what we once knew. The strongest arguments in behalf of equality for black Americans reach beyond race to the moral principles that give the issue of race itself a moral claim on us.},
author = {Sniderman, Paul M and Carmines, Edward G},
isbn = {067414578X},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {191},
publisher = {Harvard University Press},
title = {{Reaching Beyond Race}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=AgkfFTU46PMC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Gaziano2010,
abstract = {This paper elaborates on a recent meta-analysis of knowledge gap studies in Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly, highlighting the importance of community structure and issue conflict in modifying knowledge differentials, calling for refined conceptualizations of knowledge, and pointing up areas for additional research. It argues that the one independent measure chosen from a study for a knowledge gap meta-analysis should he the relationship between education and knowledge when media publicity is of the greatest magnitude, not an average of the lowest and highest magnitudes. This is because the hypothesis emphasizes the role of increased publicity on the education-knowledge relationship.},
author = {Gaziano, C},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
month = {sep},
number = {3-4},
pages = {615--632},
title = {{Notes on "Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: A Meta-analysis of Thirty-five Years of Research"}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/87/3-4/615},
volume = {87},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Preis2013,
abstract = {Crises in financial markets affect humans worldwide. Detailed market data on trading decisions reflect some of the complex human behavior that has led to these crises. We suggest that massive new data sources resulting from human interaction with the Internet may offer a new perspective on the behavior of market participants in periods of large market movements. By analyzing changes in Google query volumes for search terms related to finance, we find patterns that may be interpreted as "early warning signs" of stock market moves. Our results illustrate the potential that combining extensive behavioral data sets offers for a better understanding of collective human behavior.},
author = {Preis, Tobias and Moat, Helen Susannah and Stanley, H Eugene},
doi = {10.1038/srep01684},
isbn = {2045-2322},
issn = {2045-2322},
journal = {Scientific reports},
keywords = {Computer Simulation,Economic,Game Theory,Internet,Investments,Models,Search Engine,Software},
pages = {1684},
pmid = {23619126},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{Quantifying trading behavior in financial markets using Google Trends.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23619126},
volume = {3},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hart2010,
abstract = {Drawing from framing theory, this study examines how describing the impact of climate change on polar bears with an episodic or thematic frame may affect predispositions for individual behavior change and support for policies to address climate change. The study finds that participants exposed to a thematic frame had more support for policies that address climate change than participants exposed to an episodic frame. There was no framing effect for predispositions for individual behavior change. Implications for communicating climate change to the general public are discussed.},
author = {Hart, P. S.},
doi = {10.1177/1075547010366400},
issn = {1075-5470},
journal = {Science Communication},
month = {aug},
number = {1},
pages = {28--51},
title = {{One or Many? The Influence of Episodic and Thematic Climate Change Frames on Policy Preferences and Individual Behavior Change}},
url = {http://scx.sagepub.com/content/33/1/28.short},
volume = {33},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Pintrich1993,
author = {Pintrich, P R and Smith, D A F and Garcia, T and McKeachie, W J},
isbn = {0013-1644},
journal = {Educational and psychological measurement},
number = {3},
pages = {801},
title = {{Reliability and predictive validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ)}},
volume = {53},
year = {1993}
}
@article{tetlock1988monitoring,
author = {Tetlock, P.E.},
issn = {1540-4560},
journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
number = {2},
pages = {101--131},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Monitoring the Integrative Complexity of American and Soviet Policy Rhetoric: What Can Be Learned?}},
volume = {44},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Prior2005,
author = {Prior, Markus},
doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x},
issn = {0092-5853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {577--592},
title = {{News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x},
volume = {49},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Bisgaard2015,
abstract = {Partisans often perceive real world conditions in a manner that credits their own party. Yet recent findings suggest that partisans are capable of setting their loyalties aside when confronted with clear evidence, for example, during an economic crisis. This study examines a different possibility. While partisans may acknowledge the same reality, they may find other ways of aligning undeniable realities with their party loyalties. Using monthly survey data collected before and after the unexpected collapse of the British national economy (2004–10), this study presents one key finding: As partisans came to agree that economic conditions had gotten much worse, they conversely polarized in whether they thought the government was responsible. While the most committed partisans were surprisingly apt in acknowledging the economic collapse, they were also the most eager to attribute responsibility selectively. For that substantial share of the electorate, partisan-motivated reasoning seems highly adaptive.},
author = {Bisgaard, Martin},
doi = {10.1086/681591},
isbn = {0300104251},
issn = {00223816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {economic perceptions,motivated reasoning,partisanship,political learning,rationalization},
number = {3},
pages = {849--860},
title = {{Bias Will Find a Way: Economic Perceptions, Attributions of Blame, and Partisan-Motivated Reasoning during Crisis}},
volume = {77},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bailenson2009,
author = {Bailenson, J N and Iyengar, S and Yee, N and Collins, N A},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
title = {{Facial similarity between voters and candidates causes influence}},
year = {2009}
}
@misc{Allison2005,
author = {Allison, Paul D},
booktitle = {Amer. Sociol. Association Annual Meeting},
title = {{Causal inference with panel data}},
url = {http://statisticalhorizons.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Causal-Inference.pdf},
year = {2005}
}
@incollection{converse1964nature,
address = {New York},
author = {Converse, P.E.},
booktitle = {Ideology and discontent},
editor = {Apter, David},
keywords = {Asymmetry,xnat},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry,xnat},
pages = {206--261},
publisher = {The Free Press of Glencoe},
title = {{The nature of belief systems in mass politics}},
year = {1964}
}
@misc{Whetten,
author = {Whetten, Joshua L and Williamson, Philip C and Heo, Giseon and Varnhagen, Connie and Major, Paul W},
booktitle = {American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.02.022},
isbn = {9788476662106},
issn = {0034-7612},
pages = {485--491},
pmid = {23766329},
title = {{Study Models}}
}
@article{Druckman2001,
abstract = {Social scientists have documented framing effects in a wide range of contexts, including surveys, experiments, and actual political campaigns. Many view work on framing effects as evidence of citizen incompetence-that is, evidence that citizens base their preferences on arbitrary information and/or are subject to extensive elite manipulation. Yet, we continue to lack a consensus on what a framing effect is as well as an understanding of how and when framing effects occur. In this article, I examine (1) the different ways that scholars have employed the concepts of framing and framing effects, (2) how framing effects may violate some basic criteria of citizen competence, and (3) what we know about how and when framing effects work. I conclude that while the evidence to date suggests some isolated cases of incompetence, the more general message is that citizens use frames in a competent and well-reasoned manner.},
author = {Druckman, James N},
issn = {01909320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {Behavioral decision theory,Competence,Framing effects,Mass communication,Public Opinion},
number = {3},
pages = {225--256},
title = {{The implications of framing effects for citizen competence}},
volume = {23},
year = {2001}
}
@article{HohmanHoggBligh2010,
author = {Hohman, Zachary P and Hogg, Michael and Bligh, Michelle},
journal = {Self and Identity},
number = {2},
pages = {113--128},
title = {{Identity and Intergroup Leadership: Asymmetrical Political and National Identification in Response to Uncertainty}},
volume = {9},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Maas1990,
abstract = {The election outcome of the parliamentary elections in the Netherlands in 1986 showed a considerable discrepancy from the expected results. Neither are large differences between poll results and election outcomes exceptional for other countries, as for example in West Germany in 1987. Research in the Netherlands showed that the failure of opinion polls to predict accurately the election outcome in 1986 was due to voters' uncertainty in regard to their political preference. Within the theory of voting behaviour, one can find a number of different reasons which might give a theoretical explanation for this uncertainty. In this article we will introduce vote probabilities as a way of measuring the degree of voters' uncertainty. We will show that it is possible to use these probabilities to predict an election outcome, taking into account the voters' uncertainty and his possible alternative choices. Empirical research in the future might introduce vote probabilities as intervening variables between the alleged explanatory variables of voting behaviour and the actual vote itself.},
author = {Maas, Kees and Steenbergen, Marco and Saris, Willem},
doi = {10.1016/0261-3794(90)90002-P},
issn = {02613794},
journal = {Electoral Studies},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {91--107},
title = {{Vote probabilities}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(90)90002-P http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/026137949090002P},
volume = {9},
year = {1990}
}
@book{Scholte2005,
abstract = {A systematically revised and updated new edition of a highly acclaimed text which was an immediate bestseller on courses around the world. The second edition takes a broader perspective giving increased coverage of other dimensions of globalization alongside its core focus on the rise of supraterritoriality which, the author argues, is globalization's most distinctive feature.},
author = {Scholte, Jan Aart},
isbn = {0230368018},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
pages = {520},
publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
title = {{Globalization: A Critical Introduction (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=HQqUD4sNuEIC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Uziel2010,
author = {Uziel, L},
isbn = {1745-6916},
journal = {Perspectives on Psychological Science},
keywords = {impression management,social desirability},
number = {3},
pages = {243},
title = {{Rethinking Social Desirability Scales}},
volume = {5},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Is2018a,
author = {Is, What and Thing, This and Science, Called and Press, Queensland},
title = {{The limitations of falsificationism}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Davis2008,
abstract = {The discussion that takes place between African-American respondents and interviewers of different races is symbolic of the normal everyday sensitivity to race and strangers of different races. Race of interviewer effects can usefully serve as an indicator of evolving areas of interpersonal tension between African-Americans and whites, and deserve to be treated as a fact of social life and not merely as an artifact of the survey interview. Underlying the potential response bias and estimation problems created by the race of interviewer effects rests a set of coherent beliefs about race and perceived constraints on the freedom of expression. Given the persistence of negative reactions to African-Americans among whites, African-Americans can be expected to be more sensitive to white interviewers. Characteristic of the traditional role-playing behavior meant to appease and accommodate whites, African-Americans out of a sense of fear or intimidation are expected to conceal their true political beliefs and pla...},
author = {Davis, Darren W},
doi = {10.2307/2111718},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {309--322},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{The Direction of Race of Interviewer Effects among African-Americans: Donning the Black Mask}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2111718},
volume = {41},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Norris2001a,
author = {Norris, Pippa},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide}},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Elenbaas2012,
abstract = {Representative democracy requires that citizens express informed political opinions, and in order to inform their opinions, they must have the opportunity to acquire relevant facts from the media. In view of increasing audience segmentation, such opportunity may vary according to how widely political information diffuses across the various sources available in a media environment. However, it remains uncertain how differences in information saturation correspond with differences in information acquisition. Drawing on data from a rolling cross-sectional survey with nearly 60 waves and media content analyses spanning four European countries, this article examines whether a wider availability of information in collective media environments facilitates acquisition of such information. It also specifies the conditions under which this effect differs for people with different levels of learning motivation. Using a multilevel model, we find the media environment to be a remarkably powerful force in equipping people with political information. We also find that better-motivated citizens initially benefit disproportionately from the availability of information, yet motivation-based discrepancies in learning disappear entirely when media coverage becomes more prevalent.},
author = {Elenbaas, M and de Vreese, C and Schuck, A and Boomgaarden, H},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {aggregate level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {481--504},
title = {{Reconciling Passive and Motivated Learning: The Saturation-Conditional Impact of Media Coverage and Motivation on Political Information}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/11/19/0093650212467032.abstract},
volume = {41},
year = {2012}
}
@incollection{Kalman2008,
abstract = {One such student relates that last semester I was getting Bs in my courses. This semester because I am using reflective-writing in all of my courses to look at the material before I come to class, I am an A student. The increase in the students marks indicates that the self-dialogue helped the student develop functions within the zone of proximal development. Sometimes when you start reflective writing, you realize that you do not understand the content. While doing reflective writing you can often pin point particular important ideas you dont understand. It causes you to have questions too. Sometimes that is painful because you expect yourself to have answers and dont. I try to look up answers from books I have at home after doing reflective writing. But it has happened that I stumbled upon an answer myself during my reflective writing. Actually I do explore the answers to my questions while doing reflective writing. (Student view on the purpose of reflective writing.)},
author = {Kalman, Calvin S},
pages = {43--56},
publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
title = {{Writing to Learn: Reflective Writing}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6910-9{\_}4},
year = {2008}
}
@article{jackson1961response,
author = {Jackson, Douglas N and Pacine, Leonard},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
number = {4},
pages = {1015--1028},
publisher = {Sage Publications},
title = {{Response styles and academic achievement}},
volume = {21},
year = {1961}
}
@incollection{ALBAUGH2014,
abstract = {The tremendous rise in the use of social media, particularly Facebook and Twitter, has created new opportunities for sharing and obtaining information very quickly. Political candidates and parties, journalists, bloggers and organized interests have adopted these platforms to communicate with new audiences (Hermida 2010; Small 2010, 2011). Individuals are now using these technologies for citizen journalism (Poell and Borra 2011) and to organize demonstrations and protests (Skoric et al. 2011; Wilson and Dunn 2011). During the English-language leaders' debate in the 2011 federal election, enough individuals posted about it that it became, for a brief time, the “second most popular topic on Twitter worldwide” (CBC News 2011). Social media has even penetrated the political vernacular. In that debate NDP leader Jack Layton referred to Stephen Harper's crime policies as a “hashtag fail”—a reference to the practice of tagging Twitter posts with “{\#}fail” to indicate displeasure (CBC News 2011).},
address = {West Mall, Vancouver},
author = {ALBAUGH, Q and WADDELL, C},
booktitle = {Canadian Democracy from the Ground Up. Perceptions and Performance},
chapter = {5},
editor = {Gidengil, Elisabeth and Bastedo, Heather},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
pages = {102--124},
publisher = {UBC Press},
title = {{Social Media and Political Inequality}},
url = {http://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=ALnjAwAAQBAJ{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PA102{\&}dq={\%}22post-broadcast+democracy{\%}22+{\%}22knowledge+gap{\%}22{\&}ots=y54sZaBx-p{\&}sig=r-pC4hANQGfrkeZD4x1-rkk1JRY},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Becker1970,
author = {Becker, G and Bakal, D A},
journal = {Journal of Clinical Psychology},
keywords = {anonymity},
number = {2},
pages = {207--209},
title = {{Subject anonymity and motivational distortion in self-report data}},
volume = {26},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Boudreau2009,
abstract = {Experiments. Relatively few scholars assess the conditions under which cues improve citizens' decisions. I analyze experimentally the conditions under which one cue (the statements of an endorser) enables both sophisticated and unsophisticated citizens to improve their decisions. My results demonstrate that the effectiveness of this cue depends upon the endorser's incentives and citizens' levels of sophistication. Specifically, I find that under idealized conditions (i.e., when the endorser always has an incentive to make truthful statements), this cue dramatically improves the decisions of (and closes the gap between) sophisticated and unsophisticated subjects. When the endorser's incentives are more realistic (i.e., the endorser may have an incentive to lie), this cue affects sophisticated versus unsophisticated subjects differently: sophisticated subjects do not improve their decisions, whereas unsophisticated subjects typically improve their decisions enough to make them comparable to sophisticated subjects. Thus, even under more realistic conditions, the gap between sophisticated and unsophisticated subjects closes.},
author = {Boudreau, Cheryl},
doi = {10.1017/S0022381609090823},
isbn = {0022-3816},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
number = {3},
pages = {964--976},
publisher = {Cambridge University PressNew York, USA},
title = {{Closing the Gap: When Do Cues Eliminate Differences Between Sophisticated and Unsophisticated Citizens?}},
volume = {71},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Sherif1966,
author = {Sherif, M},
publisher = {Houghton Mifflin},
title = {{In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation}},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Rozin2001,
author = {Rozin, P},
isbn = {1088-8683},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
number = {1},
pages = {2},
title = {{Social psychology and science: Some lessons from Solomon Asch}},
volume = {5},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Marsden2003,
author = {Marsden, P V},
journal = {Social Networks},
number = {1},
pages = {1--16},
title = {{Interviewer effects in measuring network size using a single name generator}},
volume = {25},
year = {2003}
}
@article{ZikmundBabin2009,
abstract = {Online-Ressource.},
author = {{Zikmund Babin}, Carr Griffin},
isbn = {1439080674},
issn = {0301-4894},
journal = {Business Research Methods},
pages = {1--674},
title = {{Chapter 1 The Role of Business Tc Rn in}},
year = {2009}
}
@incollection{Hargittai2003,
abstract = {In a society where knowledge-intensive activities are an increasingly important component of the economy, the distribution of knowledge across the population is increasingly linked to stratification. Much attention among both academic researchers and in policy circles has been paid to what segments of the population have access to the Internet or are Internet users. Although the medium has seen high rates of diffusion, its spread has been unequal both within and across nations. In this chapter, I look at (a) individual-level inequality in Internet access and use in the United States, (b) cross-national variation in connectedness, and (c) inequality from the side of content producers in gaining audiences for their material online.},
address = {Bingley},
author = {Hargittai, E},
booktitle = {New economy handbook},
chapter = {35},
editor = {Jones, Derek},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
publisher = {Emerald Group Publishing Limited},
title = {{The digital divide and what to do about it}},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Knutsen2005,
author = {Knutsen, O and Kumlin, S},
journal = {The European Voter},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
title = {{Value orientations and party choice}},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/oso/1092726/2005/00000001/00000001/art00006},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Carkoglu2014,
abstract = {The aim of this article is to examine press-party parallelism during the 2011 national elections in Turkey. The article reports findings from a content analysis of 9,127 news articles and editorial columns from fifteen newspapers regarding the trajectory of press-party parallelism over the course of the twelve-week national elections campaign period. We focus on two indicators of press-party parallelism: (1) respective “voice” given to the two leading parties, calculated as the ratio of news that quoted sources from the incumbent Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) to the leading opposition party Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP) and (2) news articles' tones toward AKP and CHP. The newspapers that were content analyzed were first categorized into three groups based on survey data regarding the voting intentions of their readers: (1) a group of “conservative” newspapers whose readers intended to vote primarily for AKP, (2) a group of “mainstream broadsheets,” and (3) a group of “opposition” newspapers with a readership base intending to vote for CHP. The findings suggest that over the course of the election campaign, internal pluralism in both conservative and opposition papers declined in terms of voice given to respective parties and tone of news coverage.},
author = {{\c{C}}arkoǧlu, Ali and Baruh, Lemi and Yildirim, Kerem},
doi = {10.1177/1940161214528994},
isbn = {1940161214528},
issn = {19401612},
journal = {International Journal of Press/Politics},
keywords = {Turkey,election campaigns,media systems,polarization,press-party parallelism},
number = {3},
pages = {295--317},
title = {{Press-Party Parallelism and Polarization of News Media during an Election Campaign: The Case of the 2011 Turkish Elections}},
volume = {19},
year = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{Darr2014,
abstract = {In recent years, local newspapers struggled to adapt to technological and financial changes in the news marketplace. Subscriptions to local newspapers fell by a third since 2000 and print advertising revenue collapsed by half since 2006, leaving a growing number of Americans without a reliable source of local political news. At the same time, sources of national political news are thriving online, making it easier for Americans to switch to a diet of primarily national news. I test whether reading a local newspaper increases voter knowledge of local elections. Using the National Annenberg Election Survey, I obtain accurate measures of newspaper readership, knowledge of national politics, and knowledge of local politics. I show that while readers of national newspapers know more about national politics, readers of local newspapers know more about local elections—even though national newspapers readers are better educated, wealthier, and older. I also show that reading a local newspaper helps voters hold their elected officials accountable through their vote. The local press is an essential means of informing voters about local elections, and national news is not a desirable or acceptable substitute.},
address = {Washington},
author = {Darr, J P},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
pages = {1--40},
publisher = {Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association},
title = {{The News You Use: Campaign Learning and Newspaper Choice in Congressional Elections}},
url = {https://sites.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/jdarr/files/darr{\_}-{\_}the{\_}news{\_}you{\_}use.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@misc{Vargas2008,
author = {Vargas, J A},
booktitle = {Washington Post},
pages = {2008},
title = {{Obama raised half a billion online}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Childers1980,
author = {Childers, T L and Pride, W M and Ferrell, O C},
isbn = {0022-2437},
journal = {Journal of Marketing Research},
number = {3},
pages = {365--370},
title = {{A reassessment of the effects of appeals on response to mail surveys}},
volume = {17},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Dreyer1973,
author = {Dreyer, E C},
journal = {Journal of Politics},
title = {{Change and stability in party identification}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=6122436},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Arceneaux2009,
author = {Arceneaux, K and Nickerson, D W},
journal = {Political Analysis},
number = {2},
pages = {177},
title = {{Modeling Certainty with Clustered Data: A Comparison of Methods}},
volume = {17},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lewis-Beck2009,
author = {Lewis-Beck, Michael S},
doi = {10.1016/j.electstud.2009.05.016},
issn = {02613794},
journal = {Electoral Studies},
number = {4},
pages = {521--522},
publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
title = {{Revisiting the American voter}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261379409000638},
volume = {28},
year = {2009}
}
@book{Aldrich1995,
abstract = {Why did the United States develop political parties? How and why do party alignments change? Are the party-centered elections of the past better for democratic politics than the candidate-centered elections of the present? In this landmark book, John Aldrich goes beyond the clamor of arguments over whether American political parties are in resurgence or decline and undertakes a wholesale reexamination of the foundations of the American party system.Surveying three critical episodes in the development of American political parties—from their formation in the 1790s to the Civil War—Aldrich shows how parties serve to combat three fundamental problems of democracy: how to regulate the number of people seeking public office; how to mobilize voters; and how to achieve and maintain the majorities needed to accomplish goals once in office. Overcoming these obstacles, argues Aldrich, is possible only with political parties.Aldrich brings this innovative account up to date by looking at the profound changes in the character of political parties since World War II. In the 1960s, he shows, parties started to become candidate-centered organizations that are servants to their office seekers and officeholders. Aldrich argues that this development has revitalized parties, making them stronger, and more vital, with well-defined cleavages and highly effective governing ability.},
author = {Aldrich, John H.},
isbn = {0226012727},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
pages = {355},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Why Parties?: The Origin and Transformation of Political Parties in America}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=DUah{\_}LP8qdUC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1995}
}
@article{kam_who_2005,
author = {Kam, C D},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {2},
pages = {163--182},
shorttitle = {Who toes the party line?},
title = {{Who toes the party line? Cues, values, and individual differences}},
volume = {27},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Wann1990,
abstract = {Examined the role of passive, category-accessibility effects on fan hostility (HOS) in 86 undergraduates. It was hypothesized that Ss for whom the category of HOS had been unobtrusively primed with aggressive sports names (e.g., boxing) would rate an ambiguous target person as more hostile and as more likely to prefer hostile activities relative to Ss who were primed with nonaggressive sports names (e.g., golf). Results support the hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved)(unassigned)},
author = {Wann, Daniel L. and Branscombe, Nyla R.},
doi = {10.1002/1098-2337(1990)16:1<27::AID-AB2480160104>3.0.CO;2-L},
isbn = {0096-140X},
issn = {10982337},
journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
keywords = {,aggression,cognition,hostility,impression formation,priming},
number = {1},
pages = {27--32},
pmid = {8511},
title = {{Person perception when aggressive or nonaggressive sports are primed}},
volume = {16},
year = {1990}
}
@article{mirowsky1991eliminating,
author = {Mirowsky, John and Ross, Catherine E},
journal = {Social Psychology Quarterly},
pages = {127--145},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Eliminating defense and agreement bias from measures of the sense of control: A 2 x 2 index}},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Ross1996,
author = {Ross, L and Ward, A},
journal = {Values and knowledge},
pages = {103--135},
title = {{Naive realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding}},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Gaydos1998,
abstract = {Background Asymptomatic genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. To design a chlamydia-control program, we conducted a large survey of women in the U.S. military. Methods From January 1996 through December 1997, urine samples from 13,204 new female U.S. Army recruits from 50 states were screened by ligase chain reaction for C. trachomatis infection. Information on potential risk factors was obtained by questionnaire. With multivariate analysis, we identified criteria for a screening program. Results The overall prevalence of chlamydial infection was 9.2 percent, with a peak of 12.2 percent among the 17-year-old recruits. The prevalence was 15 percent or more among the recruits from five southern states. The following risk factors were independently associated with chlamydial infection: having ever had vaginal sex (odds ratio for infection, 5.9), being 25 years of age or less (odds ratio, 3.0), being black (odds ratio, 3.4), having had more than one sex partner in the previous 90 days (odds ratio, 1.4), having had a new partner in the previous 90 days (odds ratio, 1.3), having had a partner in the previous 90 days who did not always use condoms (odds ratio, 1.4), and having ever had a sexually transmitted disease (odds ratio, 1,2). A screening program for subjects 25 years of age or less (87.9 percent of our sample) would have identified 95.3 percent of the infected women. Conclusions Among female military recruits, the prevalence of chlamydial infection is high. A control program that screens female recruits who are 25 years old or younger with urine DNA-amplification assays has the potential to reduce infection, transmission, and the sequelae of chlamydial infection.},
author = {Gaydos, C A and Howell, M R and Pare, B and CLARK, K L and ELLIS, D A and Hendrix, R M and GAYDOS, J C and MCKEE, K T and QUINN, T C},
issn = {0028-4793},
journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
keywords = {America,America del norte,Am{\'{e}}rique,Am{\'{e}}rique du Nord,Aparato genital hembra patolog{\'{i}}a,Appareil g{\'{e}}nital femelle pathologie,Bacteria,Bacteriosis,Bact{\'{e}}rie,Bact{\'{e}}riose,Chlamydia trachomatis,Chlamydiaceae,Chlamydiales,Chlamydiose,Chlamydiosis,Clamidiasis,Cuestionario,Descubrimiento,D{\'{e}}pistage,Enfermedad de transmisi{\'{o}}n sexual,Estados Unidos,Etats Unis,Facteur risque,Factor riesgo,Female,Female genital diseases,Femelle,Hembra,Hombre,Homme,Human,Infecci{\'{o}}n,Infection,Maladie sexuellement transmissible,Medical screening,Militaire,Militar,Military,North America,Prevalencia,Pr{\'{e}}valence,Public health,Questionnaire,Risk factor,Salud p{\'{u}}blica,Sant{\'{e}} publique,Sexually transmitted disease,United States,self-reports,social desirability},
language = {eng},
number = {11},
pages = {739},
publisher = {Massachusetts Medical Society},
title = {{Chlamydia trachomatis infections in female military recruits}},
url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN{\&}cpsidt=2374389},
volume = {339},
year = {1998}
}
@article{turner1982towards,
author = {Turner, John C},
journal = {Social identity and intergroup relations},
pages = {15--40},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press Cambridge (UK)},
title = {{Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group}},
year = {1982}
}
@book{key_public_1961,
author = {Key, Valdimer Orlando},
keywords = {asymmetry},
pages = {566},
publisher = {Knopf},
title = {{Public opinion and American democracy}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=8yUFAQAAIAAJ{\&}pgis=1},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Mummendey1992,
author = {Mummendey, Amelie and Simon, Bernd and Dietze, Carsten and Gr{\"{u}}nert, Melanie and Haeger, Gabi and Kessler, Sabine and Lettgen, Stephan and Sch{\"{a}}ferhoff, Stefanie},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {125--144},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Categorization is not enough: Intergroup discrimination in negative outcome allocation}},
volume = {28},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Seo2013,
abstract = {This study examines the roles of ethnic identity, acculturative stress, and news media use in explaining Korean immigrants? civic engagement. An online survey of 1,135 Korean immigrants revealed that a strong Korean identity facilitated their engagement in the U.S. Korean community. However, this coethnic civic engagement was not mirrored by a corresponding civic engagement in their host society. Acculturative stress influenced a particular pattern of news media use: Immigrant Koreans who felt acculturative stress tended to consume more ethnic news media and less U.S. news media than those who did not suffer from acculturative stress. This particular media use pattern held them back from engaging in the civic activities related to mainstream U.S. society.
This study examines the roles of ethnic identity, acculturative stress, and news media use in explaining Korean immigrants? civic engagement. An online survey of 1,135 Korean immigrants revealed that a strong Korean identity facilitated their engagement in the U.S. Korean community. However, this coethnic civic engagement was not mirrored by a corresponding civic engagement in their host society. Acculturative stress influenced a particular pattern of news media use: Immigrant Koreans who felt acculturative stress tended to consume more ethnic news media and less U.S. news media than those who did not suffer from acculturative stress. This particular media use pattern held them back from engaging in the civic activities related to mainstream U.S. society.},
author = {Seo, Mihye and Moon, Seong-Gin},
doi = {10.1080/15205436.2012.696768},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {245--267},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Ethnic Identity, Acculturative Stress, News Uses, and Two Domains of Civic Engagement: A Case of Korean Immigrants in the United States}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2012.696768},
volume = {16},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Kerin1976,
author = {Kerin, R A and Peterson, R A},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {86--89},
title = {{Personalization, respondent anonymity, and response distortion in mail surveys}},
volume = {62},
year = {1976}
}
@article{Schwartz,
author = {Schwartz, N and Kn$\backslash$$\backslash$"auper, B and Oyserman, D and Stich, C and Kn$\backslash${\"{a}}uper, B and Oyserman, D and Stich, C},
journal = {International Handbook of Survey Methodology},
pages = {18--22},
title = {{The psychology of asking questions}}
}
@unpublished{McAllister2011,
abstract = {Democracy requires a basic level of political skill and knowledge among its citizens. Most of the political information that shapes political knowledge is channeled through the mass media. However, it has been argued that the increasing proliferation of media sources is leading to a ‘knowledge gap' among citizens, with the least politically interested avoiding even minimal exposure to politics. Foremost among the media sources that is driving this change is the internet. Using the unique resource of the Australian Election Study, which has measured the public's political knowledge as well as their internet use since the late 1990s, we test the hypothesis that the internet is causing an ever-widening knowledge gap. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis. We show that following the election on the internet is becoming more socially concentrated, and that the internet is by far the most important media influence on political knowledge. Between 2001 and 2010 the increasing use of the internet widened the knowledge gap significantly, and on present trends will cause it to double by time of the next election in 2013. The knowledge gap is being widened by voters who are least likely to use the internet to follow the election. The results have major implications for the conduct of election campaigns, and for the ability of citizens to make informed choices in elections.},
address = {Seattle},
author = {McAllister, Ian and Gibson, Rachel K},
institution = {American Political Science Association meetings},
keywords = {Australia,election campaigns,individual level,internet,political knowledge},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
title = {{How the Internet is Driving the Political Knowledge Gap}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1901895},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Herzog1981,
abstract = {A response tendency resulting from the length of a group-administered questionnaire instrument is described. Respondents answering items that are included in large sets toward the later parts of a long questionnaire are more likely to give identical answers to most or all of the items, compared with those responding to items in smaller sets or in shorter questionnaires. While means and intercorrelations among items within the same set are affected by this "straight-line" response pattern, intercorrelations between items from different sets are much less affected by it. These investigations are based on comparisons between a long questionnaire, administered to 1,050 high school seniors in nine high schools across the nation in 1978, and five shorter questionnaires administered to large national samples of high school seniors.},
author = {Herzog, A. Regula and Bachman, Jerald G.},
doi = {10.1086/268687},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {4},
pages = {549},
title = {{Effects of Questionnaire Length on Response Quality}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/45/4/549},
volume = {45},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Sidanius1991,
author = {Sidanius, J},
journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
title = {{Ranking and linking as a function of sex and gender role attitudes}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01827.x/abstract},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Devos-Comby2002,
author = {Devos-Comby, L and Salovey, P},
isbn = {1089-2680},
journal = {Review of General Psychology},
number = {3},
title = {{Applying persuasion strategies to alter HIV-relevant thoughts and behavior}},
volume = {6},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Moy2000,
author = {Moy, P and Scheufele, D a.},
doi = {10.1177/107769900007700403},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {744--759},
title = {{Media Effects on Political and Social Trust}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/lookup/doi/10.1177/107769900007700403},
volume = {77},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Reamer1979,
author = {Reamer, F G},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {4},
pages = {497},
title = {{Protecting research subjects and unintended consequences: The effect of guarantees of confidentiality}},
volume = {43},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Taylor2000,
author = {Taylor, S E and Kemeny, M E and Reed, G M and Bower, J E and Gruenewald, T L},
isbn = {0003-066X},
journal = {American Psychologist},
number = {1},
pages = {99--109},
title = {{Psychological resources, positive illusions, and health}},
volume = {55},
year = {2000}
}
@book{Putnam2001,
abstract = {"Putnam's work shows how social bonds are the most powerful predictor of life satisfaction. For example, he reports that getting married is the equivalent of quadrupling your income and attending a club meeting regularly is the equivalent of doubling your income. The loss of social capital is felt in critical ways: Communities with less social capital have lower educational performance and more teen pregnancy, child suicide, low birth weight, and prenatal mortality. Social capital is also a strong predictor of crime rates and other measures of neighborhood quality of life, as it is of our health: In quantitative terms, if you both smoke and belong to no groups, it's a close call as to which is the riskier behavior."-BOOK JACKET.},
author = {Putnam, Robert D},
booktitle = {Book},
doi = {10.1145/358916.361990},
isbn = {0684832836},
issn = {00323195},
number = {0},
pmid = {11921822},
title = {{Bowling Alone}},
url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/bios/simon054/00027278.html},
volume = {115},
year = {2001}
}
@article{TamCho2013,
author = {{Tam Cho}, Wendy K and Gimpel, James G and Hui, Iris S},
journal = {Annals of the Association of American Geographers},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
number = {4},
pages = {856--870},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Voter Migration and the Geographic Sorting of the American Electorate}},
volume = {103},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Brader2009,
address = {Chicago, IL},
author = {Brader, Ted and Tucker, Joshua A and Therriault, Andrew},
publisher = {Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association},
title = {{The Cross-Pressured Citizen Revisiting Social Influence on Voting Behavior}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Oughton2015,
abstract = {The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) infrastructure sector has dramatically expanded over the past decade as the demand for increased digital connectivity has increased from both companies and consumers. Broadband investment has been increasingly associated with positive economic growth and digital connectivity is seen as an essential ingredient with which to increase productivity, employment and create new enterprises. Hence, there is concern that companies and consumers in particular locations are disadvantaged if they are unable to obtain sufficient connectivity. At the present time there has been limited analysis of where new investment has taken place, why it has taken place in specific locations, and what the key economic and socio-economic drivers have been influencing this. The role of regulation in this process is also important to understand. This article draws on two unique, uncensored infrastructure datasets from the UK's telecommunications regulator Ofcom to assess the factors driving investment in fixed and mobile ICT infrastructure. The fixed infrastructure model utilised modem sync speed measurements from over 20 million premises, aggregated to 7004 Middle Super Output Areas (MSOA) (97.3 {\%}) in England and Wales, to provide comprehensive micro-geographic analysis for the first time. The mobile model employed the average data transfer per premises as a network capacity-demand metric for 173 counties and Unitary Local Authorities (ULAs) (98.3 {\%}) in England, Scotland and Wales. Using predictors at a range of spatial scales, multilevel modelling utilising Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods was used to estimate both the fixed and mobile broadband infrastructure models. The results confirm many of the prevailing postulates of existing telecommunications theory, namely, that dense, wealthy and well-educated areas are attractive investment hotbeds for telecommunication technologies. In the UK's fixed ICT infrastructure market, inter-platform competition was found to have a positive impact on investment compared to the mixed results found for intra-platform competition. On the whole, telecommunication investment in the UK appears to be driven by the same drivers as the much documented U.S. case, but further spatially granular research needs to be undertaken to examine the market dynamics between the incumbent and different forms of induced competition across the telecommunication network.},
author = {Oughton, Edward and Tyler, Peter and Alderson, David},
doi = {10.1186/s40551-015-0006-7},
isbn = {2196-3258},
issn = {2196-3258},
journal = {Infrastructure Complexity},
keywords = {Complex Networks,Complexity,Economics and Management,Energy Policy,Regional/Spatial Science,Sustainable Development},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {6},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
title = {{Who's Superconnected and Who's Not? Investment in the UK's Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Infrastructure}},
url = {http://www.infrastructure-complexity.com/content/2/1/6},
volume = {2},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Meier1979,
author = {Meier, K J and Campbell, J E},
journal = {American Politics Research},
number = {1},
pages = {21--50},
title = {{Issue Voting}},
url = {http://apr.sagepub.com/content/7/1/21.short},
volume = {7},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Fernandes1992,
author = {Fernandes, M F and Randall, D M},
isbn = {1052-150X},
journal = {Business Ethics Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {183--205},
title = {{The nature of social desirability response effects in ethics research}},
volume = {2},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Steinkamp1964,
author = {Steinkamp, S W},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
number = {308},
pages = {1165--1174},
title = {{The identification of effective interviewers}},
volume = {59},
year = {1964}
}
@article{Krosnick1987,
author = {Krosnick, J A and Alwin, D F},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {201},
title = {{An evaluation of a cognitive theory of response-order effects in survey measurement}},
volume = {51},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Phillips1982,
abstract = {This paper present the first systematic evidence that violent, finctional television stories trigger imitative deaths and near-fatal accidents in the Unites States. In 1977, suicides, motor vehicle deaths, and nonfatal accidents all rose immediately following soap opera suicide stories. The U.S. female suicide increased proportionally more than male suicides. Single-vehicle crashes increased more than multiplevehicle crashes. All of these increases are statiscally significant and persist after one corrects for the presence of nonfictional suicide stories, linear trends, seasonal fluctuations, and day-of-the-week fluctuations in the data. These increases apparently occur because soap opera suicide stories trigger imitative suicides and suicides attempts, some of which are disguised as single-vehicle accidents.},
author = {Phillips, David P},
isbn = {00029602},
journal = {The American Journal of Sociology},
month = {may},
number = {6},
pages = {1340--1359},
title = {{The Impact of Fictional Television Stories on U.S. Adult Fatalities: New Evidence on the Effect of the Mass Media on Violence}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2779364},
volume = {87},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Stromback2007,
author = {Str{\"{o}}mb{\"{a}}ck, Jesper},
journal = {Journal of Political Marketing},
number = {2-3},
pages = {49--67},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Political marketing and professionalized campaigning: A conceptual analysis}},
volume = {6},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Miller2008b,
author = {Miller, M K and Orr, S K},
journal = {Public opinion quarterly},
title = {{Experimenting with a" Third Way" in Political Knowledge Estimation}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Shah2005,
abstract = {This article examines the role of the Internet as a source of political information and a sphere for public expression. Informational media use, whether traditional news sources or online public affairs content, is expected to foster interpersonal political discussion and online civic messaging, contributing to increased civic participation. Using two-wave national panel survey data, three types of synchronous structural equation models are tested: cross sectional (relating individual differences), fixed effects (relating intraindividual change), and auto regressive (relating aggregate change). All models reveal that online media complement traditional media to foster political discussion and civic messaging. These two forms of political expression, in turn, influence civic participation. Other variable orderings are tested to compare the theorized model to alternative causal specifications. Results reveal that the model produces the best fit, empirically and theoretically, with the influence of the Internet, rivaling the mobilizing power of traditional modes of information and expression.},
author = {Shah, Dhavan V and Cho, Jaeho and Eveland, William P and Kwak, Nojin},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
number = {5},
pages = {531--565},
title = {{Information and Expression in a Digital Age}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/32/5/531.abstract},
volume = {32},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Gilens2007,
abstract = {that the amount ofpolicy-oriented information in news coverage of presidential campaigns has declined and the level of news consumption has fallen. Yet, based on 50 years of data on media content and public attitudes, we find that over this period of time Americans have just as much to say about the major-party presidential candidates, what they have to say is more policy oriented, the association of vote choice with policy considerations has strengthened while the association with character considerations has weakened, and factual knowledge about the presidential candidates' issue positions has not declined. We assess the role of education, party polarization, and paid advertising in explaining trends in Americans' political knowledge and engagement. We show that the public's steady level of information and increased focus on policy in presidential politics reflects the high level of policy content in paid ads, which have compensated for the shift of news coverage toward candidate character, scandal, and the horse race.},
author = {Gilens, Martin and Vavreck, Lynn and Cohen, Martin},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {aggregate level,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,individual level},
number = {4},
pages = {1160--1175},
title = {{The Mass Media and the Public's Assessments of Presidential Candidates, 1952-2000}},
volume = {69},
year = {2007}
}
@phdthesis{Jahng2012,
abstract = {This study examined the influence of exposure to online discussion boards and discussion participation in the online discussion boards on opinion-­‐challenging news use. Based on cognitive dissonance theory and media choice model, a 2 (exposure to disagreement: position-­‐convergent discussion vs. position-­‐divergent discussion) X 2 (discussion participation: participation vs. non-­‐participation) mixed factorial design was employed to examine the role of online discussion boards on selective exposure to political news. In addition, the emotional responses toward discussions were suggested as a mediator between the influence of exposure to disagreements on opinion-­‐challenging news use. Results showed that when participants were exposed to position-­‐divergent online discussion boards, they perceived the opinion-­‐challenging news articles to be more useful, and showed higher interest to read the opinion-­‐challenging news articles. In addition, discussion participation was found to moderate the effect of the exposure to position-­‐divergent online discussion boards on perceived utility of opinion-­‐challenging news use. Finally, mediation analyses suggested that positive emotional responses and negative emotional responses were significant mediators between exposure to disagreements and opinion-­‐challenging news choices in discussion participation conditions. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.},
author = {Jahng, M R},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
school = {University of Missouri},
title = {{Beyond political differences: the influence of exposure to disagreements and the mediating role of emotional responses on selective exposure}},
url = {https://mospace.library.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/36674},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Yang2014,
abstract = {This study reports on knowledge gain, examined through three separate measures (free recall, comprehension and recognition) among high- and low-education groups who used two types of news media (newspaper vs. online) to consume two kinds of news (public affairs vs. entertainment). Results (n = 123) confirm the knowledge gap and validate concerns about the digital divide. Yet three different knowledge acquisition measures generated dissimilar findings: strong education effects for free recall, strong media format effects for recognition, and strong interaction effects between education and media format for comprehension. The implications of these inconsistencies are considered for measuring knowledge gaps in future research. This study reports on knowledge gain, examined through three separate measures (free recall, comprehension and recognition) among high- and low-education groups who used two types of news media (newspaper vs. online) to consume two kinds of news (public affairs vs. entertainment). Results (n = 123) confirm the knowledge gap and validate concerns about the digital divide. Yet three different knowledge acquisition measures generated dissimilar findings: strong education effects for free recall, strong media format effects for recognition, and strong interaction effects between education and media format for comprehension. The implications of these inconsistencies are considered for measuring knowledge gaps in future research.},
author = {Yang, JungAe and Grabe, Maria Elizabeth},
issn = {0197-2243},
journal = {The Information Society},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {310--322},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{At the Intersection of the Digital Divide and the Knowledge Gap: Do Knowledge Domains and Measures Matter?}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2014.944729},
volume = {30},
year = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{Adamic2005,
author = {Adamic, L A and Glance, N},
keywords = {polarization,political communication},
pages = {36--43},
title = {{The political blogosphere and the 2004 US election: divided they blog}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Knauper1999,
author = {Knauper, B},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {3},
pages = {347},
title = {{The impact of age and education on response order effects in attitude measurement}},
volume = {63},
year = {1999}
}
@article{ansolabehere_candidate_2001,
author = {Ansolabehere, S and {Snyder Jr}, J M and {Stewart III}, C},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {1},
pages = {136--159},
title = {{Candidate positioning in US House elections}},
volume = {45},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Rudolph2007,
author = {Rudolph, TJ and Popp, E},
journal = {Political Psychology},
title = {{An information processing theory of ambivalence}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00590.x/full},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Wolburg2006,
abstract = {Despite the success of antismoking campaigns that aim to prevent young teens from smoking, this qualitative study provides strong evidence that different initiatives are needed for college students, particularly those who already smoke. When asked for responses to current antismoking messages, nonsmokers generally championed the cause; however, smokers often responded with anger, defiance, denial, and other negative responses. Consumers who respond in this manner are not well served by existing strategies, and money used for such campaigns could be better spent. New strategies are offered in hopes that antismoking campaigns can communicate more effectively with one high-risk group—college student smokers.},
author = {Wolburg, Joyce M.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1745-6606.2006.00059.x},
isbn = {1745-6606},
issn = {00220078},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Affairs},
number = {2},
pages = {294--323},
title = {{College students' responses to antismoking messages: Denial, defiance, and other boomerang effects}},
volume = {40},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Tilley2008,
abstract = {This article focuses on whether the provision of ‘objectively' correct information to voters about where parties stand on an issue affects their placement of the parties, and ultimately their own position, on that issue. Classic theories of how mass publics make voting decisions assume that voters are able relatively accurately to place themselves and the parties on various issue dimensions.While these assumptions have been challenged, it is generally assumed that the provision of new information makes voters' placements more informed.We explicitly test this idea using a survey experiment focusing on one political issue – European integration. In the experiment, all respondents were twice asked to place the three main British parties and themselves on a bipolar scale of European integration. This was done towards the beginning, and then at the end of the survey. Most respondents were also given information on the ‘informed' positions of the parties, derived from expert survey placement. Our analyses indicate that individuals' placements did change, and the tendency was related to both political sophistication and the inherent difficulty of placing the party. Only less sophisticated voters updated their placements, and these changes are concentrated on the placement of the Labour party, where the elite stance on Europe has been more conflicted. For all respondents we do not detect any corresponding changes in self-placement that would be congruent with ‘cueing' effects.},
author = {Tilley, James and Wlezien, Christopher},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00698.x},
issn = {00323217},
journal = {Political Studies},
number = {1},
pages = {192--214},
title = {{Does political information matter? An experimental test relating to party positions on Europe}},
volume = {56},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Temple2006,
abstract = {There has been considerable academic debate about the ‘dumbing down' of the media, most of it characterizing the process as having a negative impact upon democratic political discourse. This paper argues that the so-called dumbing down of political coverage is an essential part of engaging people on political issues and that popular television such as chat and reality shows capture and engage audiences unresponsive to more conventional coverage of social issues. A public sphere focussed on the rational and ‘high-minded' coverage of politics is an inadequate representation of how most people receive political knowledge and make judgements about important issues. In addition, therefore, concerns about the dumbing down of ‘serious' political outputs are misplaced. A less elite-driven news agenda — one that recognizes the importance of the emotional and the apparently trivial — offers wider opportunities for political engagement to all sections of society. Finally, the paper calls for more academic involvement in the task of providing entertaining yet authoritative introductions to political issues.},
author = {Temple, Mick},
doi = {10.1057/palgrave.bp.4200018},
issn = {1746-918X},
journal = {British Politics},
keywords = {democracy,dumbing down,public sphere},
month = {jul},
number = {2},
pages = {257--273},
title = {{Dumbing Down is Good for You}},
url = {http://www.palgrave-journals.com/doifinder/10.1057/palgrave.bp.4200018},
volume = {1},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Prior2015,
author = {Prior, Markus and Sood, Gaurav and Khanna, Kabir},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
title = {{You Cannot be Serious: Do Partisans Believe What They Say?}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{McClosky1960,
author = {McClosky, H and Hoffmann, PJ and O'Hara, R},
journal = {The American Political Science Review},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {2},
pages = {406----427},
title = {{Issue conflict and consensus among party leaders and followers}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/1978302},
volume = {54},
year = {1960}
}
@misc{moestrup_2016,
author = {Moestrup, Jonas H R},
booktitle = {nyheder.tv2.dk},
month = {sep},
title = {{Danskerne er ikke i tvivl: Vil have ret til aktiv d�dshj�lp}},
url = {http://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2016-09-13-danskerne-er-ikke-i-tvivl-vil-have-ret-til-aktiv-doedshjaelp},
year = {2016}
}
@book{Biemer2004,
address = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},
doi = {10.1002/9781118150382},
editor = {Biemer, Paul P and Groves, Robert M and Lyberg, Lars E and Mathiowetz, Nancy A and Sudman, Seymour},
isbn = {9781118150382},
month = {aug},
publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons, Inc.},
series = {Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics},
title = {{Measurement Errors in Surveys}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118150382},
year = {2004}
}
@article{EarlBennett1999,
author = {{Earl Bennett}, S and Rhine, S L and Flickinger, R S and Bennett, L L M},
doi = {10.1177/1081180X9900400402},
isbn = {9900400402},
issn = {1940-1612},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
month = {jan},
number = {4},
pages = {8--23},
title = {{"Video Malaise" Revisited: Public Trust in the Media and Government}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1081180X9900400402},
volume = {4},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Chen2012,
abstract = {This study examines the role of membership in multiple issue publics by understanding its relationship to media use, online activity, and political knowledge. Using data from Taiwan's 2008 Social Change Survey, the study shows that members of multiple issue publics was positively associated with television watching, political talk show watching, and online news reading. In addition, they were found to engage in specific online activities, including information browsing, information exchanging, information gathering, taking part in forum discussions, and blogging. Therefore, members of multiple issue publics tend to use media with a high level of selectivity and engage in online activities that allow them to express opinions, gain knowledge, or discuss issues with others. A curvilinear relationship was explored and found between multiple issue-public membership and general political knowledge. This demonstrates that individuals' ability to process information may not extend beyond certain boundaries, no matter how many issue publics individuals are involved in. This study examines the role of membership in multiple issue publics by understanding its relationship to media use, online activity, and political knowledge. Using data from Taiwan's 2008 Social Change Survey, the study shows that members of multiple issue publics was positively associated with television watching, political talk show watching, and online news reading. In addition, they were found to engage in specific online activities, including information browsing, information exchanging, information gathering, taking part in forum discussions, and blogging. Therefore, members of multiple issue publics tend to use media with a high level of selectivity and engage in online activities that allow them to express opinions, gain knowledge, or discuss issues with others. A curvilinear relationship was explored and found between multiple issue-public membership and general political knowledge. This demonstrates that individuals' ability to process information may not extend beyond certain boundaries, no matter how many issue publics individuals are involved in.},
author = {Chen, Hsuan-Ting},
issn = {0129-2986},
journal = {Asian Journal of Communication},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {dec},
number = {6},
pages = {621--641},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Multiple issue publics in the high-choice media environment: media use, online activity, and political knowledge}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.662518},
volume = {22},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Tajfel1982,
abstract = {Intergroup relations represent in their enormous scope one of the most difficult and complex knots of problems which we confront in our times. This is why their study in social psychology (and in other disciplines) has been more a matter of" approaches" or ... $\backslash$n},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Tajfel, Henri},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0818502789},
issn = {0066-4308},
journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {1--39},
pmid = {11268157},
title = {{Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245{\%}5Cnhttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245{\%}5Cnpapers3://publication/doi/10.1146/annurev.ps.33.020182.000245},
volume = {33},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Ratneshwar1991,
abstract = {A study of reactions to a novel product attributed the invention to either an expert or a novice. Comprehension of the product description was manipulated by varying information exposure time (Study 1) and contextual prior knowledge (Study 2). As predicted by the heuristic-systematic model, comprehensibility moderated the persuasive impact of source expertise. When comprehension was low, subjects relied on the inventor's expertise in forming their attitudes toward the product, but when comprehension and, hence, systematic processing were higher, source expertise had no impact on subjects' attitudes. In a pilot study, however, subjects attributed comprehensibility to the source and derogated incomprehensible communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
author = {Ratneshwar, S and Chaiken, Shelly},
doi = {10.1086/209240},
isbn = {0093-5301},
issn = {0093-5301},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Research},
number = {1},
pages = {52},
title = {{Comprehension's Role in Persuasion: The Case of Its Moderating Effect on the Persuasive Impact of Source Cues}},
volume = {18},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Galloway1977,
abstract = {The potential role of communication in development is viewed in terms of a partial synthesis of two macrosocial theories in relation to the over time behavior of communication effects gaps. A study is reported which uses a special gaps methodology to assess the impact of a communication program intended to introduce new ideas and alter preexisting conditions. Over 250 effects gaps were analyzed. Overall patterns were for gaps in knowledge to narrow following the communication program, but for gaps in adoption to neither widen nor narrow. The reasons for these observations and their implications for change in or reinforcement of the social order are discussed},
author = {Galloway, J J},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jan},
number = {4},
pages = {363--386},
title = {{The Analysis and Significance of Communication Effects Gaps}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/4/4/363},
volume = {4},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Meulemann2010,
abstract = {It is examined whether preferences of persons and public control of the media determine informational rather than entertainment media use in European countries. Informational use is conceived of as newspaper reading, entertainment use as television viewing. On the person level, the hypotheses that preferences for information increase informational media use and that preferences for entertainment decrease it are tested--controlling for resources. On the country level, the hypotheses that public control increases informational media use as well as the positive effects of preferences for information on informational media use are tested--controlling for supply breadth and wealth. Data are 69 samples from 29 countries of the European Social Survey 2002, 2004, and 2006. On the person level, preferences for information increase, but preferences for entertainment do not decrease, informational media use. Public control increases informational media use only insofar as it decreases television use; but unexpectedly it also decreases newspaper use. In contrast, the supply of newspapers shows both expected effects: it increases informational and decreases entertainment media use. The expectation that public control increases the positive impact of preferences for information on informational media use is confirmed in four of the six tests.},
author = {Meulemann, H},
issn = {0266-7215},
journal = {European Sociological Review},
keywords = {aggregate level,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,individual level},
month = {nov},
number = {2},
pages = {186--202},
title = {{Information and Entertainment in European Mass Media Systems: Preferences for and Uses of Television and Newspapers}},
url = {http://esr.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/11/04/esr.jcq058.short},
volume = {28},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Welch1973,
author = {Welch, S and Comer, J and Steinman, M},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {115--126},
title = {{Interviewing in a Mexican-American community: an investigation of some potential sources of response bias}},
volume = {37},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Jones2005,
author = {Jones, M Y and Pentecost, R and Requena, G},
isbn = {1520-6793},
journal = {Psychology and Marketing},
number = {8},
pages = {623--648},
title = {{Memory for advertising and information content: Comparing the printed page to the computer screen}},
volume = {22},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Jackson1959,
annote = {Evidence relating acquiescence more strongly with personality than authoritarian impulses},
author = {Jackson, Douglas N},
journal = {The Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {65--69},
publisher = {Taylor $\backslash$ Francis},
title = {{Cognitive energy level, acquiescence, and authoritarianism}},
volume = {49},
year = {1959}
}
@article{Jacobson2003,
author = {Jacobson, Gary},
journal = {Congress and the Presidency},
number = {1},
pages = {1--36},
title = {{Partisan Polarization in Presidential Support: The Electoral Connection}},
volume = {30},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Eveland2000,
abstract = {This article examines the relative size of gaps in knowledge and participation between the more and less educated as they vary by the quantity and type of news media use. We predicted that the gap between high and low education groups would be smaller among heavy television news users than among light users, whereas the gap between high and low education groups would be larger among heavy newspaper users than among light users. We also predicted that the gap in general political participation—but not voting—would be greater among both heavy television news users and heavy newspaper users than among light news users. These predictions were based on logic derived from the communication effects gap hypothesis, the cognitive psychology of learning, and research on political behavior. Analyzing data collected as part of the American National Election Study during the 1996 U.S. presidential campaign, we found that gaps in knowledge between higher and lower education groups were greater among light than heavy users of television news. A similar pattern was found for knowledge gaps across levels of newspaper use, but this pattern was weaker and may possibly be attributed to ceilings imposed by the nature of the test or a natural ceiling in the information domain. By contrast, neither television news use nor newspaper use was related to gaps in voting; however, newspaper use, but not television news use, was related to gaps in general political participation.},
author = {Eveland, William P and Scheufele, Dietram a.},
doi = {10.1080/105846000414250},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {215--237},
title = {{Connecting News Media Use with Gaps in Knowledge and Participation}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/105846000414250},
volume = {17},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Grantham1990,
author = {Grantham, C and Seymour-Ure, C},
journal = {Parliament and Pressure  {\ldots}},
title = {{Political consultants}},
url = {http://scholar.google.nl/scholar?hl=en{\&}q=Seymour-Ure{\&}btnG={\&}as{\_}sdt=1{\%}2C5{\&}as{\_}sdtp={\#}{\%}238},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Sekhon2007,
author = {Sekhon, J S},
journal = {To appear The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology. ed. by Janet Box-Steffensmeier, Henry Brady, and David Collier},
keywords = {,causal inference,statistics},
title = {{The Neyman-Rubin Model of Causal Inference and Estimation via Matching Methods}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Jones1979,
author = {Jones, W H},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {102},
title = {{Generalizing Mail SurveyInducement Methods: Population Interactionswith Anonymity and Sponsorship}},
volume = {43},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Tomz2008,
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}This article examines a fundamental aspect of democracy: the relationship between the policy positions of candidates and the choices of voters. Researchers have suggested three criteria—proximity, direction, and discounting—by which voters might judge candidates' policy positions. More than 50 peer-reviewed articles, employing data from more than 20 countries, have attempted to adjudicate among these theories. We explain why existing data and methods are insufficient to estimate the prevalence of these criteria in the electorate. We then formally derive an exhaustive set of critical tests: situations in which the criteria predict different vote choices. Finally, through survey experiments concerning health care policy, we administer the tests to a nationally representative sample. We find that proximity voting is about twice as common as discounting and four times as common as directional voting. Furthermore, discounting is most prevalent among ideological centrists and nonpartisans, who make sophisticated judgments that help align policy with their preferences. These findings demonstrate the promise of combining formal theory and experiments to answer previously intractable questions about democracy.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
author = {Tomz, Michael and {Van Houweling}, Robert P.},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055408080301},
isbn = {0003-0554},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {3},
pages = {303--318},
title = {{Candidate positioning and voter choice}},
volume = {102},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Seymour-Ure1997,
author = {Seymour-Ure, C},
journal = {Parliamentary Affairs},
title = {{Editorial opinion in the national press}},
url = {http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/4/586.short},
year = {1997}
}
@article{brown_party_1995,
author = {Brown, R D},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {23--33},
title = {{Party cleavages and welfare effort in the American states}},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Hochstim1967,
abstract = {Returns and findings from three strategies of data collection are compared. Each strategy contains personal interviews, telephone interviews, and mail questionnaires in different combinations-one mainly personal, one mainly telephone, and one mainly mail. All three strategies are based on area probability samples of households in Alameda County, California. The test was made on two separate studies, with identical questionnaires used in all strategies within each study. The responses from the three strategies were found to be highly comparable. Rate of return and rate of completeness of questionnaires were high for all three; substantive findings were virtually interchangeable; and there was little difference in validity. The only important difference was cost per interview which varied considerably by strategy. CR  - Copyright {\&}{\#}169; 1967 American Statistical Association},
annote = {Returns and findings from three strategies of data collection are compared. Each strategy contains personal interviews, telephone interviews, and mail questionnaires in different combinations-one mainly personal, one mainly telephone, and one mainly mail. All three strategies are based on area probability samples of households in Alameda County, California. The test was made on two separate studies, with identical questionnaires used in all strategies within each study. The responses from the three strategies were found to be highly comparable. Rate of return and rate of completeness of questionnaires were high for all three; substantive findings were virtually interchangeable; and there was little difference in validity. The only important difference was cost per interview which varied considerably by strategy. CR - Copyright {\&}{\#}169; 1967 American Statistical Association},
author = {Hochstim, Joseph R},
issn = {01621459},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
month = {sep},
number = {319},
pages = {976--989},
publisher = {American Statistical Association},
title = {{A Critical Comparison of Three Strategies of Collecting Data from Households}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2283686},
volume = {62},
year = {1967}
}
@inproceedings{kinder_nature_2009-1,
author = {Kinder, D R and Kalmoe, N P},
booktitle = {Annual Meeting of the American Political  {\ldots}},
keywords = {asymmetry},
shorttitle = {The Nature of Ideological Identification in Mass P},
title = {{The Nature of Ideological Identification in Mass Publics Part II: Formation and Consolidation}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract{\_}id=1464961},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Tichenor1970,
abstract = {Data from four types of research-news diffusion studies, time trends, a newspaper strike, and a field experiment-are consistent with the general hypothesis that increasing the flow of news on a topic leads to greater acqui- sition of knowledge about that topic among the more highly educated seg- ments of society. Whether the resulting knowledge gap closes may depend partly on whether the stimulus intensity of mass media publicity is main- tained at a high level, or is reduced or eliminated at a point when only the more active persons have gained that knowledge. Phillip J. Tichenor is Associate Professor of Journalism and Mass Com- munication at the University of Minnesota. George A. Donohue is Professor of Sociology and Clarice N. Olien is Instructor in Sociology, also at the University of Minnesota. This analysis was supported by Project 27-18, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.},
author = {Tichenor, P J and Donohue, G A and Olien, C N},
journal = {The Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {159--170},
title = {{Mass Media Flow and Differential Growth in Knowledge}},
volume = {34},
year = {1970}
}
@inproceedings{highton_dynamics_2008,
author = {Highton, B and Kam, C},
booktitle = {Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association},
keywords = {,asymmetry},
title = {{The dynamics of partisanship and issue orientations}},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Powers2014,
abstract = {This study examines whether news is more or less homogeneous online than in print across agenda-setting news outlets in the United States, Denmark, and France. Examining similarities and differences in the genres, topics, and authors of news in each country's leading newspapers, it finds little evidence of greater online homogeneity in any country. U.S. news outlets are more differentiated online than in print, while French news outlets have similar levels of print and online differentiation. Online data for Denmark reveal no consistent pattern in the direction of either homogeneity or differentiation. These findings suggest that the differentiating effects of the online environment are strongest in countries (e.g., the United States) where media markets are being restructured to include more direct competition between agenda-setting news outlets at the national level. By contrast, countries (e.g., France and, to a lesser degree, Denmark) with high levels of print differentiation have similarly high levels online due to the path-dependent effects of their national media systems.},
author = {Powers, M. and Benson, R.},
doi = {10.1177/1940161213519680},
issn = {1940-1612},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
keywords = {comparative media},
mendeley-tags = {comparative media},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {246--265},
title = {{Is the Internet Homogenizing or Diversifying the News? External Pluralism in the U.S., Danish, and French Press}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/19/2/246.short},
volume = {19},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Weinstein1994,
author = {Weinstein, C E and Palmer, D R and Schulte, A C},
isbn = {1553-9121},
journal = {Test Critiques},
pages = {355},
title = {{Learning and study strategies inventory}},
year = {1994}
}
@article{layman_party_2006,
abstract = {▪ Abstract Recent commentary points to clear increases in ideological polarization between the major American political parties. We review the theoretical and empirical literature on party polarization and partisan change. We begin by comparing the current period both to earlier political eras and to theories of partisan change. We argue that in the current period the parties have grown increasingly divided on all the major policy dimensions in American politics—a process that we term conflict extension. We discuss various perspectives on increases in polarization between the parties in government, the parties in the electorate, and the parties' activists, and we consider the causal links between polarization at each of these levels. We consider whether American society itself, and not just the parties and their identifiers, has become increasingly polarized. Finally, we discuss the consequences of growing party polarization for American political life.},
annote = {From Duplicate 2 (Party polarization in American politics: Characteristics, causes, and consequences - Layman, Geoffrey C. G.C. C; Carsey, Thomas M. T.M. M; Horowitz, J.M. M Juliana Menasce)

From Duplicate 1 ( 

PARTY POLARIZATION IN AMERICAN POLITICS: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences

- Layman, Geoffrey C.; Carsey, Thomas M.; Horowitz, Juliana Menasce )








From Duplicate 2 ( 

Party polarization in American politics: Characteristics, causes, and consequences

- Layman, G.C. C; Carsey, T.M. M; Horowitz, J.M. M )




From Duplicate 1 ( 


Party polarization in American politics: Characteristics, causes, and consequences


- Layman, G C; Carsey, T M; Horowitz, J M )

},
author = {Layman, Geoffrey C. G.C. C and Carsey, Thomas M. T.M. M and Horowitz, J.M. M Juliana Menasce},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138},
issn = {1094-2939},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
keywords = {Democratic Party,Republican Party,party polarization,political change,political issues,xnat},
language = {en},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
month = {jun},
number = {1},
pages = {83--110},
publisher = {Annual Reviews},
shorttitle = {Party polarization in American politics},
title = {{Party polarization in American politics: Characteristics, causes, and consequences}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138?journalCode=polisci http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138},
volume = {9},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Hovland1959,
author = {Hovland, C I},
journal = {American Psychologist},
number = {1},
pages = {8--17},
title = {{Reconciling conflicting results derived from experimental and survey studies of attitude change}},
volume = {14},
year = {1959}
}
@article{Barrett2007,
abstract = {Domestic travel has become a common practice for modern presidents. Many claim local media cover these presidential trips more extensively and positively than the national media, yet no one has examined the validity of this assumption. We begin this examination with a study of local and national newspaper coverage of President George W. Bush's 2001 domestic travel. Our findings confirm that the local press covers presidential domestic trips both more comprehensively and favorably than the national press. We also analyze variations in local newspaper coverage of presidential visits, finding that the most important factor influencing both the amount and tone of such coverage is the level of presidential support within a community. Other factors discovered to affect either the amount or tone of local coverage include the availability of adversarial sources, whether a newspaper has a Democratic editorial bent, and whether a visit occurred after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.},
author = {Barrett, A. W. and Peake, J. S.},
doi = {10.1177/1532673X06292816},
issn = {1532-673X},
journal = {American Politics Research},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {3--31},
title = {{When the President Comes to Town: Examining Local Newspaper Coverage of Domestic Presidential Travel}},
url = {http://apr.sagepub.com/content/35/1/3.short},
volume = {35},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Paek2005,
author = {Paek, H J and Yoon, S H and Shah, D V},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass  {\ldots}},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
title = {{Local news, social integration, and community participation: Hierarchical linear modeling of contextual and cross-level effects}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/82/3/587.short},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Clarke1992a,
author = {Clarke, Valerie A. and Ruffin, Coral L. and Hill, David J. and Beamen, Arthur L.},
doi = {10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00995.x},
issn = {0021-9029},
journal = {Journal of Applied Social Psychology},
month = {apr},
number = {8},
pages = {638--656},
title = {{Ratings of Orally Presented Verbal Expressions of Probability by a Heterogeneous Sample}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00995.x},
volume = {22},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Delavande2011,
abstract = {The majority of economic decisions are forward-looking and thus involve expectations of future outcomes. Understanding the expectations that individuals have is thus of crucial importance to designing and evaluating policies in health, education, finance, migration, social protection, and many other areas. However, the majority of developing country surveys are static in nature and many do not elicit subjective expectations of individuals. Possible reasons given for not collecting this information include fears that poor, illiterate individuals do not understand probability concepts, that it takes far too much time to ask such questions, or that the answers add little value. This paper provides a critical review and new analysis of subjective expectations data from developing countries and refutes each of these concerns. We find that people in developing countries can generally understand and answer probabilistic questions, such questions are not prohibitive in time to ask, and the expectations are useful predictors of future behavior and economic decisions. The paper discusses the different methods used for eliciting such information, the key methodological issues involved, and the open research questions. The available evidence suggests that collecting expectations data is both feasible and valuable, suggesting that it should be incorporated into more developing country surveys.},
author = {Delavande, Adeline and Gin{\'{e}}, Xavier and McKenzie, David},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.008},
issn = {03043878},
journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
keywords = {c81,d84,o12},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {151--163},
title = {{Measuring subjective expectations in developing countries: A critical review and new evidence}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.008},
volume = {94},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Druckmana,
author = {Druckman, JN},
journal = {faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu},
title = {{Motivated Reasoning in Politics}},
url = {http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/{~}jnd260/pub/Druckman CriticalReview.doc}
}
@article{edwards1961social,
author = {Edwards, Allen L},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {351},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{Social desirability or acquiescence in the MMPI? A case study with the SD scale.}},
volume = {63},
year = {1961}
}
@article{Powdthavee2017,
abstract = {Publications in leading journals are widely known to have a positive impact on economists' judgments of the value of authors' contributions to the literature and on their professional reputations. Very little attention has been given, however, to the impacts of the addition of publications in lower rated journals on such judgments. In our main tests, we asked subsamples of economists in 44 universities throughout the world to rate either a publication list with only higher rated journals or a list with all of these but with additional publications in nearly as many respected but lower rated journals. Our primary finding was that the inclusion of lower rated journals had a statistically significant negative impact on these economists' judgments of the value of the author's contribution. To the extent that such judgments may influence research and publication strategies our findings imply negative implications on social welfare.},
author = {Powdthavee, Nattavudh and Riyanto, Yohanes E and Knetsch, Jack L},
keywords = {judgment bias,less-is-better effect,lower ranked journals,publication,resume},
number = {10752},
pages = {1--41},
title = {{Impact of Lower Rated Journals on Economists' Judgments of Publication Lists: Evidence from a Survey Experiment}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{GERBER2011,
author = {Gerber, Alan S. and Gimpel, James S. and Green, Donald P. and Shaw, DR},
issn = {1537-5943},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
language = {English},
month = {feb},
number = {01},
pages = {135--150},
title = {{How Large and Long-lasting Are the Persuasive Effects of Televised Campaign Ads? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S000305541000047X},
volume = {105},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Fazio2003,
abstract = {Behavioral scientists have long sought measures of important psychological constructs that avoid response biases and other problems associated with direct reports. Recently, a large number of such indirect, or "implicit," measures have emerged. We review research that has utilized these measures across several domains, including attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes, and discuss their predictive validity, their interrelations, and the mechanisms presumably underlying their operation. Special attention is devoted to various priming measures and the Implicit Association Test, largely due to their prevalence in the literature. We also attempt to clarify several unresolved theoretical and empirical issues concerning implicit measures, including the nature of the underlying constructs they purport to measure, the conditions under which they are most likely to relate to explicit measures, the kinds of behavior each measure is likely to predict, their sensitivity to context, and the construct's potential for change.},
author = {Fazio, Russell H and Olson, Michael A},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225},
issn = {0066-4308},
journal = {Annual review of psychology},
keywords = {African Continental Ancestry Group,African Continental Ancestry Group: psychology,Attitude,Awareness,European Continental Ancestry Group,European Continental Ancestry Group: psychology,Humans,Memory,Personality Tests,Race Relations,Self Concept,Social Behavior,Social Identification,Social Perception,Stereotyping,partisandiscrimination},
language = {en},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
month = {jan},
pages = {297--327},
pmid = {12172003},
publisher = {Annual Reviews  4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA},
title = {{Implicit measures in social cognition. research: their meaning and use.}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225},
volume = {54},
year = {2003}
}
@book{Glasser1999,
author = {Glasser, T L},
isbn = {157230460X},
publisher = {The Guilford Press},
title = {{The idea of public journalism}},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Dominitz1997,
author = {Dominitz, J and Manski, C},
journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
number = {439},
title = {{Using Expectations Data to Study Subjective Income Expectations.}},
volume = {92},
year = {1997}
}
@techreport{Asendorpf2002,
abstract = {Using the trait of shyness as an example, the authors showed that (a) it is possible to reliably assess individual differences in the implicitly measured self-concept of personality that (b) are not accessible through traditional explicit self-ratings and (c) increase significantly the prediction of spontaneous behavior in realistic social situations. A total of 139 participants were observed in a shyness-inducing laboratory situation, and they completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and explicit self-ratings of shyness. The IAT correlated moderately with the explicit self-ratings and uniquely predicted spontaneous (but not controlled) shy behavior, whereas the explicit ratings uniquely predicted controlled (but not spontaneous) shy behavior (double dissociation). The distinction between spontaneous and controlled behavior was validated in a 2nd study.},
author = {Asendorpf, Jens B and Banse, Rainer and M{\"{u}}cke, Daniel},
booktitle = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
institution = {Institut f{\"{u}}r Psychologie, Humboldt-Universit{\"{a}}t zu Berlin, Germany. asen@rz.hu-berlin.de},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
number = {2},
pages = {380--393},
pmid = {12150235},
publisher = {APA AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION},
title = {{Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: the case of shy behavior.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.380},
volume = {83},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Hartman2016,
abstract = {Recent debates over the difficulty of causal inference in the social sciences has led to the expectation that scholars justify their research designs by testing the plausibility of their causal identification assumptions, often through balance and placebo tests. Yet some methodologists have severely criticized the current status quo of relying on hypothesis tests to assess bal-ance on pre-treatment covariates and placebo outcomes because designs can " pass " traditional tests due solely to small sample size, thus conflating statistical insignificance with substan-tive insignificance. We show that these problems are due to the use of an inappropriate null hypothesis, which can result in the equating of non-significant differences with significant ho-mogeneity. When the hypothesis test is correctly specified so that difference is the null and equivalence is the alternative, the problems afflicting traditional tests are alleviated. We lever-age the statistical literature on tests of equivalence to provide an alternative framework for testing covariate and placebo balance. In addition to their superior statistical properties, we ar-gue that equivalence tests are better able to incorporate substantive considerations about what constitutes good balance on covariates and placebo outcomes than traditional tests. To demon-strate these advantages, we apply equivalence tests to eleven natural experiments in economics and political science.},
author = {Hartman, Erin and Hidalgo, F Daniel},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/hartman{\_}hidalgo{\_}equivalence.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Working Paper},
title = {{What's the Alternative?: An Equivalence Approach to Balance and Placebo Tests *}},
year = {2016}
}
@incollection{Hogan1991,
abstract = {argues that developments in personality psychology over the past 20 years suggest that people can be characterized in terms of their enduring dispositional qualities and that applied psychologists can take advantage of this information in ways that have significant consequences for employee development and organizational effectiveness / a measured appreciation of modern personality psychology should be useful for many industrial and organizational practitioners {\textless}xh:br xmlns:search="http://marklogic.com/appservices/search" xmlns="http://apa.org/pimain" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xh="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"/{\textgreater} the chapter is organized in six sections, beginning with some definitions to ensure a common understanding of terms for the rest of the discussion, followed by a brief review of the recurring criticisms of personality psychology / suggest ways in which these criticisms miss the mark / [discusses] personality from the observer's perspective—type and trait theory / discusses major views of personality from the actor's perspective [i.e., social perception] / [examines] personality measurement as applied to personnel selection / discusses future trends in personality research and their implications for industrial and organizational psychology (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)},
address = {Palo Alto,  CA,  US},
author = {Hogan, Robert T},
booktitle = {Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, Vol. 2 (2nd ed.)},
editor = {Hough, M D Dunnette L M},
isbn = {0-89106-042-1 (Hardcover)},
keywords = {*Industrial and Organizational Psychology,*Personality,Personality Measures,Personality Theory,Personnel Selection,Social Perception},
pages = {873--919},
publisher = {Consulting Psychologists Press},
title = {{Personality and personality measurement.}},
year = {1991}
}
@incollection{McGuire1968,
abstract = {Review of literature - short segment on source factors that mentions likeability, credibility, and power (Kelman 1961).},
author = {McGuire, W J},
booktitle = {Handbook of Personality Theory and Research},
editor = {Borgatta, Edgar F and Lambert, William W},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
pages = {1130--1187},
publisher = {Rand McNally},
title = {{Personality and Susceptibility to Social Influence}},
volume = {2},
year = {1968}
}
@article{Tausanovitch2018,
abstract = {The theory of spatial voting has dominated scholarship on voting and elections. The spatial voting theory's most important implication is that candidates' ideological posi- tions should influence voters' decisions at the ballot box. A number of recent studies find that the spatial voting theory's predictions are borne out in U.S. House election. This suggests that legislators should be highly responsive to the preferences of their constituents. However, there is only a very modest relationship between district preferences and legislators' roll call votes. We explain this puzzle using a new dataset of over 75,000 voters in the 2006-2012 congressional elections. In contrast to previous studies, we find that the spatial positions of legislators have a negligible impact on citizens' voting behavior. Instead, our results suggest that citizens cast their votes based on proximity to parties rather than individual legislators. Our findings help explain the polarization and lack of responsiveness in the contemporary Congress.},
author = {Tausanovitch, Chris and Warshaw, Christopher},
doi = {10.1007/s11109-017-9437-1},
isbn = {01909320},
issn = {01909320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {Congress,Electoral accountability,Representation,Spatial voting},
number = {1},
pages = {223--245},
publisher = {Springer US},
title = {{Does the Ideological Proximity Between Candidates and Voters Affect Voting in U.S. House Elections?}},
volume = {40},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Sides2007,
abstract = {This article assesses the influence of material interests and cultural identities on European opinion about immigration. Analysis of respondents in twenty countries sampled in the 200203 European Social Survey demonstrates that they are unenthusiastic about high levels of immigration and typically overestimate the actual number of immigrants living in their country. At the individual level, cultural and national identity, economic interests and the level of information about immigration are all important predictors of attitudes. Symbolic predispositions, such as preferences for cultural unity, have a stronger statistical effect than economic dissatisfaction. Variation across countries in both the level and the predictors of opposition to immigration are mostly unrelated to contextual factors cited in previous research, notably the amount of immigration into a country and the overall state of its economy. The ramifications of these findings for policy makers are discussed in the context of current debates about immigration and European integration.},
author = {Sides, John and Citrin, Jack},
doi = {10.1017/S0007123407000257},
isbn = {0007-1234},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {3},
pages = {477--502},
title = {{European Opinion About Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests and Information}},
volume = {37},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Ekman1992,
author = {Ekman, P},
isbn = {0269-9931},
journal = {Cognition {\&} Emotion},
number = {3},
pages = {169--200},
title = {{An argument for basic emotions}},
volume = {6},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Zimmer1984a,
abstract = {There is a marked gap between the demands on forecasting and the results that numerical forecasting techniques usually can provide. It is suggested that this gap can be closed by the implementation of experts' qualitative predictions into numerical forecasting systems. A formal analysis of these predictions can then be integrated into quantitative forecasts. In the framework of possibility theory, a model is developed which accounts for the verbal judgments in situations where predictions are made or knowledge is updated in the light of new information. The model translates verbal expressions into elastic constraints on a numerical scale. This numerical interpretation of qualitative judgments can then be implemented into numerical forecasting procedures. The applicability of this model was tested experimentally. The results indicate that the numerical predictions from the model agree well with the actual judgments and the evaluation behavior of the subjects. The applicability of this model is demonstrated in a study where bank clerks had to predict exchange rates. The analysis of qualitative judgments according to this model provided significantly more information than numerical predictions. A general framework for an interactive forecasting systems is suggested for further developments.},
author = {Zimmer, Alf C.},
doi = {10.1016/S0020-7373(84)80009-7},
issn = {00207373},
journal = {International Journal of Man-Machine Studies},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {121--134},
title = {{A model for the interpretation of verbal predictions}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(84)80009-7},
volume = {20},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Gehlbach2013,
abstract = {We present a formal model of government control of the media to illuminate variation in media freedom across countries and over time. Media bias is greater and state ownership of the media more likely when the government has a particular interest in mobilizing citizens to take actions that further some political objective but are not necessarily in citizens' individual best interest; however, the distinction between state and private media is smaller. Large advertising markets reduce media bias in both state and private media but increase the incentive for the government to nationalize private media. Media bias in state and private media markets diverge as governments become more democratic, whereas media bias in democracies and autocracies converge as positive externalities from mobilization increase.},
author = {Gehlbach, Scott and Sonin, Konstantin},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.06.004},
issn = {00472727},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
keywords = {Formal theory,Media,Political economy},
pages = {163--171},
publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
title = {{Government control of the media}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.06.004},
volume = {118},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Goodin2003,
author = {Goodin, Robert E and Niemeyer, Simon J},
journal = {Political Studies},
number = {4},
pages = {627--649},
publisher = {SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
title = {{When does deliberation begin? Internal reflection versus public discussion in deliberative democracy}},
volume = {51},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Kalb1998,
author = {Kalb, M},
journal = {A case study of two root causes of the modern scandal coverage},
title = {{The Rise of the New News}},
year = {1998}
}
@article{ruch1926corrections,
author = {Ruch, G M and DeGraff, Mark H},
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {368},
publisher = {Warwick {\&} York},
title = {{Corrections for chance and" Guess" vs." Do not guess" instructions in multiple response tests.}},
volume = {17},
year = {1926}
}
@article{Zaller1996a,
author = {Zaller, J and Chiu, D},
journal = {Political Communication},
number = {4},
pages = {385--405},
title = {{Government's little helper: US press coverage of foreign policy crises, 1945–1991}},
volume = {13},
year = {1996}
}
@book{Klapper1960,
abstract = {Presents the findings of research into the beneficial and adverse effects of mass media on the individual's values and behavior},
address = {New York, NY},
author = {Klapper, Joseph T},
booktitle = {Annual Review of Psychology},
doi = {10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.001515},
edition = {Free Press},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
pages = {302},
title = {{The Effects of Mass Communication}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=CzcGAQAAIAAJ{\&}pgis=1},
volume = {32},
year = {1960}
}
@article{Durant2002,
author = {Durant, L E and Carey, M P and Schroder, K E E},
isbn = {0160-7715},
journal = {Journal of behavioral medicine},
number = {5},
pages = {439--467},
title = {{Effects of anonymity, gender, and erotophilia on the quality of data obtained from self-reports of socially sensitive behaviors}},
volume = {25},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Luetgert1973,
author = {Luetgert, M J and Armstrong, A H},
isbn = {1082-6084},
journal = {Substance Use {\&} Misuse},
number = {4},
pages = {683--689},
title = {{Methodological issues in drug usage surveys: Anonymity, recency, and frequency}},
volume = {8},
year = {1973}
}
@article{Inglehart1987,
author = {Inglehart, R and Flanagan, S C},
journal = {The american political science review},
keywords = {muslim},
pages = {1289--1319},
title = {{Value change in industrial societies}},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Lee1994,
abstract = {Abstract This study investigates (1) how immigrant consumers change their media consumption when they move across cultural boundaries and (2) whether media exposure relates to consumers' acculturation of the new social norms. A total of 938 respondents from four sample groups including Hong Kong residents, long-time and new Hong Kong immigrants to Canada and English-speaking Caucasian Canadians responded to a predesigned questionnaire. It was found that while the immigrant groups did not increase their total media consumption, their consumption across different media types followed both assimilation and ethnic affirmation models. This acculturation process seemed to be affected by immigrants' original media consumption behavior and language ability. Media exposure was found to relate significantly to immigrants' acculturation of the new social norms after influences due to personal characteristics were removed.
Abstract This study investigates (1) how immigrant consumers change their media consumption when they move across cultural boundaries and (2) whether media exposure relates to consumers' acculturation of the new social norms. A total of 938 respondents from four sample groups including Hong Kong residents, long-time and new Hong Kong immigrants to Canada and English-speaking Caucasian Canadians responded to a predesigned questionnaire. It was found that while the immigrant groups did not increase their total media consumption, their consumption across different media types followed both assimilation and ethnic affirmation models. This acculturation process seemed to be affected by immigrants' original media consumption behavior and language ability. Media exposure was found to relate significantly to immigrants' acculturation of the new social norms after influences due to personal characteristics were removed.},
author = {Lee, Wei-Na and Tse, David K.},
doi = {10.1080/00913367.1994.10673431},
issn = {0091-3367},
journal = {Journal of Advertising},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {57--70},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Changing Media Consumption in a New Home: Acculturation Patterns among Hong Kong Immigrants to Canada}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1994.10673431},
volume = {23},
year = {1994}
}
@article{CHAFFEE1990,
author = {CHAFFEE, STEVEN H. and NASS, CLIFFORD I. and YANG, SEUNG-MOCK},
doi = {10.1111/j.1468-2958.1990.tb00233.x},
issn = {0360-3989},
journal = {Human Communication Research},
month = {dec},
number = {2},
pages = {266--288},
title = {{The Bridging Role of Television in Immigrant Political Socialization}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1990.tb00233.x},
volume = {17},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Johnson2009,
abstract = {This study used an online panel of Internet users to examine the degree to which blog users practice selective exposure when seeking political information. The research employed a path analysis model to explore the extent to which exposure to offline and online discussion of political issues, and offline and online media use, as well as political variables and demographic factors, predict an individual's likelihood to engage in selective exposure to blogs. The findings indicate that respondents did practice selective exposure to blogs, predominantly those who are heavy blog users, politically active both online and offline, partisan, and highly educated.},
author = {Johnson, Thomas J and Bichard, Shannon L and Zhang, Weiwu},
doi = {10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01492.x},
issn = {10836101},
journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {oct},
number = {1},
pages = {60--82},
title = {{Communication Communities or "CyberGhettos?": A Path Analysis Model Examining Factors that Explain Selective Exposure to Blogs}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01492.x},
volume = {15},
year = {2009}
}
@book{carmines_issue_1990,
author = {Carmines, E G and Stimson, J A},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {Princeton Univ Pr},
shorttitle = {Issue evolution},
title = {{Issue evolution: Race and the transformation of American politics}},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Avery2009,
author = {Avery, J M},
doi = {10.1177/1940161209336224},
issn = {1940-1612},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
month = {may},
number = {4},
pages = {410--433},
title = {{Videomalaise or Virtuous Circle?: The Influence of the News Media on Political Trust}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1940161209336224},
volume = {14},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Gelman2009,
author = {Gelman, A and Hill, J and Yajima, M},
title = {{Why we (usually) don't have to worry about multiple comparisons}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Garner2011,
author = {Garner, Andrew and Palmer, Harvey},
journal = {Political Behavior},
number = {2},
pages = {225--246},
title = {{Polarization and Issue Consistency over Time}},
volume = {33},
year = {2011}
}
@incollection{Malka2014,
author = {Malka, Ariel},
booktitle = {The Encyclopedia of Political Thought},
editor = {Gibbons, M. and Coole, D. and Ellis, E. and Ferguson, K.},
publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
title = {{Receptivity to political cues.}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Hopko2003,
author = {Hopko, D R},
isbn = {0013-1644},
journal = {Educational and psychological measurement},
number = {2},
pages = {336},
title = {{Confirmatory Factor Analysis Of The Math Anxiety Rating Scale–Revised}},
volume = {63},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Bennett2010,
author = {Bennett, W L and Iyengar, S},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {35--39},
title = {{The Shifting Foundations of Political Communication: Responding to a Defense of the Media Effects Paradigm}},
volume = {60},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Schriesheim1981,
abstract = {The prevailing conventional wisdom is that it is advisable to mix positively and negatively worded items in psychological measures to counteract acquiescence response bias. However, there has been virtually no unambiguous empirical evidence to support this recommendation. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of subjects to respond accurately to both positive and reversed (negative) items on a questionnaire. Items from the LBDQ--XII Initiating Structure and Consideration subscales were used to create a written description of a fictitious manager. One hundred-fifty subjects, all upper-division business undergraduates, were given the written managerial description and then asked to complete a questionnaire containing the twenty Initiating Structure and Consideration items. The managerial descriptions were in two forms (to portray high and low Initiating Structure), and the questionnaires contained items in three forms (all positively worded, all negatively worded, and mixed). The data were evaluated using a one-way analysis of variance and post hoc t-tests. Significant differences in response accuracy were found between the item wording conditions. It was concluded that it may not be advisable to employ reversed (negatively-worded) items to control acquiescence response bias, as such changes may actually impair response accuracy.},
annote = {Item reversal technique does not work},
author = {Schriesheim, Chester A and Hill, Kenneth D},
doi = {10.1177/001316448104100420},
journal = {Educational and Psychological Measurement},
month = {dec},
number = {4},
pages = {1101--1114},
title = {{Controlling Acquiescence Response Bias by Item Reversals: The Effect on Questionnaire Validity}},
url = {http://epm.sagepub.com/content/41/4/1101.short},
volume = {41},
year = {1981}
}
@book{Allport1954,
address = {Oxford, England},
author = {Allport, G W},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
publisher = {Oxford, England},
title = {{The nature of prejudice.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1954-07324-000},
year = {1954}
}
@article{gudjonsson1990relationship,
author = {Gudjonsson, Gisli H},
journal = {Personality and individual differences},
number = {3},
pages = {227--231},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{The relationship of intellectual skills to suggestibility, compliance and acquiescence}},
volume = {11},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Elenbaas2008,
abstract = {This study investigates the relationship between strategic news exposure and political cynicism and vote choice among young voters in the context of a referendum on an issue of European integration. Using a survey (n = 720) and a media content analysis, we link media use measures to indicators of media content so as to provide a compelling link between exposure to media content and cynicism. As hypothesized, we find a positive relationship between exposure to strategically framed campaign coverage and political cynicism. In addition, we find that cynicism is related to voting ‘‘No,'' which suggests that cynicism served as an intervening factor in the relationship between media exposure and a No vote. The results are discussed in the light of extant research on media, political cynicism, and electoral behavior in the case of direct democracy.},
author = {Elenbaas, Matthijs and de Vreese, Claes H},
doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00399.x},
issn = {00219916},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {sep},
number = {3},
pages = {550--567},
title = {{The Effects of Strategic News on Political Cynicism and Vote Choice Among Young Voters}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00399.x},
volume = {58},
year = {2008}
}
@article{GerberHuberDohertyDowling2012,
author = {Gerber, Alan S and Huber, Gregory A and Doherty, David and Dowling, Conor M},
journal = {Political Behavior},
number = {4},
pages = {653--688},
title = {{Personality and the Strength and Direction of Partisan Identification}},
volume = {34},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Downs1957,
abstract = {This book seeks to elucidate its subject-the governing of democratic state-by making intelligible the party politics of democracies. Downs treats this differently than do other students of politics. His explanations are systematically related to, and deducible from, precisely stated assumptions about the motivations that attend the decisions of voters and parties and the environment in which they act. He is consciously concerned with the economy in explanation, that is, with attempting to account for phenomena in terms of a very limited number of facts and postulates. He is concerned also with the central features of party politics in any democratic state, not with that in the United States or any other single country.},
author = {Downs, Anthony},
booktitle = {New York},
doi = {10.2307/444355},
isbn = {0060417501},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {1},
pages = {310},
publisher = {Harper},
title = {{An Economic Theory of Democracy}},
volume = {13},
year = {1957}
}
@book{McCarty2006,
author = {McCarty, N M and Poole, K T and Rosenthal, H},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {MIT Press Cambridge},
shorttitle = {Polarized America},
title = {{Polarized America: The dance of ideology and unequal riches}},
year = {2006}
}
@techreport{Zaller1986,
author = {Zaller, J},
booktitle = {Report to the Board of Overseers for the National Election Studies},
institution = {Board of Overseers for the National Election Studies},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
title = {{Analysis of information items in the 1985 NES pilot study}},
url = {http://www.electionstudies.org/resources/papers/documents/nes002261a.pdf},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Seymour-Ure1996,
author = {Seymour-Ure, C},
title = {{The British press and broadcasting since 1945}},
url = {http://www.getcited.org/pub/103300120},
year = {1996}
}
@phdthesis{Wei2007,
abstract = {This study explores the political effects of the digital divide. Specifically, it investigates the effects of the first and second digital divides on people's political knowledge and participation. It also compares the usage gap of new media and traditional media and their differential impacts on political knowledge and participation. The role of knowledge in the political effects model of the digital divide is also examined. Two data sets are analyzed to test the hypotheses. One is the Pew political communications national survey in 2004, and the other is the Washington State University college student survey in 2007. Based on bivariate test, regression analysis, and path models, the findings show that the informational use of the Internet is more important than the access to the Internet in predicting political knowledge and participation. Moreover, there is a greater education-based usage gap of the Internet than of the traditional media in the general population. While no education-based usage gap has been found in the student sample, there is a greater gender-based usage gap of the Internet than of the traditional media among the members of this group. Regarding the effects of the differential usage gaps of new media and old media, different data sets produce different findings. The education-based usage gap of the Internet has a greater effect on knowledge and participation in the general population, iv whereas the gender-based usage gap of the Internet has a weaker impact than that of traditional media in the student sample. The mediating role of political knowledge between the digital divide and political participation is supported by the Pew national data, but not by the WSU student data. While the informational use of the Internet can predict political knowledge in the general population, there is no significant relationship between knowledge and participation among college students. Implications of this study are discussed, including revisiting the definition of the digital divide, justifying the necessity of the digital divide research, answering the “so what” question previous literature has yet sufficiently addressed, and assessing the effects of the digital divide in an Internet-saturated population.},
author = {Wei, L},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
school = {WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY},
title = {{The political effects of the digital divide}},
url = {http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2007/l{\_}wei{\_}062307.pdf},
year = {2007}
}
@inproceedings{hill2008duration,
author = {Hill, Seth J and Lo, James and Vavreck, Lynn and Zaller, John},
booktitle = {Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
title = {{The duration of advertising effects in the 2000 presidential campaign}},
volume = {24},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Giddens2012,
author = {Giddens, A and Duneier, M and Appelbaum, R P},
title = {{Introduction to sociology}},
url = {http://eu.wiley.com/remtitle.cgi?0745650082},
year = {2012}
}
@book{marx_german_1965,
author = {Marx, K and Engels, F},
keywords = {,morethanideology},
publisher = {London},
title = {{The German Ideology (1845)}},
year = {1965}
}
@book{Marcus2000,
abstract = {Although the rational choice approach toward political behavior has been severely criticized, its adherents claim that competing models have failed to offer a more scientific model of political decisionmaking. This measured but provocative book offers precisely that: an alternative way of understanding political behavior based on cognitive research. The authors draw on research in neuroscience, physiology, and experimental psychology to conceptualize habit and reason as two mental states that interact in a delicate, highly functional balance controlled by emotion. Applying this approach to more than fifteen years of election results, they shed light on a wide range of political behavior, including party identification, symbolic politics, and negative campaigning. Remarkably accessible, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment urges social scientists to move beyond the idealistic notion of the purely rational citizen to form a more complete, realistic model that includes the emotional side of human judgment.},
author = {Marcus, George E and Neuman, W Russell and MacKuen, Michael},
booktitle = {Book},
issn = {0003-0554},
pages = {200},
title = {{Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment}},
url = {http://www.amazon.com/dp/0226504697},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Droitcour1991,
author = {Droitcour, J and Caspar, R A and Hubbard, M L and Parsley, T L and Visscher, W and Ezzati, T M},
journal = {Measurement errors in surveys},
pages = {185--210},
title = {{The item count technique as a method of indirect questioning: A review of its development and a case study application}},
volume = {11},
year = {1991}
}
@article{krosnick2005measurement,
author = {Krosnick, Jon A and Judd, Charles M and Wittenbrink, Bernd},
journal = {The handbook of attitudes},
pages = {21--76},
title = {{The measurement of attitudes}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Lupia1994,
abstract = {Voters in mass elections are notorious for their apparent lack of information about relevant political matters. While some scholars argue that an electorate of well-informed voters is necessary for the production of responsive electoral outcomes, others argue that apparently ignorant voters will suffice because they can adapt their behavior to the complexity of electoral choice. To evaluate the validity of these arguments, I develop and analyze a survey of California voters who faced five complicated insurance reform ballot initiatives. I find that access to a particular class of widely available information shortcuts allowed badly informed voters to emulate the behavior of relatively well informed voters. This finding is suggestive of the conditions under which voters who lack encyclopedic information about the content of electoral debates can nevertheless use information shortcuts to vote as though they were well informed.},
author = {Lupia, Arthur},
doi = {10.2307/2944882},
issn = {00030554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
number = {1},
pages = {63--76},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2944882?origin=crossref},
volume = {88},
year = {1994}
}
@book{Salganik,
abstract = {Flow, a construct borrowed from reference disciplines, has been proposed as the central process in Web navigation. However, when flow is applied directly to the context of marketing, it suffers from conceptual ambiguity and overlap with the popular marketing construct, involvement. The present study aims to provide a clear framework within which to delineate the relationship between flow and involvement, and thus develop a better theoretical basis that incorporates the flow construct into Internet marketing. This study first distinguishes explicitly between flow, enduring involvement, and situational involvement. It then operationalizes these constructs with the use of customary measures to disclose their unique and common characteristics. Finally, a second-order confirmatory factor analysis allowing measurement errors is used to identify explicitly the tripartite relationship between the three constructs. The conceptual and operational implications are discussed. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of Psychology {\&} Marketing is the property of John Wiley {\&} Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)},
author = {Salganik, Matthew J.},
booktitle = {Princeton University Press},
doi = {10.1002/mar},
isbn = {978-0387-74134-5 (Hardcover), 978-0-387-09546-2 (PDF)},
issn = {1743-422X (Electronic)},
pages = {446},
pmid = {19747382},
title = {{Bit by bit: Social Research in the Digital Age}},
url = {https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11057.html},
year = {2018}
}
@book{Nall2013,
author = {Nall, Clayton},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination},
title = {{The Road to Division: Interstate Highways and Geographic Polarization.}},
year = {2013}
}
@book{Sniderman1991,
author = {Sniderman, Paul M and Brody, Richard A and Tetlock, Philip E},
isbn = {0-521-40255-7},
title = {{Reasoning and Choise: Explorations in Political Psychology}},
url = {https://books.google.nl/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=7mJw5IHI0lYC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR13{\&}dq=Reasoning+and+Choice+sniderman+tetlock{\&}ots=Yb7G1DQWkv{\&}sig=QSccY63PK1I6dGp{\_}HF2-dfbLJpI},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Verkuyten2006,
abstract = {Questions of multiculturalism give rise to lively and important debates in many countries and in many spheres of life. Diversity is considered desirable and necessary for the development of secure ethnic identities and positive self-feelings, but is also challenged for being inequitable and a threat to social cohesion. It is argued that the social identity perspective offers a useful framework for examining some of the key social psychological correlates and consequences of multicultural recognition. This perspective draws attention to status positions, ingroup identification, beliefs about the nature of ethnic groups, and perceptions of the social system. The first empirical section deals with the endorsement of multiculturalism in relation to majority-minority group status and the perceived nature of minority groups. Subsequently, the endorsement of multiculturalism is examined in relation to perceived structural discrimination, and the importance of social cohesion and stability. In the third empirical part the focus is on consequences of multicultural recognition for ingroup identification and self-esteem. As a set, the various empirical and theoretical arguments suggest that there is not one best approach to managing cultural diversity. Rather, it is important to concentrate on when and why specific effects occur, which means that more systematic attention should be paid to forms of multiculturalism, different groups, and to various conditions and circumstances. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)},
author = {Verkuyten, Maykel},
doi = {10.1080/10463280600937418},
isbn = {1479-277X$\backslash$r1046-3283},
issn = {1046-3283},
journal = {European Review of Social Psychology},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {February 2013},
pages = {148--184},
title = {{Multicultural recognition and ethnic minority rights: A social identity perspective}},
volume = {17},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Olson2009,
author = {Olson, M A and Fazio, R H},
journal = {Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures},
pages = {19},
title = {{Implicit and Explicit Measures of Attitudes}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{van_der_zouwen_studying_1991,
author = {{Van der Zouwen}, J and Dijkstra, W and Smit, J H and der Zouwen, J},
journal = {Measurement errors in surveys},
pages = {419--461},
shorttitle = {Studying respondent-interviewer interaction},
title = {{Studying respondent-interviewer interaction: The relationship between interviewing style, interviewer behavior, and response behavior}},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Banaji1996,
author = {Banaji, M R and Hardin, C D},
journal = {Psychological Science},
number = {3},
pages = {136--141},
title = {{Automatic stereotyping}},
volume = {7},
year = {1996}
}
@article{Lavine2001,
abstract = {It is widely acknowledged that political opinions are not simply positive or negative, but are often simultaneously positive and negative, or "ambivalent." Although there is evidence that ambivalence influences the dynamics of public opinion on policy issues, little is known about its role in contributing to electoral decision making. Using National Election Studies data from 1980 to 1996, I examine the consequences of ambivalence toward presidential candidates for electoral judgment and choice. Results revealed that ambivalence created instability in candidate evaluations, substantially delayed the formation of citizens' voting intentions, conditioned the influence of both personality assessments and issue proximity on summary candidate evaluation, and ultimately weakened the prediction of vote choice. Throughout the analyses, the effects of ambivalence were independent of and typically larger than those of partisanship strength, information, education, and attitude strength, and could not be meaningfully accounted for by any of these factors. In broad terms, ambivalence would appear to capture a unique and fundamental-although to date largely ignored-aspect of mass belief systems and electoral choice.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nThe study of ambivalence in political science and psychology challenges the notion that attitudes are fixed and stable. For instance, Campbell, Converse, Miller, and Stokes (1960) asserted that since Americans have minimal knowledge of political events and structure their attitudes in an incoherent manner, this results in attitudes changing over time. Such frequently changing attitudes were subsequently deemed “non-attitudes” and found to be pervasive among the mass public (Converse, 1964; Campbell et al., 1960). On the other hand, Achen (1975) asserted that citizens do have meaningful political beliefs but that survey instruments act only as a blunt approximation when collecting attitudes and measurement error accounts for response instability. Notwithstanding, social cognition and political science have questioned the validity of the “true attitude” approach (Zaller and Feldman, 1992). For instance, Zaller and Feldman (1992) note that individuals do not have “true attitudes” at the level of specificity called for by survey instruments and rely on the most accessible considerations to reach a decision. Thus, response instability is not a function of non-attitudes, per se. But rather, because respondents have a mixture of beliefs about a certain attitude object, they rely on the most accessible of these beliefs when responding to a survey. Lavine (In Press) notes that when attitudes are construed in this way, ambivalence- or the “endorsement of conflicting considerations or beliefs associated with an attitude object”—will be a central characteristic in political behaviors and attitudes (p.5).$\backslash$t$\backslash$n$\backslash$tIn addition to this, a burgeoning literature in social cognition suggests that attitudes are not unidimensional or bipolar (Cacioppo, Gardner, {\&} Berntson, 1997). For instance, in studies of electoral behavior, attitudes towards policies or candidates are often collected on a continuum, such as from “unfavorable”, “oppose”, “cold” to “favorable”, “support”, “warm” (Lavine, In Press). Such a bipolar view implies that positive feelings towards an attitude object are diametrically opposed to negative feelings. Nonetheless, this assumption makes the structural error in assuming that multiple positive and negative attributes cannot be considered simultaneously when encountering an attitude object (Cacioppo et al; 1997; Lavine, 2001; Zaller and Feldman, 1992; Maio, Bell, {\&} Esses, 1996; Lavine, In Press). Cacioppo et al. (1997) note that such a conceptualization forces positive/negative attributes to be compensatory. However, their theory of ambivalence forwards the postulate of stochastic independence such that feeling positive towards an attitude object need not reduce the feelings of negativity towards that object. In fact they find little correlation between positive and negative attributes generated about novel objects in multiple experiments.Consequently, instead of simply holding one-sided beliefs, individuals often possess both positive and negative beliefs about the object, person, or event (Lavine, 2001; Cacioppo et al. 1997). $\backslash$n$\backslash$tDue to the excess of both positive and negative information conveyed in the media about political institutions, the parties, and politicians, the electoral environment serves as an ideal unit of analysis for studying ambivalence (Lavine, In Press). In fact, one would expect that in the realm of politics, attitude conflict should be more pervasive than indifference. In a study of National Election Studies (NES) data from 1980-1996, Lavine (2001) finds this precisely to be the case. Specifically, it was found that harboring ambivalent beliefs about the candidates was more common than indifference. In addition to this, ambivalence had political implications such as delaying the amount of time needed to form a crystallized vote intention, modifying the effects of attitudes stated prior to the election, and labile vote intentions. Further research has also documented the implications of conflicting belief systems on policy attitudes (Zaller and Feldman, 1992; Alvarez and Brehm, 1995). For instance, Zaller and Feldman (1992) found that ambivalence led response instability on a host of issues concerning social welfare, aid to Blacks, and government services. Furthermore, ambivalence has been attributed to uncertainty pertaining to vote decisions (e.g., Campbell et al., 1960; Meffert, Guge, and Lodge, 1998), and, also, a greater susceptibility to persuasive communications (e.g., Maio et al., 1996). Finally, possessing ambivalent beliefs tends to vary by ideological orientation, such that social conservatives tend to be less likely than liberals to harbor conflicting beliefs (for an excellent review see Jost, Glaser, Kruglanski, and Sulloway, 2003).$\backslash$n$\backslash$tData were used from the 1960, 1964, and 1968 National Election Studies (NES). Using the NES open-ended like/dislike items for candidate and party, separate ambivalence scores for the Democratic and Republican parties were calculated based upon a modified version of the similarity-intensity equation developed by Thompson, Zanna, and Griffin (1995) and, also, implemented by Lavine (2001) . Namely,$\backslash$nAmbivalenceR = P+ N - |P-N|$\backslash$n$\backslash$t$\backslash$t$\backslash$t 2$\backslash$nAmbivalenceD = P+ N - |P-N|$\backslash$n$\backslash$t$\backslash$t$\backslash$t 2$\backslash$n$\backslash$n$\backslash$tAmong the multiple ways that ambivalence can be conceptualized, this was used because of its clarity. Another approach was developed by Cacioppo et al. (1997). Specifically, they develop the Bivariate Evaluations and Ambivalence Measures (BEAM), which asks univalent agree/disagree questions about the perceived positive/negative attributes of an attitude object. Subsequently, compiling the positive/negative beliefs about the object can be used to create an ambivalence index.$\backslash$nResearchers have cast doubt on two common beliefs about the structuring of attitudes: (1) that attitudes are fixed and stable and (2) that attitudes are bipolar (Lavine, In Press; Lavine, 2001). Rather than carrying around a set of fixed opinions that can be directly retrieved from memory, individuals possess a mix of considerations. Thus, individuals will possess a distribution of beliefs about an attitude object, which are stochastically retrieved based upon activation of a certain concept or category. Since attitudes are, essentially, constructed when asked a question on a survey, for example, then it is no wonder that attitudes vary from Time1 to Time2 (Zaller and Feldman, 1992). In sum, individuals have a mixture of beliefs about a certain attitude object and rely on the most accessible of these beliefs in survey responses.},
author = {Lavine, Howard},
doi = {10.2307/2669332},
isbn = {00925853},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {4},
pages = {915--929},
title = {{The Electoral Consequences of Ambivalence Toward Presidential Candidates}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2669332 http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0092-5853(200110)45:4{\%}3C915:TECOAT{\%}3E2.0.CO;2-A{\%}5Cnpapers2://publication/uuid/085217B1-3EFE-447C-A6DE-0E053DDBF694},
volume = {45},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Moon2007,
abstract = {Given the assumption that mass media reflect the cultural values of a society, this study investigates the effects of American and Korean mass media on Korean immigrants' acculturation process. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression modeling were used to evaluate how exposure to mass media is related to the acculturation process. The survey results from the two different analyses were consistent with each other, in that exposure to American mass media was a significant positive predictor for the acceptance of American cultural values and a significant negative predictor of the affinity for Korean cultural identity. However, exposure to Korean mass media was related to neither immigrant's affinity for Korean cultural identity nor acceptance of American cultural values. Thus, we surmise that even though Korean immigrants are frequently exposed to both American and Korean mass media, they tend to be Americanized instead of bicultural due to the strong effects of the American media.
Given the assumption that mass media reflect the cultural values of a society, this study investigates the effects of American and Korean mass media on Korean immigrants' acculturation process. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression modeling were used to evaluate how exposure to mass media is related to the acculturation process. The survey results from the two different analyses were consistent with each other, in that exposure to American mass media was a significant positive predictor for the acceptance of American cultural values and a significant negative predictor of the affinity for Korean cultural identity. However, exposure to Korean mass media was related to neither immigrant's affinity for Korean cultural identity nor acceptance of American cultural values. Thus, we surmise that even though Korean immigrants are frequently exposed to both American and Korean mass media, they tend to be Americanized instead of bicultural due to the strong effects of the American media.},
author = {Moon, Seung-jun and Park, Cheong Yi},
doi = {10.1080/15205430701407330},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
keywords = {veni},
mendeley-tags = {veni},
month = {aug},
number = {3},
pages = {319--343},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Media Effects on Acculturation and Biculturalism: A Case Study of Korean Immigrants in Los Angeles' Koreatown}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205430701407330},
volume = {10},
year = {2007}
}
@phdthesis{STARLING2014,
abstract = {In order for Americans to fully and e ectively participate in their government, they must be adequately informed and knowledgeable about the policies, people, and processes therein. Prior literature has shown that those with lower levels of political information (women, less educated, and the young) are often the same groups whose political interests are under-represented in government. For this reason, this dissertation seeks to determine where and how political knowledge is distributed amongst demographic groups and also how, speci cally, Internet access and use a ect overall levels of political knowledge. As with most new media, political scientists were unsure the e ect the Internet might have on the American public. Initial theories on ways the Internet would trigger population-wide gains in political knowledge have given way to more current theories about why this has not been the case. This dissertation's purpose is to add to the literature on the Internet and political knowledge by assessing the ways traditional political knowledge gaps have been a ected by increases in Internet access and use. At the forefront of the three major analyses is the political knowledge gap between young people and older cohorts. Are the young, often provided with more opportunities for access and higher skills in Internet use, gaining political knowledge at a faster rate than older cohorts? Analyses of the e ects of Internet access and Internet use are performed over separate survey data. One of the analyses in this dissertation also focuses on two additional political knowledge gaps, the education-and gender-based knowledge gaps, and how frequency of Internet use compares to the use of more traditional media. In addition to spotlighting the ways Internet and other media have a ected political knowledge levels, measurement issues relating to political knowledge in the American ii National Election surveys are also addressed. In two of the three analyses, new composite items are constructed and tested as measures of political knowledge of the American population.},
author = {STARLING, A M},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
school = {University of Alabama},
title = {{KIDS THESE DAYS: POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE, YOUNG PEOPLE}},
url = {http://libcontent1.lib.ua.edu/content/u0015/0000001/0001498/u0015{\_}0000001{\_}0001498.pdf},
year = {2014}
}
@article{green_artifacts_1990,
author = {Green, D P and Palmquist, B},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
pages = {872--902},
title = {{Of artifacts and partisan instability}},
year = {1990}
}
@article{Bizer2000,
author = {Bizer, G Y and Krosnick, J A and Petty, R E and Rucker, D D and Wheller, S C},
journal = {National Election Studies Report},
title = {{Need for cognition and need to evaluate in the 1998 National Election Survey Pilot Study}},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Shaw1999,
author = {Shaw, D R and Sparrow, B H},
isbn = {1065-9129},
journal = {Political Research Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {323},
title = {{From the inner ring out: News congruence, cue-taking, and campaign coverage}},
volume = {52},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Matsuba2006,
author = {Matsuba, M K},
journal = {CyberPsychology {\&} Behavior},
number = {3},
pages = {275--284},
title = {{Searching for self and relationships online}},
volume = {9},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Petty1998,
author = {Petty, R E and Wegener, D T},
journal = {The handbook of social psychology},
pages = {323--390},
title = {{Attitude change: Multiple roles for persuasion variables}},
volume = {1},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Kraut1998,
author = {Kraut, R and Patterson, M and Lundmark, V and Kiesler, S and Mukopadhyay, T and Scherlis, W},
journal = {American psychologist},
number = {9},
pages = {1017--1031},
title = {{Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?}},
volume = {53},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Nyhan2012,
abstract = {We investigate the relationship between controversial roll call votes and support for Democratic incumbents in the 2010 midterm elections. Consistent with previous analyses, we find that supporters of health care reform paid a significant price at the polls. We go beyond these analyses by identifying a mechanism for this apparent effect: constituents perceived incumbents who supported health care reform as more ideologically distant (in this case, more liberal), which in turn was associated with lower support for those incumbents. Our analyses show that this perceived ideological difference mediates most of the apparent impact of support for health care reform on both individual-level vote choice and aggregate-level vote share. We conclude by simulating counterfactuals that suggest health care reform may have cost Democrats their House majority.},
author = {Nyhan, Brendan and McGhee, Eric and Sides, John and Masket, Seth and Greene, Steven},
doi = {10.1177/1532673X11433768},
isbn = {1532-673X},
issn = {1532673X},
journal = {American Politics Research},
keywords = {,Congress,elections,health care},
number = {5},
pages = {844--879},
title = {{One Vote Out of Step? The Effects of Salient Roll Call Votes in the 2010 Election}},
volume = {40},
year = {2012}
}
@article{gordon1992,
abstract = {We examined the impact of anonymity and accountability on the linguistic complexity of teacher-evaluation questionnaires. Undergraduate students volunteered to participate in a study that assessed the evaluations of their instructors. Subjects were asked to complete two closed-ended and one open-ended questionnaire(s) evaluating their general psychology professor. Anonymity and accountability were manipulated in the questionnaire instructions. Consistent with previous findings, few significant anonymity differences occurred on the closed-ended questionnaires. There was, however, some evidence that increases in accountability and a reduction in anonymity were related to the increased linguistic complexity of responses on the open-ended questionnaire},
author = {Gordon, RA and Stuecher, U},
issn = {0022-3980},
journal = {The Journal of psychology},
keywords = {Anonimato,Anonymat,Anonymousness,Comparative study,Complejidad,Complexity,Complexit{\'{e}},Cuestionario,Docente,Enseignant,Estudiante,Estudio comparativo,Etude comparative,Etudiant,Evaluaci{\'{o}}n,Evaluation,Hombre,Homme,Human,Langage,Language,Lenguaje,Medio universitario,Methodology,Metodolog{\'{i}}a,Milieu universitaire,M{\'{e}}thodologie,Psicometr{\'{i}}a,Psychometrics,Psychom{\'{e}}trie,Question ferm{\'{e}}e,Question ouverte,Questionnaire,Responsabilidad,Responsabilit{\'{e}},Responsibility,Student,Teacher,University environment},
language = {eng},
number = {6},
pages = {639--649},
publisher = {Journal Press},
title = {{The effect of anonymity and increased accountability on the linguistic complexity of teaching evaluations}},
url = {http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN{\&}cpsidt=4659184},
volume = {126},
year = {1992}
}
@article{King1970,
author = {King, F W},
journal = {American psychologist},
number = {10},
pages = {982--985},
title = {{Anonymous versus identifiable questionnaires in drug usage surveys}},
volume = {25},
year = {1970}
}
@article{Delavande2008a,
abstract = {This paper develops a new metric to measure revisions to subjective expectations and proposes a survey design strategy that enables the estimation of the metric. As an application, I analyze how women update their expectations about the effectiveness of contraception methods. The women interviewed exhibit substantial heterogeneity in the way they revise their expectations with receipt of the same information. When relating the heterogeneity in the updating process to observable characteristics, I find that schooling, having a regular sexual partner and knowledge and use of birth control methods have a large impact on the revision process about the effectiveness of contraceptives.},
author = {Delavande, Adeline},
doi = {10.1007/s11166-007-9030-9},
issn = {08955646},
journal = {Journal of Risk and Uncertainty},
keywords = {c42,d84,j13,posterior distribution,prior,subjective expectations,updating},
number = {1},
pages = {43--82},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {{Measuring revisions to subjective expectations}},
url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/1J68182466740VQ4.pdf},
volume = {36},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Napoli2011,
abstract = {"Philip M. Napoli offers a rich and original synthesis of the many factors that help construct the audience, as well as the social, economic, and legal consequences of that process, and he has a real talent for creating a cohesive, interesting, and important story. Anyone with a serious interest in the operation of the media industries or popular culture should read this book." James G. Webster, Northwestern University, author of Ratings Analysis: The Theory and Practice of Audience ResearchToday's consumers have unprecedented choice in terms of the technologies and platforms that access, produce, and distribute media content. The development and overlap of television, the internet, and other media technologies is fragmenting and empowering media audiences more than ever. Building on his award-winning book, Audience Economics, Philip M. Napoli maps the landscape of our current media environment and describes its challenge to traditional conceptions of the audience. He examines the redefinition of the industry-audience relationship by technologies that have moved the audience marketplace beyond traditional metrics. Media providers, advertisers, and audience measurement firms now deploy more sophisticated tools to gather and analyze audience information, focusing on factors rarely considered before, such as appreciation, recall, and engagement. Napoli explores the interplay between political and economic interests in the audience marketplace and its effect on audience evolution. He recounts the battles waged between stakeholders over the assessment of media audiences and efforts to restrict the functionality of new technologies. As Napoli makes clear, the very meaning of the media audience continues to evolve in response to changing technological, economic, and political conditions."Philip M. Napoli introduces the reader to the technologies that are changing the audience marketplace, new media services that have and are being built with those technologies, and the possibilities for measuring aspects of audience members' responses to media products and the advertisements they make possible. he describes new tools for audience measurement, along with the controversies over their use, and the battles among industry interests over which new audience measurement tools should be accepted. I think the time is right for just this type of analysis. A well-researched text, and the scholarship is first rate and insightful." Steve Wildman, Michigan State University},
author = {Napoli, Philip M},
isbn = {0231150350},
pages = {248},
publisher = {Columbia University Press},
title = {{Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=y-7U8qIedyEC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Gentzkow2011b,
author = {Gentzkow, M. and Shapiro, J. M.},
doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr044},
issn = {0033-5533},
journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
language = {en},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {1799--1839},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Ideological Segregation Online and Offline}},
url = {http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/11/03/qje.qjr044.full},
volume = {126},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Zumbach2010,
abstract = {Ever since Tichenor and his colleagues' (1970) seminal study, it has become common wisdom that social segments differ in their average level of political knowledge. Scholars disagree on the origin of these so-called knowledge gaps. Whereas the traditional models focus on education and income in the emergence process, more recent research has concentrated on the impact of motivation and on heterogeneous media usage. Most recently, the Internet is said to enhance the existing gaps and to impose a so-called digital divide.In this paper, I test the different theoretical assumptions on the basis of the Swiss post-vote survey Vox. The results show that, in Switzerland, knowledge gaps exist – between income classes, educational levels, and age groups. However, the study found no evidence for the existence of a digital divide. Hence, none of the reviewed Swiss knowledge gaps seemed to be affected by the Internet.},
author = {Zumbach, David},
issn = {1556-5068},
journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
keywords = {Digital Divide,Knowledge gap,Media Supply,Political knowledge,Swiss Federal Votes,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {dec},
title = {{Knowledge Gaps in Times of the Internet: Evidence for Switzerland}},
url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1816326},
year = {2010}
}
@article{messick1958ability,
author = {Messick, Samuel and Frederiksen, Norman},
journal = {Psychological Reports},
number = {3},
pages = {687--697},
publisher = {Ammons Scientific},
title = {{Ability, Acquiescence, and Authoritarianism}},
volume = {4},
year = {1958}
}
@article{Sacco2003,
author = {Sacco, J M and Scheu, C R and Ryan, A M and Schmitt, N},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {5},
pages = {852--865},
title = {{An investigation of race and sex similarity effects in interviews: A multilevel approach to relational demography}},
volume = {88},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Boomgaarden2011,
abstract = {The 2008 U.S. Presidential election was a worldwide event that gained significant public and media attention well beyond the borders of the United States. In this study, we assess the impact of media coverage of Presidential candidates Obama and McCain on public opinion dynamics in the Netherlands. Drawing on three sources of data--a media content analysis, ten repeated cross-sectional surveys and a two-wave panel survey--we assess media effects on candidate campaign evaluations and expectations of who will the election on the macro- and micro-level. We find that media favorability increases positive evaluations of McCain, while being exposed to the campaign in general contributed to more favorable assessments of Obama. We explain these results by pointing to the overwhelmingly stable and positive coverage of Obama in international media.},
author = {Boomgaarden, H. G. and Vliegenthart, R. and de Vreese, C. H.},
doi = {10.1093/ijpor/edr041},
issn = {0954-2892},
journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
month = {dec},
number = {1},
pages = {42--61},
title = {{A Worldwide Presidential Election: The Impact of the Media on Candidate and Campaign Evaluations}},
url = {http://ijpor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/edr041v1},
volume = {24},
year = {2011}
}
@book{Shah2005a,
abstract = {This article examines the role of the Internet as a source of political information and a sphere for public expression. Informational media use, whether traditional news sources or online public affairs content, is expected to foster interpersonal political discussion and online civic messaging, contributing to increased civic participation. Using two-wave national panel survey data, three types of synchronous structural equation models are tested: cross sectional (relating individual differences), fixed effects (relating intraindividual change), and auto regressive (relating aggregate change). All models reveal that online media complement traditional media to foster political discussion and civic messaging.These two forms of political expression, in turn, influence civic participation. Other variable orderings are tested to compare the theorized model to alternative causal specifications. Results reveal that the model produces the best fit, empirically and theoretically, with the influence of the Internet, rivaling the mobilizing power of traditional modes of information and expression.},
annote = {two wave self-reportted panel study},
author = {Shah, D V},
booktitle = {Communication Research},
doi = {10.1177/0093650205279209},
isbn = {0093650205},
issn = {0093-6502},
keywords = {civic engagement,computer-mediated communication,individual level,internet,interper-,media effects,political participation,social,sonal discussion,veni},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet,veni},
month = {oct},
number = {5},
pages = {531--565},
title = {{Information and Expression in a Digital Age: Modeling Internet Effects on Civic Participation}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0093650205279209},
volume = {32},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Gigerenzer,
abstract = {Humans and animals make inferences about the world under limited time and knowledge. In contrast, many models of rational inference treat the mind as a Laplacean Demon, equipped with unlimited time, knowledge, and computational might. Following H. Simon's notion of satisficing, the authors have proposed a family of algorithms based on a simple psychological mechanism: one-reason decision making. These fast and frugal algorithms violate fundamental tenets of classical rationality: They neither look up nor integrate all information. By computer simulation, the authors held a competition between the satisficing "Take The Best" algorithm and various "rational" inference procedures (e.g., multiple regression). The Take The Best algorithm matched or outperformed all competitors in inferential speed and accuracy. This result is an existence proof that cognitive mechanisms capable of successful performance in the real world do not need to satisfy the classical norms of rational inference. },
author = {Gigerenzer, Gerd and Goldstein, Daniel G.},
title = {{Reasoning the fast and frugal way: Models of bounded rationality.}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/103/4/650}
}
@article{Raaijmakers1980,
author = {Raaijmakers, J G W},
journal = {The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory},
pages = {207--262},
title = {{SAM: A theory of probabilistic search of associative memory}},
volume = {14},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Epperson1977,
author = {Epperson, W V and Peck, R C},
journal = {Accident Analysis {\&} Prevention},
number = {4},
pages = {249--256},
title = {{Questionnaire response bias as a function of respondent anonymity}},
volume = {9},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Tetlock1999,
author = {Tetlock, P E and Lerner, J S},
journal = {Dual-process theories in social psychology},
pages = {571--585},
title = {{The social contingency model: Identifying empirical and normative boundary conditions on the error-and-bias portrait of human nature}},
year = {1999}
}
@book{Fiorina2005,
address = {New York},
author = {Fiorina, Morris P and Abrams, Samuel J and Pope, Jeremy C},
publisher = {Pearson Longman},
title = {{Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America.}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Weaver2007,
author = {Weaver, D H},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {142--147},
title = {{Thoughts on agenda setting, framing, and priming}},
volume = {57},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Lippmann1922,
abstract = {There is an island in the ocean where in 1914 a few Englishmen Frenchmen and Germans lived. No cable reaches that island and the British mail steamer comes but once in sixty days.' (Excerpt)},
author = {Lippmann, Walter},
booktitle = {Public Opinion},
doi = {10.1016/S0363-8111(79)80068-5},
isbn = {1560009993},
issn = {13040855},
number = {2},
pages = {427},
pmid = {21453232},
publisher = {Macmillan},
title = {{Public opinion}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?id=T8lC88tPM40C{\&}pgis=1},
volume = {5},
year = {1922}
}
@article{Bullock,
abstract = {Psychologists increasingly recommend experimental analysis of mediation. This is a step in the right direction because mediation analyses based on nonexperimental data are likely to be biased and because experiments, in principle, provide a sound basis for causal inference. But even experiments cannot overcome certain threats to inference that arise chiefly or exclusively in the context of mediation analysis—threats that have received little attention in psychology. The authors describe 3 of these threats and suggest ways to improve the exposition and design of mediation tests. Their conclusion is that inference about mediators is far more difficult than previous research suggests and is best tackled by an experimental research program that is specifically designed to address the challenges of mediation analysis.},
author = {Bullock, John G and Green, Donald P and Ha, Shang E},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
title = {{Yes, but what's the mechanism? (don't expect an easy answer).}}
}
@article{Greenwald1998,
author = {Greenwald, A G and McGhee, D E and Schwartz, J L K and Others},
isbn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
pages = {1464--1480},
title = {{Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test}},
volume = {74},
year = {1998}
}
@article{Horowitz2006,
author = {Horowitz, L M and Wilson, K R and Turan, B and Zolotsev, P and Constantino, M J and Henderson, L},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
number = {1},
pages = {67},
title = {{How interpersonal motives clarify the meaning of interpersonal behavior: A revised circumplex model}},
volume = {10},
year = {2006}
}
@unpublished{Penninx2005,
author = {Penninx, R. and Garc{\'{e}}s-Mascare{\~{n}}as, B. and Scholten, P.},
booktitle = {Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
pages = {1--31},
series = {IMISCOE},
title = {{Policymaking related to immigration and integration: a review of the literature of the Dutch case}},
url = {http://dare.uva.nl/document/39852},
year = {2005}
}
@incollection{Allen1977,
abstract = {Conformity and nonconformity--two behavioral outcomes of group processes--can be analyzed within the framework of social evaluation theory. A central explanatory concept is the comparison of oneself to others in the group a self-evaluation formulated on the basis of that comparison and a behavioral response such as moving toward the groups position. Specific applications of the approach to social psychology include reference group theory and social comparison theory. As conceptualized by Festinger in social comparison situations the individual evaluates the correctness or validity of this opinions and ability through a comparison between his own response and the conveyed by the group and there is a drive to move toward the group to reduce any discrepancies between self and others. The conformity research indicates that a persons confidence in his own opinion is decreased when the group maintains a discrepant position but increases over time as that individual adopts the groups opinion. In cases of nonconformity social comparison processes occur but the individual orients himself toward a reference group rather than the group that is exerting social pressure. A lack of group conformity results in a significant decrease in conformity among members and the presence of a dissenter within the group will enable other members to resist group pressure. Although social evaluation theory is useful framework for integrating available data on conformity other social psychological theories (dissonance theory and reinforcement theory for example) produce the same conclusion. Thus it would be helpful to extend and refine social evaluation theory to take into account factors such as the number of social units present or the processes the individual uses to structure the situation.},
address = {Washington D.C},
author = {Allen, VL and Wilder, DA},
booktitle = {Social comparison processes. Theoretical and empirical perspectives},
editor = {{Jerry M. Suls} and {Richard L. Miller}},
pages = {187--208},
publisher = {Hemisphere Publishing},
title = {{Social comparison self-evaluation and conformity to the group.}},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Bachmann2013,
abstract = {Scholars have observed the influence of online and offline media use on the promotion of political and civic engagement. Findings indicate a positive correlation between media use and participation. This study moves beyond such effect on participation. Using data from an original national US survey, this article explores the effects of News Platform Preference Scale - a construct that measures the contrast between online and traditional news use in a continuum - on participatory behaviours. Controlling for usual online and offline media use, results show that a preference for digital media has strong positive effects over political and civic participation, suggesting these media may indeed be different.},
author = {Bachmann, I and de Zuniga, H G},
issn = {1354-8565},
journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
keywords = {cable television,individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level,internet},
month = {jul},
number = {4},
pages = {496--512},
title = {{News Platform Preference as a predictor of political and civic participation}},
url = {http://con.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/07/22/1354856513493699.abstract},
volume = {19},
year = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{Trilling2012,
abstract = {Today's online news environment has made it easy to select news outlets that cover the topics one is personally interested in and contain the political viewpoints one shares. This might lead to a fragmentation of the audience along these two lines. Previous research often has been limited to either examining the diversity of the media offer or of the audience's media choices. This study of online news use in Austria does both to systematically assess whether such an effect exists. It first investigates actual content differences between online news outlets based on an automated content analysis (N=3,607) of content overlap and a manual content analysis (N=2,069) of topics and political bias of the coverage. In a second step, we use survey data (N=2,829) to investigate in how far online news users select outlets with topics and viewpoints that match their interests and political preferences. Results indicate that the content of different news outlets differs in terms of the topics covered, but not in terms of a general political leaning. While this precondition for audience fragmentation thus is met to some extent, we found only little evidence that people use these differences to match them with their personal interests.},
address = {Hong Kong},
author = {Trilling, D and Schoenbach, K},
booktitle = {65th Annual Conference, World {\ldots}},
keywords = {aggregate level,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,individual level},
publisher = {WAPOR 65th Annual Conference},
title = {{Challenging selective exposure: Do people expose themselves only to online content that fits their interests and preferences}},
url = {http://wapor2012.hkpop.hk/doc/papers/ConcurrentSessionsVI/VIA/VIA-3.pdf},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Sinclair2005,
author = {Sinclair, S and Huntsinger, J and Skorinko, J and Hardin, C D},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {160},
title = {{Social tuning of the self: Consequences for the self-evaluations of stereotype targets}},
volume = {89},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Peng2015,
abstract = {Data analysis / Exploratory data analysis / inference / modeling},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Peng, Roger D and Matsui, Elizabeth and {Roger D. Peng {\&} Elizabeth Matsui} and Peng, Roger D and Matsui, Elizabeth},
doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/artofdatascience.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {1098-6596},
journal = {Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling},
keywords = {icle},
pages = {159},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{The Art of Data Science: A Guide for Anyone Who Works with Data}},
url = {http://leanpub.com/artofdatascience},
volume = {53},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Rittenberg2012,
abstract = {This article extends the work of research connecting media choice and relative preferences for entertainment to voter turnout. Markus Prior found that individuals who both preferred entertaining content to news and had either cable or Internet access were less likely to vote than were other citizens. As an update to his work, this article uses more recent Pew Research Center for the People and the Press surveys to test alternative measures of entertainment preferences and to update the Internet access findings for the broadband age. As a theoretical extension, this article looks at turnout differences among those with even finer content preferences. Specifically, people who prefer hard news are compared to those choosing societal welfare news (e.g., crime, community, health). The results indicate that there is value in considering Relative Societal Welfare News Preference in addition to?or even instead of?entertainment preferences alone.
This article extends the work of research connecting media choice and relative preferences for entertainment to voter turnout. Markus Prior found that individuals who both preferred entertaining content to news and had either cable or Internet access were less likely to vote than were other citizens. As an update to his work, this article uses more recent Pew Research Center for the People and the Press surveys to test alternative measures of entertainment preferences and to update the Internet access findings for the broadband age. As a theoretical extension, this article looks at turnout differences among those with even finer content preferences. Specifically, people who prefer hard news are compared to those choosing societal welfare news (e.g., crime, community, health). The results indicate that there is value in considering Relative Societal Welfare News Preference in addition to?or even instead of?entertainment preferences alone.},
author = {Rittenberg, Jason and Tewksbury, David and Casey, Shanna},
doi = {10.1080/15205436.2011.622065},
issn = {1520-5436},
journal = {Mass Communication and Society},
month = {nov},
number = {6},
pages = {921--942},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Media Preferences and Democracy: Refining the “Relative Entertainment Preference” Hypothesis}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.622065},
volume = {15},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Hwang2010,
abstract = {We greatly appreciate Gaziano's invaluable comments1 on our meta-analysis. The comments gave us an opportunity to review our meta-analysis from a fresh perspective.2 In this note, we would like to address issues raised by Gaziano's critique. We first clarify how we tested the knowledge gap hypothesis in our meta-analysis, an issue that seems to have raised the greatest concern. Then, we move on to address additional issues one by one. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on future knowledge gap research.},
author = {Hwang, Y and Jeong, S.-H.},
issn = {1077-6990},
journal = {Journalism {\&} Mass Communication Quarterly},
month = {sep},
number = {3-4},
pages = {633--638},
title = {{Response to "Notes on 'Revisiting the Knowledge Gap Hypothesis: A Meta-analysis of Thirty-five Years of Research'"}},
url = {http://jmq.sagepub.com/content/87/3-4/633},
volume = {87},
year = {2010}
}
@article{BartonParsons1977,
author = {Barton, Allen H and Parsons, R Wayne},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {159--180},
title = {{Measuring Belief System Structure}},
volume = {41},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Scheve2001,
abstract = {Abstract—This paper uses three years of individual-leve l data to analyze$\backslash$nthe determinant s of individual preference s over immigration policy in the United States. We have two main empirical results. First, less-skilled workers are signi cantly more likely to prefer limiting immigrant in ows into the United States. Our  nding suggests that, over the time horizons that are relevant to individuals when evaluating immigration policy, individuals think that the U.S. economy absorbs immigrant in ows at least partly by changing wages. Second, we  nd no evidence that the relationship between skills and immigration opinions is stronger in high-immigration communities.},
author = {Scheve, Kenneth F. and Slaughter, Matthew J.},
doi = {10.1162/003465301750160108},
isbn = {00346535},
issn = {0034-6535},
journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {1},
pages = {133--145},
title = {{Labor Market Competition and Individual Preferences Over Immigration Policy}},
volume = {83},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Lewis2012,
abstract = {Disentangling the effects of selection and influence is one of social science's greatest unsolved puzzles: Do people befriend others who are similar to them, or do they become more similar to their friends over time? Recent advances in stochastic actor-based modeling, combined with self-reported data on a popular online social network site, allow us to address this question with a greater degree of precision than has heretofore been possible. Using data on the Facebook activity of a cohort of college students over 4 years, we find that students who share certain tastes in music and in movies, but not in books, are significantly likely to befriend one another. Meanwhile, we find little evidence for the diffusion of tastes among Facebook friends-except for tastes in classical/jazz music. These findings shed light on the mechanisms responsible for observed network homogeneity; provide a statistically rigorous assessment of the coevolution of cultural tastes and social relationships; and suggest important qualifications to our understanding of both homophily and contagion as generic social processes.},
author = {Lewis, Kevin and Gonzalez, Marco and Kaufman, Jason},
doi = {10.1073/pnas.1109739109},
issn = {1091-6490},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
keywords = {Biological,Confidence Intervals,Humans,Internet,Models,Music,Peer Group,Social Behavior,Social Support,Stochastic Processes,Students,broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {68--72},
pmid = {22184242},
title = {{Social selection and peer influence in an online social network.}},
url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/109/1/68.short},
volume = {109},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Jackman2010,
author = {Jackman, S and Vavreck, L},
title = {{Obama's Advantage? Race, Partisanship, {\&} Racial Attitudes in Context}},
year = {2010}
}
@incollection{Burgoon2002,
abstract = {The Persuasion Handbook provides readers with cogent, comprehensive summaries of research in a wide range of areas related to persuasion. From a topical standpoint, this handbook takes an interdisciplinary approach, covering issues of interest to interpersonal and mass communication researchers as well as psychologists and public health practitioners. Persuasion is presented in this volume on a micro to macro continuum, moving from chapters on cognitive processes, the individual, and theories of persuasion to chapters highlighting broader social factors and phenomena related to persuasion, such as social context and larger scale persuasive campaigns. Each chapter identifies key challenges to the area and lays out research strategies for addressing those challenges.},
author = {Burgoon, M and Alvaro, E and Grandpre, J and Voloudakis, M},
booktitle = {The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice},
doi = {10.4135/9781412976046.n12},
isbn = {0761920064},
pages = {213 -- 232},
title = {{Revisiting the Theory of Psychological Reactance: Communicating Threats to Attitudinal Freedom}},
year = {2002}
}
@article{wesman1946usefulness,
author = {Wesman, Alexander G},
journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
number = {4},
pages = {242},
publisher = {Warwick {\&} York},
title = {{The usefulness of correctly spelled words in a spelling test.}},
volume = {37},
year = {1946}
}
@article{Hershey2009,
author = {Hershey, Marjorie Randon},
doi = {10.2307/2132104},
issn = {0022-3816},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {dec},
number = {04},
pages = {943},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{The Constructed Explanation: Interpreting Election Results in the 1984 Presidential Race}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S002238160007537X},
volume = {54},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hainmueller2014a,
author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Hopkins, Daniel J},
isbn = {9780824333096},
journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
number = {September},
pages = {225--249},
title = {{Annual Review of Political Science}},
volume = {17},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Bond2012,
abstract = {Human behaviour is thought to spread through face-to-face social networks, but it is difficult to identify social influence effects in observational studies, and it is unknown whether online social networks operate in the same way. Here we report results from a randomized controlled trial of political mobilization messages delivered to 61 million Facebook users during the 2010 US congressional elections. The results show that the messages directly influenced political self-expression, information seeking and real-world voting behaviour of millions of people. Furthermore, the messages not only influenced the users who received them but also the users' friends, and friends of friends. The effect of social transmission on real-world voting was greater than the direct effect of the messages themselves, and nearly all the transmission occurred between 'close friends' who were more likely to have a face-to-face relationship. These results suggest that strong ties are instrumental for spreading both online and real-world behaviour in human social networks.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {NIHMS150003},
author = {Bond, Robert M. and Fariss, Christopher J. and Jones, Jason J. and Kramer, Adam D. I. and Marlow, Cameron and Settle, Jaime E. and Fowler, James H.},
doi = {10.1038/nature11421},
eprint = {NIHMS150003},
isbn = {00280836},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {7415},
pages = {295--298},
pmid = {22972300},
title = {{A 61-million-person experiment in social influence and political mobilization}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nature11421},
volume = {489},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Manski,
author = {Manski, C},
journal = {IPR working papers},
title = {{Probabilistic Polling}}
}
@article{Fishkin2005,
author = {Fishkin, J S and Luskin, R C},
journal = {Acta Politica},
number = {3},
pages = {284--298},
title = {{Experimenting with a democratic ideal: Deliberative polling and public opinion}},
volume = {40},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Brady2006,
author = {Brady, H E and Johnston, R},
journal = {Capturing campaign effects},
pages = {164--195},
title = {{The rolling cross-section and causal attribution}},
year = {2006}
}
@article{SriRamaratnam1987,
author = {SriRamaratnam, S},
journal = {{\ldots}  of Agricultural  {\ldots}},
title = {{Fertilization under uncertainty: an analysis based on producer yield expectations}},
url = {http://ajae.oxfordjournals.org/content/69/2/349.short},
year = {1987}
}
@article{Flaxman2016,
author = {Flaxman, Seth R},
pages = {1--26},
title = {{Filter bubbles supplemental}},
volume = {1},
year = {2016}
}
@article{knobloch2012preelection,
abstract = {The glut of media coverage prior to a presidential election requires individuals to selectively expose themselves to some messages and not others. The study involves a two-session online quasi-experiment with 205 participants that was conducted before the 2008 presidential election. Hypotheses on confirmation bias and information utility driving selective exposure prior to an election are tested. Results confirm that information utility can override a confirmation bias and motivate exposure if a government change is likely and the favored party is likely to lose the election. Moreover, participants with frequent habitual online news use do not exhibit a confirmation bias. However, participants whose favored party was likely to win the election and participants with infrequent online news consumption show a significant confirmation bias.},
author = {Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia and Kleinman, Steven B.},
doi = {10.1177/0093650211400597},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization,selexppol},
month = {mar},
number = {2},
pages = {170--193},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{Preelection Selective Exposure Confirmation Bias Versus Informational Utility}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/content/39/2/170.short},
volume = {39},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Rokeach1973,
author = {Rokeach, M},
title = {{The nature of human values.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/?uid=2011-15663-000},
year = {1973}
}
@book{prior2007,
author = {Prior, Markus},
keywords = {polpar,selexppol,trust2013,veni},
mendeley-tags = {polpar,selexppol,trust2013,veni},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Pr},
shorttitle = {Post-broadcast democracy},
title = {{Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Dominitz2002,
author = {Dominitz, J},
title = {{Social security expectations and retirement savings decisions}},
url = {http://www.nber.org/papers/w8718},
year = {2002}
}
@article{Tyagi1989,
author = {Tyagi, P K},
isbn = {0092-0703},
journal = {Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science},
number = {3},
pages = {235},
title = {{The effects of appeals, anonymity, and feedback on mail survey response patterns from salespeople}},
volume = {17},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Turnley2000,
author = {Turnley, William H and Feldman, Daniel C},
doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200002)21:1<25::AID-JOB2>3.0.CO;2-Z},
issn = {0894-3796},
journal = {Journal of organizational behavior},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {25--42},
title = {{Re-examining the effects of psychological contract violations: unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200002)21:1{\%}3C25::AID-JOB2{\%}3E3.0.CO;2-Z},
volume = {21},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Lometti1977,
author = {Lometti, G E and Reeves, B and Bybee, C R},
journal = {Communication Research},
number = {3},
pages = {321},
title = {{Investigating the assumptions of uses and gratifications research}},
volume = {4},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Graves2016,
abstract = {Why has fact-checking spread so quickly within U.S. political journalism? In the first field experiment conducted among reporters, we varied journalist exposure to messages that highlight either audience demand for fact-checking or the prestige it enjoys within the profession. Our results indicate that messages promoting the high status and journalistic values of fact-checking increased the prevalence of fact-checking coverage, while messages about audience demand were somewhat less successful. These findings suggest that political fact-checking is driven primarily by professional motives within journalism, a finding that helps us understand the process by which the practice spreads within the press as well as the factors that influence the behavior of journalists.},
author = {Graves, Lucas and Nyhan, Brendan and Reifler, Jason},
doi = {10.1111/jcom.12198},
isbn = {1460-2466},
issn = {14602466},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {Fact-checking,Field experiment,Journalistic innovation},
number = {1},
pages = {102--138},
title = {{Understanding Innovations in Journalistic Practice: A Field Experiment Examining Motivations for Fact-Checking}},
volume = {66},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Imai2013,
author = {Imai, Kosuke and Tingley, Dustin and Yamamoto, Teppei},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-985X.2012.01032.x},
issn = {09641998},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society)},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {5--51},
title = {{Experimental designs for identifying causal mechanisms}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2012.01032.x},
volume = {176},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Hillman2010,
abstract = {Expressive behavior is the self-interested quest for utility through acts and declarations that confirm a person's identity. Expressive voting is an example of expressive behavior. I introduce expressive behavior in the forms of expressive rhetoric and expressive generosity. The questions for society and for public policy are whether expressive behavior affects others, and if so whether beneficially or disadvantageously. In experiments, expressive behavior often benefits others. There are adverse social consequences when, in real-life decisions, expressive behavior results in unwanted public policies of expressive-policy traps. I consider the prospects for avoiding or exiting expressive-policy traps. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V.},
author = {Hillman, Arye L},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2010.06.004},
isbn = {0176-2680},
issn = {01762680},
journal = {European Journal of Political Economy},
keywords = {Generosity,Identity,Policy trap,Rhetoric,Voting},
number = {4},
pages = {403--418},
title = {{Expressive behavior in economics and politics}},
volume = {26},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Bennett2008,
author = {Bennett, W L and Iyengar, S},
journal = {Journal of Communication},
keywords = {selexppol},
mendeley-tags = {selexppol},
number = {4},
pages = {707--731},
title = {{A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication}},
volume = {58},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Nabi,
author = {Nabi, R and Oliver, M B},
journal = {Handbook of communication science. Thousand Oaks: Sage},
title = {{Mass media effects}}
}
@article{Althaus2002,
author = {Althaus, S L and Nardulli, P F and Shaw, D R},
isbn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {political communication},
number = {1},
pages = {49--72},
title = {{Candidate appearances in presidential elections}},
volume = {19},
year = {2002}
}
@article{ORourke2006,
abstract = {The paper formulates hypotheses and reports on individual attitudes towards immigration based on data for 24 countries on socioeconomic position, sociodemographic characteristics and political attitudes. The results are consistent with the predictions of factor proportions trade theory, but also suggest that a range of other economic and cultural factors influence attitudes towards immigration. {\textcopyright} 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {O'Rourke, Kevin H and Sinnott, Richard},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2005.10.005},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0176-2680},
issn = {01762680},
journal = {European Journal of Political Economy},
keywords = {Immigration,Political economy,imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {4},
pages = {838--861},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{The determinants of individual attitudes towards immigration}},
volume = {22},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Morris2005,
abstract = {This aricle analyzes data from the Pew Research Center's 1998 to 2004 Biennial Media Consumption Surveys to identify demographic and behavioral factors that predict Americans' exposure to cable and broadcast nightly news. While many predictors are significant across sources, much of the evidence indicates the audiences are unique. The network news audience is becoming increasingly older, and the Fox News and CNN audiences are becoming increasingly polarized. Compared to the CNN audience, Fox News watchers are less likely to follow stories that are critical of the Bush administration but more likely to follow entertainment-based news stories. The findings also suggest that Fox News watchers enjoy news that shares their personal views, while the CNN and network news audiences prefer news that has more in-depth interviews with public officials. Finally, evidence suggests that the Fox News watchers were more likely than nonwatchers to underestimate rather than overestimate, the number of American casualties in Iraq.},
author = {Morris, J S},
issn = {1081-180X},
journal = {The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {56--79},
title = {{The Fox News Factor}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/10/3/56},
volume = {10},
year = {2005}
}
@book{Crowne1964,
author = {Crowne, D P and Marlowe, D},
publisher = {Wiley},
title = {{The approval motive: Studies in evaluative dependence}},
year = {1964}
}
@article{Redlawsk2010,
abstract = {In order to update candidate evaluations voters must acquire information and determine whether that new information supports or opposes their candidate expectations. Normatively, new negative information about a preferred candidate should result in a downward adjustment of an existing evaluation. However, recent studies show exactly the opposite; voters become more supportive of a preferred candidate in the face of negatively valenced information. Motivated reasoning is advanced as the explanation, arguing that people are psychologically motivated to maintain and support existing evaluations. Yet it seems unlikely that voters do this ad infinitum. To do so would suggest continued motivated reasoning even in the face of extensive disconfirming information. In this study we consider whether motivated reasoning processes can be overcome simply by continuing to encounter information incongruent with expectations. If so, voters must reach a tipping point after which they begin more accurately updating their evaluations. We show experimental evidence that such an affective tipping point does in fact exist. We also show that as this tipping point is reached, anxiety increases, suggesting that the mechanism that generates the tipping point and leads to more accurate updating may be related to the theory of affective intelligence. The existence of a tipping point suggests that voters are not immune to disconfirming information after all, even when initially acting as motivated reasoners.},
author = {Redlawsk, David P and Civettini, Andrew J W and Emmerson, Karen M},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x},
issn = {0162895X},
journal = {Political Psychology},
keywords = {affective intelligence,candidate,motivated reasoning,process tracing,voting},
number = {4},
pages = {563--593},
title = {{The Affective Tipping Point: Do Motivated Reasoners Ever “Get It”?}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00772.x},
volume = {31},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Meier1998,
abstract = {Although there have been many studies of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States, national data are lacking.},
author = {Meier, D E and Emmons, C A and Wallenstein, S and Quill, T and Morrison, R S and Cassel, C K},
doi = {10.1056/NEJM199804233381706},
issn = {0028-4793},
journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
keywords = {Active,Adult,Assisted,Assisted: statistics {\&} numerical data,Attitude of Health Personnel,Data Collection,Euthanasia,Euthanasia: statistics {\&} numerical data,Female,Humans,Injections,Male,Medicine,Middle Aged,Odds Ratio,Physician's Practice Patterns,Physician's Practice Patterns: statistics {\&} numeri,Physicians,Physicians: psychology,Questionnaires,Specialization,Suicide,Terminally Ill,United States,Voluntary,self-reports,social desirability},
month = {apr},
number = {17},
pages = {1193},
pmid = {9554861},
title = {{A national survey of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9554861},
volume = {338},
year = {1998}
}
@misc{ap2004gop,
author = {AP},
booktitle = {Associated Press},
title = {{Three arrested in GOP headquarters vandalism}},
year = {2004}
}
@misc{agtmael_2018,
author = {van Agtmael, Peter},
booktitle = {New York Magazine},
month = {may},
title = {{The Strange Cocoon of Trump and Hannity, Two Friends Who Like to Talk Before Bed}},
url = {http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/05/sean-hannity-donald-trump-late-night-calls.html},
year = {2018}
}
@book{fiorina1981-249,
address = {New Haven},
author = {Fiorina, Morris P},
keywords = {Asymmetry,bibtex-import,elections,research,states,united,voting},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
publisher = {Yale University Press},
title = {{Retrospective voting in American national elections}},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Wonneberger2012,
abstract = {With an abundance of TV channels available, viewers with no interest in politics might escape from news watching completely. But whether this is true depends on how viewers deal with an increasing complexity. Do people follow their viewing motives and preferences even more or do unintentional choices prevail? Using people-meter data, the authors studied news exposure over the last 2 decades in the Netherlands. They found increasing levels of news exposure more strongly influenced by the viewing context than by motivations of the viewers. The results showed how a mix of public-service and commercial news still can reach wide audiences today. With an abundance of TV channels available, viewers with no interest in politics might escape from news watching completely. But whether this is true depends on how viewers deal with an increasing complexity. Do people follow their viewing motives and preferences even more or do unintentional choices prevail? Using people-meter data, the authors studied news exposure over the last 2 decades in the Netherlands. They found increasing levels of news exposure more strongly influenced by the viewing context than by motivations of the viewers. The results showed how a mix of public-service and commercial news still can reach wide audiences today.},
author = {Wonneberger, Anke and Schoenbach, Klaus and van Meurs, Lex},
issn = {0883-8151},
journal = {Journal of Broadcasting {\&} Electronic Media},
keywords = {cable television,individual level},
mendeley-tags = {cable television,individual level},
month = {feb},
number = {1},
pages = {55--74},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Staying Tuned: TV News Audiences in the Netherlands 1988–2010}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838151.2011.648684},
volume = {56},
year = {2012}
}
@misc{Blumer1948,
abstract = {This article presents some observations on public opinion and on public opinion polling. The observations are designed to invite attention to whether public opinion polling actually deals with public opinion. In this article the author has presented criticisms on public opinion polling as a method for the recording and measurement of public opinion. These criticisms have centered around the distortion that stems from the use of a sample in the form of an aggregation of disparate individuals having equal weight. The criticism applies when such a sampling procedure is used to study a matter whose composition is an organization of interacting parts instead of being merely an aggregation of individuals. Many actions of human beings in a society are mass actions such as casting ballots, purchasing tooth paste, going to motion picture shows, and reading newspapers. Such actions lend themselves readily to the type of sampling that are prevalent in the current public opinion polling. In fact, it is the existence of such mass actions of individuals which explains, the successful use in consumer research of sampling such as is employed in public opinion polling. This article criticizes the use of such sampling with its implicit imagery and logic in the study of a matter which, like the process of public opinion, functions as a moving organization of interconnected parts.},
author = {Blumer, Herbert},
booktitle = {American Sociological Review},
doi = {10.2307/2087146},
isbn = {00031224},
issn = {00031224},
number = {5},
pages = {542},
pmid = {12842580},
title = {{Public Opinion and Public Opinion Polling}},
volume = {13},
year = {1948}
}
@article{Gaziano2012a,
abstract = {Communication researchers have long been concerned about knowledge gaps, but few realize that knowledge gaps are rooted in early childhood learning differentials to which socioeconomic disparities contribute. The purpose of this paper is to illuminate understanding of the processes that contribute to knowledge gaps during the earliest stages of life and to invite communication researchers to study early childhood interventions, which can be considered communication interventions. Communication researchers seldom may be directly concerned with early developmental processes, but they may wish to become more involved in such interventions. Ultimately, communication outcomes for adults can be enhanced. Early interventions aimed at primary caregivers at risk of poor parenting can improve parenting knowledge and proficiency, thereby contributing to enhanced cognitive development of their children. The prenatal and early postnatal periods are times when parents are both vulnerable and open to support and new information. Three examples of knowledge measurement instruments and three examples of interventions to facilitate parental sensitivity to their infants' cues and to enhance parents' knowledge of child development are described. Researchers are encouraged to conceptualize future research with prospective, longitudinal designs, which could begin even before babies are born and follow children from birth through adolescence or adulthood, drawing concepts also from socialization theories. Communication researchers seldom may think about children in the context of the knowledge gap, but perhaps the time has come for them to use their talents and work with child development professionals and those in related areas to reduce parenting knowledge and skills gaps.},
author = {Gaziano, C},
journal = {The Open Communication Journal},
keywords = {Knowledge gap,Matthew effect.,attachment theory,cognitive development,early childhood,family communication patterns,parenting interventions},
pages = {17--28},
title = {{Antecedents of knowledge gaps: Parenting knowledge and early childhood cognitive development—Review and call for research}},
url = {http://benthamscience.com/open/tocommj/articles/V006/17TOCOMMJ.pdf},
volume = {6},
year = {2012}
}
@book{Converse1986,
annote = {From Duplicate 2 ( 

Political representation in France

- Converse, P E; Pierce, R )

},
author = {Converse, P E and Pierce, R},
publisher = {Belknap Press},
title = {{Political representation in France}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=uL541D-YIccC{\&}oi=fnd{\&}pg=PR9{\&}dq=converse+and+pierce+france{\&}ots=zXO4BekHTe{\&}sig=Qx-cuONJcWrgs27e5PgHgunOO4o},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Lev-On2011,
abstract = {The article analyzes how community members who were evacuated from their homes use various media, and especially the internet, to keep in touch, receive and disseminate information and express their opinions. Of particular interest are the differences between members of various groups, who differ in their decision whether to relocate in Israel with the rest of the original community or not, in media usage patterns and sense of community. The findings demonstrate that evacuees use diversity and multiplicity of media, where various media are used for different purposes according to need. Small media, with a rather limited and local reach (such as pamphlets, SMS, niche websites and small-scale meetings) are predominantly used for most of the needs, overshadowing mass media usage. Correlations were found amongst various media usages, and between the usage of various media and users' sense of community. The study demonstrates how contemporary media users use a variety of media depending on their circumstances and needs, and how media usage assists in establishing and maintaining a sense of community after the forced transition from the communities of origin.},
author = {Lev-On, A},
issn = {1461-4448},
journal = {New Media {\&} Society},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {aug},
number = {1},
pages = {98--116},
title = {{Communication, community, crisis: Mapping uses and gratifications in the contemporary media environment}},
url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/14/1/98.short},
volume = {14},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Ryan2011,
abstract = {Learning through social communication is promoted when citizens are able to identify which of their associates is likely to possess the necessary political information. This paper examines the factors that influence individuals' evaluations of political expertise. Actual political expertise plays a large role in perceived expertise, but mistakes are made. These are largely the result of assuming that those engaged in politics must also be knowledgeable about politics. This paper uses the 1996 Indianapolis-St. Louis Study and the 2000 National Election Study to identify factors that bias levels of perceived political knowledge. The paper concludes by demonstrating that perceived expertise plays a larger role than actual expertise in the social influence process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
author = {Ryan, John Barry},
doi = {10.1007/s11109-010-9130-0},
isbn = {1110901091300},
issn = {01909320},
journal = {Political Behavior},
keywords = {Political discussion,Political expertise,Social networks},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {335--356},
pmid = {60672998},
publisher = {Springer US},
title = {{Accuracy and Bias in Perceptions of Political Knowledge}},
url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11109-010-9130-0},
volume = {33},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Harell2012,
author = {Harell, Allison and Soroka, Stuart and Iyengar, Shanto and Valentino, Nicholas},
doi = {10.1017/S0008423912000698},
issn = {1744-9324},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {03},
pages = {499--530},
title = {{The Impact of Economic and Cultural Cues on Support for Immigration in Canada and the United States}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article{\_}S0008423912000698},
volume = {45},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Moehler2009,
author = {Moehler, Devra C.},
doi = {10.1017/S0007123408000513},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jan},
number = {02},
pages = {345},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Critical Citizens and Submissive Subjects: Election Losers and Winners in Africa}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0007123408000513},
volume = {39},
year = {2009}
}
@article{IMAI2011,
author = {IMAI, KOSUKE and KEELE, LUKE and TINGLEY, DUSTIN and YAMAMOTO, TEPPEI},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055411000414},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
keywords = {causality},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {causality},
month = {nov},
number = {04},
pages = {765--789},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Unpacking the Black Box of Causality: Learning about Causal Mechanisms from Experimental and Observational Studies}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0003055411000414},
volume = {105},
year = {2011}
}
@article{McCord1978,
author = {McCord, J},
isbn = {0003-066X},
journal = {American psychologist},
number = {3},
pages = {284--289},
title = {{A thirty-year follow-up of treatment effects}},
volume = {33},
year = {1978}
}
@article{Horstmann1991,
abstract = {In a secondary analysis of data from three panel surveys from Germany, the author tries to extend and specify the `knowledge gap' hypothesis of Tichenor et al. (1970) and Ettema and Kline (1977). Education, interest and motivation, which have been advanced as the central factors in explaining the differential knowledge gain, are tested within all possible circumstances of widening, constant and closing gaps. Also tested are various routine and specific media variables. As a consequence of the low empirical value of these central factors, especially education, this analysis suggests a fundamental modification of the hypothesis.},
author = {Horstmann, R},
issn = {0267-3231},
journal = {European Journal of Communication},
keywords = {individual level},
mendeley-tags = {individual level},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {77--93},
title = {{Knowledge Gaps Revisited: Secondary Analyses from Germany}},
url = {http://ejc.sagepub.com/content/6/1/77},
volume = {6},
year = {1991}
}
@phdthesis{O'Kane2011,
abstract = {This thesis examines the state of media literacy in the middle school curriculum of Virginia's public schools. Through in-depth interviews with state certified teachers of English and Language Arts, the goal was to uncover student, teacher, resource, family, classroom, school, and other structural variables that influence media literacy among students at the middle school level, while also uncovering teachers' perception of the Standards of Learning (SOLs) and the benchmarks for media literacy that are contained within those state directives. An additional purpose of this thesis is to contribute to theory building efforts so that media literacy education is better understood in academic literature, in higher education, and in K-12 curriculum.},
author = {O'Kane, Charles John},
keywords = {Master of Arts,Master's Thesis,individual level,internet,knowledge gap,media literacy,social cognitive theory},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {may},
title = {{Setting the Standard: Media Literacy Education in Virginia's Public School}},
url = {http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05102011-162256/},
year = {2011}
}
@article{berglund2005party,
author = {Berglund, Frode and Holmberg, S{\"{o}}ren and Schmitt, Hermann and Thomassen, Jacques},
journal = {The European Voter},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
pages = {105--123},
publisher = {Oxford University Press Oxford},
title = {{Party identification and party choice}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Smith1950,
author = {Smith, H L and Hyman, H},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {3},
pages = {491},
title = {{The biasing effect of interviewer expectations on survey results}},
volume = {14},
year = {1950}
}
@article{Kruger1999,
author = {Kruger, J and Dunning, D},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {1121--1134},
title = {{Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments}},
volume = {77},
year = {1999}
}
@incollection{Dalton2002b,
abstract = {This is a broad cross-national study of the role of political parties in contemporary democracies. Leading scholars in the field assess the evidence for partisan decline or adaptation for 20 OECD nations. This book documents the broadscale erosion of the public's partisan identities in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. It demonstrates how political parties have adapted to partisan dealignment by strengthening their internal organizational structures and partially isolating themselves from the ebbs and flows of electoral politics. Centralized, professionalized parties with short time horizons have replaced the ideologically driven mass parties of the past. Parties without Partisans is the most comprehensive cross-national study of parties in advanced industrial democracies in all of their formsin electoral politics, as organizations, and in government.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Dalton, Russell and Wattenberg, Martin},
booktitle = {Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies},
doi = {10.1093/0199253099.001.0001},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {0199253099},
issn = {15756548},
keywords = {0001,001,0199253099,10,1093,7,9780199253098,acprof,and only a small,cabinet formation,candidate selection,chapter,com,corporatism,david robertson,decision,direct democracy,election programmes,elites,executive branch,government,have commonly associated them,http,leadership selection,legislative parties,making,mass parties,membership,modern politics,most important organizations in,oxfordscholarship,party,percentage of states do,pluralist democracy,political parties,political parties are the,print,representative democracy,students of political parties,view,with democracy itself,without them,www},
number = {6},
pages = {232--233},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{Partisan Change and the Democratic Process}},
year = {2002}
}
@book{Berelson,
abstract = {This is an inventory of currently accepted scientific knowledge about human behavior, ranging through major topics from anthropology, psychology, and sociology. It is intended mainly for the nonspecialist: student, layman, or academic colleagues in fields other than those specifically presented. The authors present their rationale and criteria for inclusion of material, and a chapter on methods of inquiry in these sciences. Then follows an organized presentation of selected, scientific findings restated in nontechnical language, with appropriate tables, charts, and graphs. Chapters treat: behavioral development, perceiving, learning and thinking, motivation, the family, small groups, organizations, institutions, social stratification, ethnic relations, mass communication, opinions and attitudes, the society, and culture. Selected readings cited after each chapter. Bibliographical index and subject index.},
address = {Oxford, England},
author = {Berelson, Bernard and Steiner, Gary A.},
keywords = {broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
pages = {712},
publisher = {Harcourt, Brace {\&} World},
title = {{Human behavior: An inventory of scientific findings.}},
year = {1964}
}
@article{Plasser2005,
abstract = {Recent surveys of American journalists highlight a growing uneasiness regarding professional roles and quality standards. Similar concerns are also reflected in the data of a recent survey of leading Austrian political journalists. To find out whether the quality standards actually changed and how American journalists as well as–from a comparative perspective–Austrian political journalists evaluate the quality development of journalism, explorative interviews were conducted with thirty-one leading American print journalists, and assessments were compared with the patterns found in a recent survey of Austrian political journalists. Comparing the results of the American and Austrian studies, striking similarities were found. The convergence of problems as seen by journalists operating in fundamentally different media systems and communication cultures seems to confirm a kind of "homogenization" of journalistic cultures–beyond divergent institutional and market constraints within given media systems. Some of the demonstrated findings seem to point out that not only are market pressures and hypercommercialization responsible for the quality problems of political journalism but also that the quality of interaction between journalists and politicians has changed substantially. This in turn had direct effects upon the quality of reporting.},
author = {Plasser, F},
doi = {10.1177/1081180X05277746},
issn = {1081-180X},
journal = {The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {47--68},
title = {{From Hard to Soft News Standards?: How Political Journalists in Different Media Systems Evaluate the Shifting Quality of News}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/10/2/47.short},
volume = {10},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Olson2007,
abstract = {The assumption that implicit measures assess associations that are not accessible to consciousness abounds in current social cognition research. In the present report, we question this assumption, focusing on the construct of implicit self-esteem as a case in point. Although researchers often argue that implicitly measured self-esteem is unconscious, we provide evidence that it is not, and that discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem are the result of reporting tendencies. Study 1 demonstrated that individuals for whom explicitly measured self-esteem is relatively high and implicitly measured self-esteem is relatively low admit to overpresenting themselves. In Study 2, implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem were related when subjects were urged to avoid over- or underpresenting themselves when responding to the explicit measures. We discuss the critical distinction between awareness of one's attitudes and awareness of their influence.},
author = {Olson, Michael A and Fazio, Russell H and Hermann, Anthony D},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01890.x},
issn = {0956-7976},
journal = {Psychological science},
keywords = {Awareness,Consciousness,Humans,Questionnaires,Self Concept},
language = {en},
month = {apr},
number = {4},
pages = {287--291},
pmid = {17470249},
publisher = {SAGE Publications},
title = {{Reporting tendencies underlie discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem.}},
url = {http://pss.sagepub.com/content/18/4/287.full},
volume = {18},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Kohn1977,
abstract = {Investigated the role of 3 S variables (sex, authoritarianism, and suspiciousness) in the mediation of reactance of pro- and anti-LSD messages. Ss were 109 female and 80 male undergraduate evening students who were administered the Authoritarianism-Rebellion Scale. No reactance effect occurred reliably either overall or in any subgroup of Ss for the anti-LSD message which supported the initial views of most subjects. In the pro-LSD case, reactance effects occurred among highly suspicious male Ss only. It is suggested that reactance could be a response to perceived threat from the experimenter rather than, or as well as, the communicator and that male and female Ss responded to such threat in accordance with their culturally prescribed roles. (French {\&} German summaries) (27 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved)},
author = {Kohn, Paul M and Barnes, Gordon E},
doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2420070108},
isbn = {0046-2772 (Print); 1099-0992 (Electronic)},
issn = {10990992},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {97--109},
title = {{Subject variables and reactance to persuasive communications about drugs}},
volume = {7},
year = {1977}
}
@article{Neuman,
author = {Neuman, W R},
title = {{The Evolution of Media Effects Theory: Fifty Years of Cumulative Research W. Russell Neuman and Lauren Guggenheim University of Michigan}}
}
@article{Iyengar2009,
author = {Iyengar, S},
title = {{Laboratory experiments in political science}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Abrams1990,
abstract = {We contrast two theoretical approaches to social influence, one stressing interpersonal dependence, conceptualized as normative and informational influence (Deutsch {\&} Gerard, 1955), and the other stressing group membership, conceptualized as self-categorization and referent informational influence (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher {\&} Wetherell, 1987). We argue that both social comparisons to reduce uncertainty and the existence of normative pressure to comply depend on perceiving the source of influence as belonging to one's own category. This study tested these two approaches using three influence paradigms. First we demonstrate that, in Sherif's (1936) autokinetic effect paradigm, the impact of confederates on the formation of a norm decreases as their membership of a different category is made more salient to subjects. Second, in the Asch (1956) conformity paradigm, surveillance effectively exerts normative pressure if done by an in-group but not by an out-group. In-group influence decreases and out-group influence increases when subjects respond privately. Self-report data indicate that in-group confederates create more subjective uncertainty than out-group confederates and public responding seems to increase cohesiveness with in-group - but decrease it with out-group - sources of influence. In our third experiment we use the group polarization paradigm (e.g. Burnstein {\&} Vinokur, 1973) to demonstrate that, when categorical differences between two subgroups within a discussion group are made salient, convergence of opinion between the subgroups is inhibited. Taken together the experiments show that self-categorization can be a crucial determining factor in social influence.},
author = {Abrams, Dominic and Wetherell, Margaret and Cochrane, Sandra and Hogg, Michael A and Turner, John C},
doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x},
isbn = {0144-6665},
issn = {20448309},
journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {97--119},
pmid = {2372667},
title = {{Knowing what to think by knowing who you are: Self???categorization and the nature of norm formation, conformity and group polarization}},
volume = {29},
year = {1990}
}
@article{operario1999integrating,
author = {Operario, D. and Fiske, S.T.},
journal = {Social identity and social cognition},
publisher = {books. google. com},
title = {{Integrating social identity and social cognition: A framework for bridging diverse perspectives}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}q={\%}22focusing+on+the+individual+qua+group+member{\%}22{\&}btnG=Search{\&}as{\_}sdt=0,5{\&}as{\_}ylo={\&}as{\_}vis=0{\#}0 http://www.mendeley.com/research/integrating-social-identity-social-cognition-framework-bridging-diverse-perspectives/},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Rosen2009,
author = {Rosen, N O and Kn$\backslash${\"{a}}uper, B},
journal = {Health Communication},
number = {3},
pages = {228--238},
title = {{A little uncertainty goes a long way: State and trait differences in uncertainty interact to increase information seeking but also increase worry}},
volume = {24},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Imai2011,
author = {Imai, Kosuke},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Dropbox/Mendeley{\_}Files/Imai - 2011 - Zelig Everyone's Statistical Software 1.pdf:pdf},
number = {617},
title = {{Zelig: Everyone's Statistical Software 1}},
year = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{Callegaro2005,
author = {Callegaro, M},
pages = {18--22},
title = {{Origins and development of the cognitive models of answering questions in survey research}},
year = {2005}
}
@inproceedings{Zimbardo1969,
abstract = {Cognitive controls - man frees himself from behavioral prescriptions imposed by his history, physiology, and ecology. Example: 1) self-destruction 2) destruction of others 3) riots and mob violence 4) loss of value of life 5) loss of behavioral control. One sees a sudden change in the restraints, which normally control. The Psychology of Deindividuation - Festinger study demonstrates increased hostility towards parents. Singer emphasizes a loss of self-consciousness and reductions in feelings of distinctiveness are essential for Deindividuation (Lord of the Flies) Deindividuation - a complex, hypothesized process in which a series of antecedent social conditions lead to changes in perception of self and others, and thereby to a lowered threshold of normally restrained behavior = antisocial behavior. Study - Condition: Deindividuation vs. Control duration of shocks. Results: Diminishing individual uniqueness, singularity, and social pride = anti-social behavior. Weakening of familial and tribal ties. No outlets for behavior. Severe rigidity of control does not allow for small bursts of irrational behavior.},
author = {Zimbardo, P G},
booktitle = {Nebraska Symposium On Motivation},
editor = {Arnold, William J and Levine, David},
issn = {00702099},
number = {17},
pages = {237--307},
publisher = {University of Nebraska Press},
title = {{The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos.}},
url = {http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en{\&}btnG=Search{\&}q=intitle:The+Human+Choice{\#}0},
volume = {17},
year = {1969}
}
@inproceedings{Tesler2009,
author = {Tesler, M and Sears, D},
pages = {2--5},
title = {{Barack Obama and the Two Sides of Symbolic Racism: Explaining the Effects of Racial Resentment in the Primaries and Beyond}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Tapia2010,
abstract = {In this work, the authors examine four cases of municipalities that have attempted to create municipal-sponsored wireless broadband networks. In each of these cases, one of the reasons given for establishing the network was to engage the citizens in their community and government. In each of these cases, the efforts have failed in some way. This problem rests on several assumptions. First, these municipalities believe in the importance and need to increase civic engagement, public participation in local government. They also believe that one way to do this is through increasing access to broadband Internet. In this article, we argue against a simplistic, deterministic, utopian view of information and communication technologies. We argue that in the case of local governments, choices made by government officials to solve social problems with technology are often made out of hope, frustration, inadequate funding, and inadequate knowledge. These public technology projects are often met with failure and often lead to further distance and mistrust between local governments, public officials, and citizens.},
author = {Tapia, A H and Ortiz, J A},
issn = {0894-4393},
journal = {Social Science Computer Review},
keywords = {aggregate level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {aggregate level,internet},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {93--117},
title = {{Network Hopes: Municipalities Deploying Wireless Internet to Increase Civic Engagement}},
url = {http://ssc.sagepub.com/content/28/1/93.short},
volume = {28},
year = {2010}
}
@book{Colton2007,
abstract = {Written in easy-to-understand language, this important text provides a systematic and commonsense approach to developing instruments for data collection and analysis. This book can be used by both those who are developing instruments for the first time and those who want to hone their skills, including students, agency personnel, program managers, and researchers.This book provides a thorough presentation of instrument construction, from conception to development and pre-testing of items, formatting the instrument, administration, and, finally, data management and presentation of the findings. Throughout the book, the authors emphasize how to create an   instrument that will produce trustworthy and accurate data. To that end they have included guidelines for reviewing and revising the questionnaire to enhance validity and reliability. They also show how to work effectively with stakeholders such as instruments designers, decision-makers, agency personnel, clients, and raters or respondents.},
author = {Colton, David and Covert, Robert W.},
isbn = {0787987840},
pages = {394},
publisher = {John Wiley {\&} Sons},
title = {{Designing and Constructing Instruments for Social Research and Evaluation (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=RMMJIwxl8TYC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Monin2004,
author = {Monin, B and Norton, M I and Cooper, J and Hopg, M A},
journal = {Group Processes {\&} Intergroup Relations},
number = {3},
pages = {207},
title = {{Reacting to an assumed situation vs. conforming to an assumed reaction: The role of perceived speaker attitude in vicarious dissonance}},
volume = {7},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Hur2014,
abstract = {This article examines how Internet use for political information affects citizens' interest in politics. Moreover, we explore how the Internet's effect on political interest among the citizenry depends on a variety of group attributes. Despite scholarly interest in the potential for the Internet to facilitate participation and ameliorate political inequality, studies on the relationship between Internet use for political information and political interest have been rare. Most empirical studies analyzing cross-sectional data tend to suffer from establishing causal relationships between the Internet and political interest. Using the 2007 Korean Presidential Election Panel Study, we found that use of the Internet for political news has a positive effect on citizens' interest in politics. Moreover, we found that the Internet has a moderating effect that reduces the gap in political interest between older people and younger people, but not the gap between different income groups or different groups of educational attainment.},
author = {Hur, Suk Jae and Kwon, Hyeok Yong},
issn = {1932-8036},
journal = {International Journal of Communication},
keywords = {Internet,individual level,internet,political interest,socioeconomic status},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {apr},
pages = {21},
title = {{The Internet and Inequality in Democratic Engagements: Panel Evidence from South Korea}},
url = {http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2468},
volume = {8},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Festinger1954,
author = {Festinger, L},
isbn = {1741-282X},
journal = {Human Relations},
title = {{A theory of social comparison processes.}},
year = {1954}
}
@article{Lissitsa2014,
abstract = {The paper is part of a repeated cross–sectional study examining how groups in multi–ethnic states adopt and use information and communication technologies, with focus on the magnitude and the determinants of the digital divide between Jews and Arabs in Israel as a case study. The study examines socio–economic and socio–demographic factors correlated to internet usage in general and usage of social media in particular, based on data collected between 2008 and 2010 by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Annual Social Survey. The data was collected by means of face–to–face interviews conducted annually among 7500 interviewees aged 20 and above. The study demonstrates the multi–dimensionality of the digital divide phenomena and shows how the digital divide does not diminish, yet, rather, transforms over time. As access differences between Jews and Arabs gradually diminish, a 'second–level' digital divide of social media usage actually widens.},
author = {Lissitsa, S and Lev–On, A},
journal = {International Journal of Electronic Governance},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
number = {1},
pages = {56--71},
title = {{Gaps close, gaps open: a repeated cross–sectional study of the scope and determinants of the ethnic digital divide}},
url = {http://inderscience.metapress.com/index/040556047Q228680.pdf},
volume = {7},
year = {2014}
}
@article{krosnick_stability_1991,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (The stability of political preferences: Comparisons of symbolic and nonsymbolic attitudes - Krosnick, JA A)

From Duplicate 1 ( 


The stability of political preferences: Comparisons of symbolic and nonsymbolic attitudes


- Krosnick, JA )








From Duplicate 2 ( 


The stability of political preferences: Comparisons of symbolic and nonsymbolic attitudes


- Krosnick, J A )

},
author = {Krosnick, JA A},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
pages = {547--576},
shorttitle = {The stability of political preferences},
title = {{The stability of political preferences: Comparisons of symbolic and nonsymbolic attitudes}},
url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/2111553},
year = {1991}
}
@misc{Miyamoto1955,
abstract = {Voting is an examination of the factors that make people vote the way they do. Based on the famous Elmira Study, carried out by a team of skilled social scientists during the 1948 presidential campaign, it shows how voting is affected by social class, religious background, family loyalties, on-the-job relationships, local pressure groups, mass communication media, and other factors. Still highly relevant, Voting is one of the most frequently cited books in the field of voting behavior.},
author = {Miyamoto, S. Frank and Berelson, Bernard R. and Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and McFee, William N.},
booktitle = {American Sociological Review},
number = {4},
pages = {479},
pmid = {195735},
title = {{Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign.}},
volume = {20},
year = {1955}
}
@misc{Drutman2017,
author = {Drutman, Lee},
booktitle = {Vox},
month = {apr},
publisher = {Vox},
title = {{This voting reform solves 2 of America's biggest political problems}},
url = {https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/4/26/15425492/proportional-voting-polarization-urban-rural-third-parties},
year = {2017}
}
@misc{Miller2008,
author = {Miller, C C and {Miller C.C.}},
booktitle = {Bits Blog},
month = {nov},
pages = {49},
title = {{How Obama's Internet Campaign Changed Politics}},
url = {http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/how-obamas-internet-campaign-changed-politics/},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Mellon2014,
abstract = {AbstractThis article examines the conditions required for using Internet search data as measures of aggregate issue salience. Internet data have clear advantages over survey data in terms of cost, availability and frequency. These advantages have led the media and some researchers to use Internet search data as proxies for public opinion. However, these analyses do not present systematic evidence that search data tell us about the general public's views rather than those of an unrepresentative subset. This article outlines a general method for assessing the validity of search data against existing measures, including content validity and criterion validity. To this end, weekly Google search data are tested against Gallup's “most important problem” question. The article finds the salience of four issues, fuel prices, the economy, immigration and terrorism, can be measured in the United States using search data. Weekly measures of issue salience are generated for these issues, from 2004 to 2010, for empirical analysis. The search indices performed less well outside of these domains.},
author = {Mellon, Jonathan},
doi = {10.1080/17457289.2013.846346},
isbn = {10.1080/17457289.2013.846346},
issn = {1745-7289},
journal = {Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {45--72},
pmid = {20019279},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Internet Search Data and Issue Salience: The Properties of Google Trends as a Measure of Issue Salience}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17457289.2013.846346},
volume = {24},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Reyna2008,
abstract = {“Numeracy,” so-called on analogy with literacy, is essential for making health and other social judgments in everyday life [Reyna, V. F., {\&} Brainerd, C. J. (in press). The importance of mathematics in health and human judgment: Numeracy, risk communication, and medical decision making. Learning and Individual Differences.]. Recent research on numeracy in health decision making has shown that many adults fail to solve simple ratio and decimal problems, concepts that are prerequisites for understanding health-relevant risk communications. In addition, adults exhibit a ratio bias, in which higher frequencies bias probability judgments, and denominator neglect, described by Reyna and Brainerd (e.g., [Reyna, V. F. (1991). Class inclusion, the conjunction fallacy, and other cognitive illusions. Developmental Review, 11, 317–336.; Reyna, V. F., {\&} Brainerd, C. J. (1994). The origins of probability judgment: A review of data and theories. In G. Wright {\&} P. Ayton (Eds.), Subjective probability. (pp. 239–272). New York: Wiley.]) and independently by Epstein (e.g., [Epstein, S. (1994). Integration of the cognitive and psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 709–724.]). Along with research in education and cognitive development, this work demonstrates that adults have difficulty with a broad range of ratio concepts, including fractions, proportions, risks and probabilities. The psychological mechanisms underlying this difficulty are characterized using dual-processes approaches such as fuzzy-trace theory, simple and effective interventions are described that eliminate common problem-solving errors, and implications for the effective use of numerical information in risk communication are discussed.},
author = {Reyna, Valerie F. and Brainerd, Charles J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.011},
issn = {10416080},
journal = {Learning and Individual Differences},
keywords = {base-rate neglect,cognitive-experiential theory,dual processes,fuzzy-trace theory,intuition,rationality},
month = {jan},
number = {1},
pages = {89--107},
title = {{Numeracy, ratio bias, and denominator neglect in judgments of risk and probability}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.011},
volume = {18},
year = {2008}
}
@article{banducci2003,
author = {Banducci, Susan A. and Karp, Jeffrey A.},
doi = {10.1017/S000712340300019X},
issn = {0007-1234},
journal = {British Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {polpar},
language = {English},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {aug},
number = {03},
pages = {443--467},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{How Elections Change the Way Citizens View the Political System: Campaigns, Media Effects and Electoral Outcomes in Comparative Perspective}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S000712340300019X},
volume = {33},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Budescu2003,
author = {Budescu, DV},
journal = {Journal of Behavioral  {\ldots}},
title = {{Predicting the directionality of probability words from their membership functions}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bdm.440/abstract},
year = {2003}
}
@article{Seymour-Ure1974,
author = {Seymour-{\"{U}}re, C},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
title = {{The political impact of mass media}},
url = {http://www.getcited.org/pub/101430580},
year = {1974}
}
@article{Turner1981,
abstract = {Advances a social-cognitive theory of the human social group with respect to group formation, the cognitive salience of group membership, and motivational biases for positive self-esteem. It is argued that psychological group membership is more a matter of shared self-definition (i.e., social identification) than cohesive interpersonal relationships and that social categorizations can be internalized as cognitive structures in self conception. When functioning, their basic consequence is the stereotypical minimization of individual differences and the enhancement of perceptual interchangeability between the self and members of the same social category. This consequence produces the distinctive features of intragroup relations, such as mutual cohesiveness, cooperativeness, and uniformity. It is hypothesized that group behavior and relationships are mediated by a cognitive redefinition of the self in terms of shared social category memberships and associated stereotypes. The group was thought of as an adaptive psychological mechanism for "depersonalizing" individual behavior.},
author = {Turner, J C},
journal = {Current Psychology of Cognition},
number = {2},
pages = {93--118},
title = {{Towards a cognitive redefinition of the group}},
volume = {1},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Gibson2005,
author = {Gibson, Rachel and Lusoli, Wainer and Ward, Stephen},
doi = {10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00209.x},
issn = {1369-1481},
journal = {The British Journal of Politics and International Relations},
month = {nov},
number = {4},
pages = {561--583},
title = {{Online Participation in the UK: Testing a 'Contextualised' Model of Internet Effects}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2005.00209.x},
volume = {7},
year = {2005}
}
@misc{Sturgis2010,
abstract = {In this paper, we use follow-up probes administered to respondents who initially select the mid-point to determine whether they selected this alternative in order to indicate opinion neutrality, or to indicate that they do not have an opinion on the issue. We find the vast majority of responses turn out to be what we term ‘face-saving don't knows' and that reallocating these responses from the mid-point to the don't know category significantly alters descriptive and multivariate inferences. Our findings have important implications for the design and analysis of bipolar ratings scales.},
annote = {e-Prints Soton [http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/perl/oai2] (United Kingdom) ER},
author = {Sturgis, Patrick and Roberts, Caroline and Smith, Patten},
keywords = {HA Statistics,midpoints,surveys},
month = {mar},
publisher = {Southampton Statistical Sciences Research Institute},
title = {{Middle alternatives revisited: how the neither/nor response acts as a ‘face-saving' way of saying ‘I don't know'}},
url = {http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/73620/2/s3ri-workingpaper-M10-01.pdf},
year = {2010}
}
@article{horn1997human,
author = {Horn, John L and Noll, Jennie},
publisher = {Guilford Press},
title = {{Human cognitive capabilities: Gf-Gc theory.}},
year = {1997}
}
@article{National2012,
author = {National, American and Studies, Election},
pages = {1--1429},
title = {{User ' s Guide and Codebook for the Preliminary Release of the ANES 2012 Time Series Study}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Matikka1997,
abstract = {Acquiescence was studied in a group of 616 persons with mental retardation. When an item-reversal technique with four pairs of oppositely worded questions was used, 11.1{\%} to 36.3{\%} of respondents answered acquiescently. The rates of acquiescence were much lower than we expected on the basis of the results of Sigelman, Budd, Spanhel, and Schoenrock (1981). No significant correlations between acquiescence and level of mental retardation were found. Women acquiesced more than men did. A significant relation was found between acquiescence and gender combination of an interviewee and an interviewer.},
annote = {Low cognitive ability related to acquiescence response bias},
author = {Matikka, L M and Vesala, H T},
doi = {10.1352/0047-6765(1997)035<0075:AIQIWA>2.0.CO;2},
issn = {0047-6765},
journal = {Mental retardation},
keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Cooperative Behavior,Female,Gender Identity,Humans,Intellectual Disability,Intellectual Disability: psychology,Intellectual Disability: rehabilitation,Interview,Male,Middle Aged,Personality Assessment,Psychological,Quality of Life,Social Conformity},
month = {apr},
number = {2},
pages = {75--82},
pmid = {9131867},
title = {{Acquiescence in quality-of-life interviews with adults who have mental retardation.}},
url = {http://www.aaiddjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1352/0047-6765{\%}281997{\%}29035{\%}3C0075{\%}3AAIQIWA{\%}3E2.0.CO{\%}3B2},
volume = {35},
year = {1997}
}
@article{Mason2014,
author = {Mason, Lilliana},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12089},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {1--274},
title = {{“I Disrespectfully Agree”: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Behavioral and Issue Polarization}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ajps.12089},
volume = {59},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Eneix2018,
author = {Eneix, Curtis Green},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/AA2.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {0012163260},
pages = {2--5},
title = {{Your trip confirmation and receipt American Airlines 2242 Your trip receipt}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Stock1951,
author = {Stock, J S and Hochstim, J R},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {322},
title = {{A method of measuring interviewer variability}},
volume = {15},
year = {1951}
}
@article{Miller,
author = {Miller, D T and Monin, B and Deborah, A},
journal = {Attitudes, Behaviors, and Social Context},
pages = {95--113},
title = {{Prentice. 2000.“Pluralistic Ignorance and Inconsistency between Private Attitudes and Public Behaviors.”}}
}
@article{Reid1988,
author = {Reid, E},
isbn = {0143-4632},
journal = {Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development},
number = {1},
pages = {181--191},
title = {{Linguistic minorities and language education—The English experience}},
volume = {9},
year = {1988}
}
@article{Isbell2002,
author = {Isbell, L M and Ottati, V C},
journal = {The Social Psychology of Politics},
pages = {55--74},
title = {{The emotional voter}},
year = {2002}
}
@inproceedings{Lenz2007,
author = {Lenz, G and Lawson, C},
title = {{Looking the part: Television leads less informed citizens to vote based on candidates' appearance}},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Cattell1954,
author = {Cattell, R B and Dubin, S S and Saunders, D R},
journal = {The British Journal of Psychiatry},
number = {418},
pages = {154--176},
publisher = {RCP},
title = {{Personality structure in psychotics by factorization of objective clinical tests}},
volume = {100},
year = {1954}
}
@article{Hogarth1981,
author = {Hogarth, R M},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
number = {2},
pages = {197--217},
title = {{Beyond discrete biases: Functional and dysfunctional aspects of judgmental heuristics}},
volume = {90},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Baayen2008,
author = {Baayen, R H and Davidson, D J and Bates, D M},
isbn = {0749-596X},
journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
number = {4},
pages = {390--412},
title = {{Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items}},
volume = {59},
year = {2008}
}
@article{Haynes2009,
abstract = {Just as radio and television revolutionized the presidential election process in earlier decades, today the "new media" are making a significant imprint on how campaigns are conducted by candidates, covered by journalists, and evaluated by the voters. While the same basic goals for campaigns apply, the tools to accomplish these goals have expanded.},
author = {Haynes, Audrey A and Pitts, Brian},
journal = {Political Science and Politics},
keywords = {internet},
mendeley-tags = {internet},
number = {1},
pages = {53--58},
title = {{Making in an Impression : New Media in the 2008 Presidential Nomination Campaigns}},
volume = {42},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Lewis-Beck2008a,
author = {Lewis-Beck, M S and Nadeau, R and Elias, A},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {84--95},
publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
title = {{Economics, party, and the vote: Causality issues and panel data}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00300.x/full},
volume = {52},
year = {2008}
}
@misc{Ansolabehere1995,
author = {Ansolabehere, Stephen and Iyengar, Shanto},
keywords = {partisandiscrimination,xnat},
mendeley-tags = {partisandiscrimination,xnat},
publisher = {New York: Free Press},
title = {{Going negative: How political advertising shrinks and polarizes the electorate}},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Lang1979,
author = {Lang, K},
isbn = {0163-4437},
journal = {Media, Culture {\&} Society},
number = {1},
pages = {83--96},
title = {{The critical functions of empirical communication research: observations on German-American influences}},
url = {http://gas-dd.sagepub.com/lp/sage/the-critical-functions-of-empirical-communication-research-ySrEaAOj01},
volume = {1},
year = {1979}
}
@article{Reeves1982,
author = {Reeves, B and Chaffee, S H and Tims, A},
journal = {Social cognition and communication},
pages = {287--326},
title = {{Social cognition and mass communication research}},
year = {1982}
}
@article{Levendusky2009,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (The Microfoundations of Mass Polarization - Levendusky, M. MS)

From Duplicate 2 ( 


The Microfoundations of Mass Polarization


- Levendusky, M. )

},
author = {Levendusky, Matthew},
journal = {Political Analysis},
title = {{The Microfoundations of Mass Polarization}},
url = {http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/162.short},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hare2015,
author = {Hare, Christopher and Armstrong, David A. and Bakker, Ryan and Carroll, Royce and Poole, Keith T.},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12151},
issn = {00925853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
month = {jul},
number = {3},
pages = {759--774},
title = {{Using Bayesian Aldrich-McKelvey Scaling to Study Citizens' Ideological Preferences and Perceptions}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/ajps.12151 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12151},
volume = {59},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Blom2010,
author = {Blom, A G and de Leeuw, E D and Hox, J J},
journal = {MEA discussion paper series},
title = {{Interviewer Effects on Nonresponse}},
year = {2010}
}
@book{stimson_tides_2004,
abstract = {Politics is a trial in which those in government - and those who aspire to be - make proposals, debate alternatives, and pass laws. Then the jury of public opinion decides. It likes the proposals or actions or it does not. It trusts the actors or it doesn't. It moves, always at the margin, and then those who benefit from the movement are declared winners. This book is about that public opinion response. Its most basic premise is that although pubic opinion rarely matters in a democracy, public opinion change is the exception. Public opinion rarely matters, because the public rarely cares enough to act on its concerns or preferences. Change happens only when the threshold of normal public inattention is crossed. When public opinion changes, governments rise or fall, elections are won or lost, old realities give way to new demands.},
author = {Stimson, James A.},
isbn = {0521601177},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
pages = {181},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Pr},
shorttitle = {Tides of consent},
title = {{Tides of consent: How public opinion shapes American politics}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=gPkrGEw37tgC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2004}
}
@article{Malhotra2009,
author = {Malhotra, Neil and {Jon A. Krosnick} and Thomas, Randall K},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {2},
pages = {304--324},
title = {{Optimal Design of Branching Questions to Measure Bipolar Constructs}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/73/2/304.short http://comm.stanford.edu/faculty/krosnick/docs/2009/2009 Branching Research Note.pdf},
volume = {73},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Hastie1989,
abstract = {selected the label "on-line" to indicate that many inferences are made during the processes of perception, when the other person is still present to the senses / there is a contrasting case that occurs when we think about a person in their absence and, at this later time, when we are not engaged "on-line" in perceiving them, make inferenecs about them / labeled this type of inference "memory-based" to distinguish it from active, on-line processing and to emphasize that it depends on retrieval from memory for "premises" from which to derive inferences about the other person  basic experimental paradigms  theoretical concepts and confusions / three types of judgments / judgment task versus judgment strategy  what inferences are made when  a speculation about task-strategy relationships },
author = {Hastie, Reid and Pennington, Nancy},
title = {{Notes on the distinction between memory-based versus on-line judgments.}},
year = {1989}
}
@article{Latane1979,
author = {Latan{\'{e}}, B and Williams, K and Harkins, S},
journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {822--832},
title = {{Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing}},
volume = {37},
year = {1979}
}
@article{conover_origins_1981,
author = {Conover, P J and Feldman, S},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
keywords = {Asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
number = {4},
pages = {617--645},
title = {{The origins and meaning of liberal/conservative self-identifications}},
volume = {25},
year = {1981}
}
@article{Perkins1986,
author = {Perkins, H W and Berkowitz, A D},
journal = {Substance Use {\&} Misuse},
number = {9},
pages = {961--976},
title = {{Perceiving the Community Norms of Alcohol Use among Students: Some Research Implications for Campus Alcohol Education Programming*}},
volume = {21},
year = {1986}
}
@article{Crewe1992,
author = {Crewe, I},
isbn = {0031-2290},
journal = {Parliamentary Affairs},
number = {4},
pages = {475},
title = {{A nation of liars? Opinion polls and the 1992 election}},
volume = {45},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Chambers2013,
abstract = {In three studies, we tested whether prejudice derives from perceived similarities and dissimilarities in political ideologies (the value-conflict hypothesis). Across three diverse samples in study 1, conservatives had less favorable impressions than liberals of groups that were identified as liberal (e.g., African Americans, homosexuals), but more favorable impressions than liberals of groups identified as conservative (e.g., Christian fundamentalists, businesspeople). In studies 2 and 3, we independently manipulated a target's race (European American or African American) and political attitudes (liberal or conservative). Both studies found symmetrical preferences, with liberals and conservatives each liking attitudinally similar targets more than dissimilar targets. The amount of prejudice was comparable for liberals and conservatives, and the race of the target had no effect. In all three studies, the same patterns were obtained even after controlling for individual differences on prejudice-related dimensions (e.g., system justification, social-dominance orientation, modern racism). The patterns strongly support the value-conflict hypothesis and indicate that prejudice exists on both sides of the political spectrum.},
author = {Chambers, John R and Schlenker, Barry R and Collisson, Brian},
doi = {10.1177/0956797612447820},
issn = {1467-9280},
journal = {Psychological science},
keywords = {African Americans,Attitude,Dissent and Disputes,European Continental Ancestry Group,Humans,Individuality,Morals,Politics,Prejudice,Prejudice: psychology,Racism,Racism: psychology,Social Values,Stereotyping,broadbandpolarization},
mendeley-tags = {broadbandpolarization},
month = {feb},
number = {2},
pages = {140--9},
pmid = {23287021},
title = {{Ideology and prejudice: the role of value conflicts.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287021},
volume = {24},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Steinkamp1966,
author = {Steinkamp, S W},
journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
number = {6},
pages = {487--492},
title = {{Some Characteristics of Effective Interviewers}},
volume = {50},
year = {1966}
}
@article{Fakeye2010,
author = {Fakeye, David O},
journal = {English},
number = {4},
pages = {270--276},
title = {{Assessment of English Language Teachers ' Knowledge and Use of Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) in Ibadan Southwest Local Government of Oyo State}},
volume = {5},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Hainmueller2007,
abstract = {Recent studies of individual attitudes toward immigration emphasize concerns about labor market$\backslash$ncompetition as a potent source of anti-immigrant sentiment, in particular among less-educated or lessskilled citizens who fear being forced to compete for jobs with low-skilled immigrants willing to work for much lower wages. We examine new data on attitudes toward immigration available from the 2003 European Social Survey. In contrast to predictions based upon conventional arguments about labor market competition, which anticipate that individuals will oppose immigration of workers with similar skills to their own, but support immigration of workers with different skill levels, we find that people with higher$\backslash$nlevels of education and occupational skills are more likely to favor immigration regardless of the skill$\backslash$nattributes of the immigrants in question. Across Europe, higher education and higher skills mean more support for all types of immigrants. These relationships are almost identical among individuals in the labor force (i.e., those competing for jobs) and those not in the labor force. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, then, the connection between the education or skill levels of individuals and views about immigration appears to have very little, if anything, to do with fears about labor market competition. This finding is consistent with extensive economic research showing that the income and employment effects$\backslash$nof immigration in European economies are actually very small. We find that a large component of the effect of education on attitudes toward immigrants can be accounted for by differences among individuals in cultural values and beliefs. More educated respondents are significantly less racist and place greater value on cultural diversity; they are also more likely to believe that immigration generates benefits for the host economy as a whole. Together, these factors account for around 65{\%} of the estimated effect of$\backslash$neducation on support for immigration.},
author = {Hainmueller, Jens and Hiscox, Michael J},
doi = {10.1017/S0020818307070142},
isbn = {0020-8183},
issn = {0020-8183},
journal = {International Organization},
keywords = {imm{\_}nl},
mendeley-tags = {imm{\_}nl},
number = {2},
pages = {399--442},
title = {{Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe}},
volume = {61},
year = {2007}
}
@misc{Theil2011,
author = {Theil, Stefan},
booktitle = {Newsweek},
title = {{Far-Right Politicians Find Common Cause in Israel}},
url = {http://www.newsweek.com/far-right-politicians-find-common-cause-israel-68583},
year = {2011}
}
@article{JaneCharnock2009,
abstract = {Emily Jane Charnock, James A. McCann, and Kathryn Dunn Tenpas examine patterns of presidential travel since the Eisenhower years, focusing on the factors that prompt visits to particular states during the first term. The authors argue that electoral considerations are becoming increasingly relevant as presidents decide where and when to travel.},
author = {{Jane Charnock}, Emily and McCann, James A and Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn},
journal = {Political Science Quarterly},
pages = {323--339},
title = {{Presidential Travel from Eisenhower to George W. Bush: An Electoral College Strategy}},
url = {http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/taps/psq/2009/00000124/00000002/art00005},
volume = {124},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Herrero2017,
author = {Herrero, Laia Castro and Nir, Lilach and Skovsgaard, Morten},
journal = {Ica 2017},
keywords = {cross-national and comparative,news media,public broadcasting,selective exposure,survey research},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Bridging gaps in cross-cutting media exposure: The role of public service broadcasting}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Miron2006,
abstract = {In this paper we review the basic assumptions formulated by Jack Brehm in 1966 in his theory of psychological reactance and we sample some interesting directions of research on reactance that have been carried out by social psychologists during the last 40 years. We conclude that although there has been impressive development in the reactance research, more exciting avenues of investigation lie ahead. Throughout the paper we outline some of these future directions.},
author = {Miron, Anca M. and Brehm, Jack W.},
doi = {10.1024/0044-3514.37.1.3},
isbn = {0044-3514},
issn = {0044-3514},
journal = {Zeitschrift f{\"{u}}r Sozialpsychologie},
keywords = {difficulty of restoring freedom,motivation,psychological reactance},
number = {1},
pages = {3--12},
title = {{Reactance theory-40 years later}},
url = {http://www.psycontent.com/index/76545m3km1007818.pdf},
volume = {37},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Yates1939,
author = {Yates, F},
journal = {Biometrika},
keywords = {experimental design,statistics},
number = {3-4},
pages = {440},
title = {{The comparative advantages of systematic and randomized arrangements in the design of agricultural and biological experiments}},
volume = {30},
year = {1939}
}
@article{Dilliplane2011,
abstract = {In a news media environment characterized by abundant choice, it is becoming increasingly easy for Americans to choose news sources slanted toward their own political views rather than sources providing more diverse perspectives. This development poses a challenge to ideals of deliberative democracy if people who consume politically likeminded news disproportionately populate the electoral process, while those presumably reaping the benefits of exposure to more diverse views in the news (e.g., more informed, tolerant attitudes) withdraw from politics. Using panel data collected during the 2008 presidential campaign, this study investigates the proposition that exposure to news slanted toward one's own partisan views increases political participation, while exposure to news with the opposite partisan slant depresses participation. The results suggest that, while exposure to partisan news does not alter the strongly habitual decision to turn out, the hypothesized energizing and enervating effects of exposure do appear for other behavior during the campaign; the partisan hue of the news sources citizens choose to consume affects both when voters decide and their levels of participation over time.},
author = {Dilliplane, S.},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfr006},
issn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
month = {jun},
number = {2},
pages = {287--316},
title = {{All the News You Want to Hear: The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Political Participation}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/75/2/287.short},
volume = {75},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Singer1995,
author = {Singer, E and {Von Thurn}, D R and Miller, E R},
isbn = {0033-362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {1},
pages = {66},
title = {{Confidentiality assurances and response: A quantitative review of the experimental literature}},
volume = {59},
year = {1995}
}
@article{Jacobson2012,
author = {Jacobson, Gary C},
journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
number = {12},
pages = {1612--1630},
title = {{The Electoral Origins of Polarized Politics: Evidence from the 2010 Cooperative Congressional Election Study}},
volume = {56},
year = {2012}
}
@article{Krosnick1990,
author = {Krosnick, J A},
journal = {Political Behavior},
number = {1},
pages = {59--92},
title = {{Government policy and citizen passion: A study of issue publics in contemporary America}},
volume = {12},
year = {1990}
}
@book{Arceneaux2013,
abstract = {We live in an age of media saturation, where with a few clicks of the remote—or mouse—we can tune in to programming where the facts fit our ideological predispositions. But what are the political consequences of this vast landscape of media choice? Partisan news has been roundly castigated for reinforcing prior beliefs and contributing to the highly polarized political environment we have today, but there is little evidence to support this claim, and much of what we know about the impact of news media come from studies that were conducted at a time when viewers chose from among six channels rather than scores. Through a series of innovative experiments, Kevin Arceneaux and Martin Johnson show that such criticism is unfounded. Americans who watch cable news are already polarized, and their exposure to partisan programming of their choice has little influence on their political positions. In fact, the opposite is true: viewers become more polarized when forced to watch programming that opposes their beliefs. A much more troubling consequence of the ever-expanding media environment, the authors show, is that it has allowed people to tune out the news: the four top-rated partisan news programs draw a mere three percent of the total number of people watching television.Overturning much of the conventional wisdom, Changing Minds or Changing Channels? demonstrate that the strong effects of media exposure found in past research are simply not applicable in today's more saturated media landscape.},
author = {Arceneaux, Kevin and Johnson, Martin},
isbn = {022604744X},
keywords = {polpar},
mendeley-tags = {polpar},
pages = {224},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{Changing Minds or Changing Channels?: Partisan News in an Age of Choice}},
volume = {9},
year = {2013}
}
@article{rogosa1980,
author = {Rogosa, David},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
number = {2},
pages = {245},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{A critique of cross-lagged correlation}},
url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/88/2/245/},
volume = {88},
year = {1980}
}
@article{Campus2010,
abstract = {In contemporary democracies, the construction of political leadership is driven by communication strategies with greater emphasis on image over substance and personality over ideology. This article analyzes two countries, Italy and France, that have been recently characterized by a remarkable increase in the personalization and mediatization of politics. First, the article intends to identify some key features of the leadership that emerge and prove to be successful in mediatized democracies. Second, the article makes a comparison of Italian and French electoral campaigns, paying special attention to the role of the media in the construction of leadership. Finally, the article examines the cases of two leaders who have left their mark on recent electoral campaigns and are credited with remarkable expertise in political marketing and news management: Silvio Berlusconi and Nicolas Sarkozy.},
author = {Campus, D.},
doi = {10.1177/1940161209358762},
issn = {1940-1612},
journal = {The International Journal of Press/Politics},
month = {jan},
number = {2},
pages = {219--235},
title = {{Mediatization and Personalization of Politics in Italy and France: The Cases of Berlusconi and Sarkozy}},
url = {http://hij.sagepub.com/content/15/2/219.short},
volume = {15},
year = {2010}
}
@book{kellstedt_mass_2003,
author = {Kellstedt, P M},
keywords = {asymmetry},
publisher = {Cambridge Univ Pr},
title = {{The mass media and the dynamics of American racial attitudes}},
year = {2003}
}
@unpublished{hill2015,
author = {Hill, Seth and Tausanovitch, Chris},
institution = {UCSD and UCLA},
title = {{Non-Polarization in the American Public.}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{erikson1971partisan,
author = {Erikson, Robert S},
journal = {Midwest Journal of Political Science},
pages = {57--71},
publisher = {JSTOR},
title = {{The partisan impact of state legislative reapportionment}},
year = {1971}
}
@incollection{Paulhus1991,
abstract = {Edwards Social Desirability Scale / Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale / MMPI [Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory] Lie Scale / MMPI K Scale / Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding / RD-16 [Responding Desirably on Attitudes and Opinions] / Children's Social Desirability Scale / extremity response bias},
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (Measurement and control of response bias - Paulhus, Delroy L)

Introduces the item-reversal technique},
author = {Paulhus, Delroy L},
booktitle = {Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes},
chapter = {2},
editor = {Robinson, J P and Shaver, P R and Wrightsman, L S},
pages = {17--59},
publisher = {San Diego: Academic Press},
title = {{Measurement and control of response bias}},
year = {1991}
}
@article{Pelz1959,
author = {Pelz, D C},
journal = {Human Organization},
number = {2},
pages = {88--91},
title = {{The influence of anonymity on expressed attitudes}},
volume = {18},
year = {1959}
}
@article{Thomee2007,
author = {Thom{\'{e}}e, S and Ekl$\backslash${\"{o}}f, M and Gustafsson, E and Nilsson, R and Hagberg, M and Ekl$\backslash$$\backslash$"of, M and Gustafsson, E and Nilsson, R and Hagberg, M},
journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
number = {3},
pages = {1300--1321},
title = {{Prevalence of perceived stress, symptoms of depression and sleep disturbances in relation to information and communication technology (ICT) use among young adults-an explorative prospective study}},
volume = {23},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Toplak2014,
abstract = {The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick, 2005) is designed to measure the tendency to override a prepotent response alternative that is incorrect and to engage in further reflection that leads to the correct response. It is a prime measure of the miserly information processing posited by most dual process theories. The original three-item test may be becoming known to potential participants, however. We examined a four-item version that could serve as a substitute for the original. Our data show that it displays a .58 correlation with the original version and that it has very similar relationships with cognitive ability, various thinking dispositions, and with several other rational thinking tasks. Combining the two versions into a seven-item test resulted in a measure of miserly processing with substantial reliability (.72). The seven-item version was a strong independent predictor of performance on rational thinking tasks after the variance accounted for by cognitive ability and thinking dispositions had been partialled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
author = {Toplak, Maggie E and West, Richard F and Stanovich, Keith E},
doi = {10.1080/13546783.2013.844729},
isbn = {1354-6783},
issn = {1354-6783},
journal = {Thinking {\&} Reasoning},
keywords = {Cognit,Cognitive Reflection Test,Rational thinking,cognitive ability,cognitive reflection test,dual process theory,in their thinking,is that people tend,most dual process theories,one background assumption of,rational thinking,the override function,thinking dispositions,this is what makes,to be cognitive misers},
number = {2},
pages = {147--168},
pmid = {22888795},
title = {{Assessing miserly information processing: An expansion of the Cognitive Reflection Test}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13546783.2013.844729},
volume = {20},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Bernhardt2008a,
abstract = {We develop a model in which profits of media firms depend on their audience ratings, and maximizing profits may involve catering to a partisan audience by suppressing information that the partisan audience does not like hearing. While voters are rational, understand the nature of the news suppression bias and update appropriately, important information is lost through bias and can lead to electoral mistakes. We characterize those conditions that give rise to electoral mistakes, showing that heightened political polarization and asymmetric distributions of voter ideologies make electoral mistakes more likely. Even if the median ideology is a centrist and centrist voters gain access to unbiased news, media bias can generate excessive “cross-over” voting, which, in turn, can lead to the election of the wrong candidate.},
author = {Bernhardt, Dan and Krasa, Stefan and Polborn, Mattias},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.006},
issn = {00472727},
journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
keywords = {D72,D80,Democracy,Information aggregation,Media bias,Polarization},
month = {jun},
number = {5-6},
pages = {1092--1104},
title = {{Political polarization and the electoral effects of media bias}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272708000236},
volume = {92},
year = {2008}
}
@techreport{Messing2017,
address = {Washington, D.C.},
author = {Messing, Solomon and van Kessel, Patrick and Adam, Hughes},
institution = {Pew Research Center},
title = {{Sharing the News in a Polarized Congress}},
year = {2017}
}
@book{arceneaux2017taming,
author = {Arceneaux, Kevin and {Vander Wielen}, Ryan J},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{Taming Intuition: How Reflection Minimizes Partisan Reasoning and Promotes Democratic Accountability}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Tourangeau1984,
author = {Tourangeau, R},
journal = {Cognitive aspects of survey methodology: Building a bridge between disciplines},
pages = {73--100},
title = {{Cognitive sciences and survey methods}},
year = {1984}
}
@article{Haugtvedt1992,
abstract = {Three studies were conducted to examine the role of need for cognition on attitudes formed as a result of exposure to advertisements. Prior research on need for cognition has used only long messages, counterattitudinal topics, or employed instructions that specifically told participants to evaluate products. Results of our studies reveal that need for cognition also affects the processes of attitude change when no explicit evaluation instructions are provided and when exposures are to relatively short, unfamiliar advertising messages presented in either self-paced or externally controlled formats. Consistent with prior research, attitudes of high need for cognition individuals were based more on an evaluation of product attributes than were the attitudes of low need for cognition persons (Studies 1 and 2). In addition, the attitudes of low need for cognition individuals were based more on simple peripheral cues inherent in the ads than were the attitudes of high need for cognition persons (Study 3). Implications for the study of personality variables in consumer behavior are discussed.},
author = {Haugtvedt, Curtis P. and Petty, Richard E. and Cacioppo, John T.},
doi = {10.1016/S1057-7408(08)80038-1},
isbn = {1057-7408},
issn = {10577408},
journal = {Journal of Consumer Psychology},
number = {3},
pages = {239--260},
title = {{Need for Cognition and Advertising: Understanding the Role of Personality Variables in Consumer Behavior}},
volume = {1},
year = {1992}
}
@article{Rosenthal1986,
author = {Rosenthal, R and Rubin, D B},
journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
number = {3},
pages = {400--406},
title = {{Meta-analytic procedures for combining studies with multiple effect sizes}},
volume = {99},
year = {1986}
}
@article{QJPS-14074,
author = {Bullock, John G and Gerber, Alan S and Hill, Seth J and Huber, Gregory A},
doi = {10.1561/100.00014074},
issn = {1554-0626},
journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
number = {4},
pages = {519--578},
title = {{Partisan Bias in Factual Beliefs about Politics}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00014074},
volume = {10},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Bakker2011,
abstract = {The role of traditional media and the Internet in relation to young people's political participation has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. Starting from a notion of differential media use and an encompassing notion of political participation, this article tests the relationships between media use (newspaper, television, and Internet) and offline and online forms of political participation. Findings from a national survey (n = 2,409, age 16 to 24) reveal that a variety of Internet uses are positively related with different forms of political participation, whereas the relationship between most uses of traditional media and participation are weak, albeit positive. The study rejects the predictive power of duration of media use but finds support for the type of media use. Positive relationships between online communication and noninformational uses of the Internet vis-{\`{a}}-vis participation are found. The research demonstrates how a wider and more contemporary conception of political participation, together with more detailed measures of media use, can help to gain better insight in the roles media can play in affecting participatory behavior among the Internet generation.},
author = {Bakker, T P and de Vreese, C H},
doi = {10.1177/0093650210381738},
issn = {0093-6502},
journal = {Communication Research},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {jan},
number = {4},
pages = {451--470},
title = {{Good News for the Future? Young People, Internet Use, and Political Participation}},
url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0093650210381738},
volume = {38},
year = {2011}
}
@article{van2005left,
author = {der Eijk, Cees and Schmitt, Hermann and Binder, Tanja},
journal = {The European Voter: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies},
keywords = {xnat},
mendeley-tags = {xnat},
pages = {167--191},
publisher = {Oxford University Press/ECPR Oxford},
title = {{Left-right orientations and party choice}},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Mason2012,
abstract = {The debate over whether polarization is occurring in the mass public has been limited by a lack of definition and theory. This article contributes to both, arguing that polarization can be characterized as either behavioral polarization or issue position polarization, but that the two are not synonymous. One reason for the difference between the two types of polarization is that the partisan-ideological sorting that has occurred over the past few decades has contributed to behavioral polarization, but not as strongly to issue position polarization. The consequence of this is a new electorate that generally agrees on most issues but is nevertheless increasingly biased, active, and angry. An examination of American National Election Studies data from 1972 to 2004 finds strong support for these hypotheses.},
author = {Mason, L.},
doi = {10.1177/0002764212463363},
issn = {0002-7642},
journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
keywords = {lelkeswestwood,partisandiscrimination},
mendeley-tags = {lelkeswestwood,partisandiscrimination},
month = {nov},
number = {1},
pages = {140--159},
title = {{The Rise of Uncivil Agreement: Issue Versus Behavioral Polarization in the American Electorate}},
url = {http://abs.sagepub.com/content/57/1/140.short},
volume = {57},
year = {2012}
}
@book{achen2016democracy,
author = {Achen, Christopher H and Bartels, Larry M},
publisher = {Princeton University Press},
title = {{Democracy for realists: Why elections do not produce responsive government}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Johnson2014,
author = {Johnson, President Lyndon and States, United and War, The and Depression, Great and Bureau, Census and Bureau, Census},
journal = {. pewresearch. org/fact-tank/2014/01/13/whos- {\ldots}},
pages = {1--10},
title = {{Who ' s poor in America ? 50 years into the ‘ War on Poverty ,' a data portrait ... Who ' s poor in America ? 50 years into the ‘ War on Poverty ,' a data portrait ...}},
url = {http://fd.valenciacollege.edu/file/jcarpen1/Whos{\_}Poor{\_}in{\_}America.docx},
volume = {2012},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Weisberg2005,
abstract = {In 1939, George Gallup's American Institute of Public Opinion published a pamphlet optimistically titled The New Science of Public Opinion Measurement. At the time, though, survey research was in its infancy, and only now, six decades later, can public opinion measurement be appropriately called a science, based in part on the development of the total survey error approach. Herbert F. Weisberg's handbook presents a unified method for conducting good survey research centered on the various types of errors that can occur in surveys—from measurement and nonresponse error to coverage and sampling error. Each chapter is built on theoretical elements drawn from specific disciplines, such as social psychology and statistics, and follows through with detailed treatments of the specific types of error and their potential solutions. Throughout, Weisberg is attentive to survey constraints, including time and ethical considerations, as well as controversies within the field and the effects of new technology on the survey process—from Internet surveys to those completed by phone, by mail, and in person. Practitioners and students will find this comprehensive guide particularly useful now that survey research has assumed a primary place in both public and academic circles.},
author = {Weisberg, Herbert F.},
isbn = {0226891283},
pages = {389},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
title = {{The Total Survey Error Approach: A Guide To The New Science Of Survey Research (Google eBook)}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=wQuuUsRNGF0C{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2005}
}
@article{Otten1999,
author = {Otten, Sabine and Wentura, Dirk},
journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
number = {8},
pages = {1049--1071},
title = {{About the Impact of Automaticity in the Minimal Group Paradigm: Evidence from Affective Priming Tasks}},
volume = {29},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Ajzen2001,
author = {Ajzen, I},
journal = {Annual review of psychology},
title = {{Nature and operation of attitudes}},
url = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Gage1957,
author = {Gage, N L and Leavitt, George S and Stone, George C},
journal = {The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology},
number = {1},
pages = {98},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
title = {{The psychological meaning of acquiescence set for authoritarianism.}},
volume = {55},
year = {1957}
}
@article{Grossman2014,
author = {Grossman, Guy and Humphreys, Macartan and Sacramone-Lutz, Gabriella},
doi = {10.1017/S0003055414000331},
issn = {0003-0554},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
language = {English},
month = {aug},
number = {03},
pages = {688--705},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{“I wld like u WMP to extend electricity 2 our village”: On Information Technology and Interest Articulation}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0003055414000331},
volume = {108},
year = {2014}
}
@book{Jamieson2008,
abstract = {Rupert Murdoch's recent multibillion-dollar purchase of the Wall Street Journal made international news. Yet it is but one more chapter in an untold story: the rise of an integrated conservative media machine that all began with Rush Limbaugh in the 1980s. Now Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph Cappella--two of the nation's foremost experts on politics and communications--offer a searching analysis of the conservative media establishment, from talk radio to Fox News to the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal. Indeed, here is the first serious account of how the conservative media arose, what it consists of, and how it operates. To show how this influential segment of the media works, the authors examine the uproar that followed when Senator Trent Lott seemed to endorse Strom Thurmond's segregationist past. Limbaugh called the remarks "utterly indefensible," but added that a "double standard" was in play. That signaled a broad counterattack by the conservative media establishment, charging the mainstream media with hypocrisy (yet using its reports when convenient), creating a knowledge base (a set of facts or allegations for partisans to draw upon), and fostering an in-group identity. By analyzing such cases, together with survey data, Jamieson and Cappella find that Limbaugh, Fox News, and the Wall Street Journal opinion pages create a self-protective enclave for conservatives, shielding them from other information sources, and promoting strongly negative associations with political opponents. Limbaugh in particular, they write, fuses the roles of party leader and opinion leader in a fashion reminiscent of the nineteenth century's partisan newspaper editors. The rise of conservative media has fundamentally changed American politics. This thoughtful study offers the most authoritative and insightful account of this revolutionary phenomenon available today.},
author = {Jamieson, Kathleen Hall and Cappella, Joseph N.},
isbn = {0199740860},
pages = {320},
publisher = {Oxford University Press},
title = {{Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment}},
url = {http://books.google.com/books?hl=en{\&}lr={\&}id=139Oa4MOsAgC{\&}pgis=1},
year = {2008}
}
@article{McKenna2000,
author = {McKenna, K Y A and Bargh, J A},
isbn = {1088-8683},
journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
number = {1},
pages = {57},
title = {{Plan 9 from cyberspace: The implications of the Internet for personality and social psychology}},
volume = {4},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Igo2006,
author = {Igo, Sarah E},
isbn = {0022-5061},
journal = {Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences},
number = {2},
pages = {109--134},
title = {{“A gold mine and a tool for democracy”: George Gallup, Elmo Roper, and the business of scientific polling, 1935–1955}},
url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhbs.20165/abstract},
volume = {42},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Krosnicka,
author = {Krosnick, J A and Visser, P S and Harder, J},
title = {{The Psychological Underpinnings of Political Behavior}}
}
@article{Young2007,
author = {Young, S D and Nussbaum, A D and Monin, B},
journal = {Personality and social psychology bulletin},
number = {6},
pages = {789},
title = {{Potential moral stigma and reactions to sexually transmitted diseases: Evidence for a disjunction fallacy}},
volume = {33},
year = {2007}
}
@article{Galesic2008,
author = {Galesic, M and Tourangeau, R and Couper, M P and Conrad, F G},
journal = {Public opinion quarterly},
title = {{Eye-Tracking Data: New Insights on Response Order Effects and Other Cognitive Shortcuts in Survey Responding}},
year = {2008}
}
@book{Jacobson2007,
address = {New York},
author = {Jacobson, Gary C},
publisher = {Pearson Longman},
title = {{A Divider, Not a Uniter}},
year = {2007}
}
@book{Borre1997,
author = {Borre, O and Andersen, J G},
keywords = {muslim},
publisher = {Aarhus Universitetsforlag},
shorttitle = {Voting and political attitudes in Denmark},
title = {{Voting and political attitudes in Denmark: A study of the 1994 election}},
year = {1997}
}
@book{Layman2001,
address = {New York},
author = {Layman, Geoffrey},
publisher = {Columbia University Press},
title = {{{The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in A{\}}merican Party Politics}},
year = {2001}
}
@article{McConnell2018,
abstract = {With growing affective polarization in the United States, partisanship is increasingly an impediment to cooperation in political settings. But does partisanship also affect behavior in non-political settings? We show evidence that it does, demonstrating its effect on economic outcomes across a range of experiments in real-world environments. A field experiment in an online labor market indicates that workers request systematically lower reservation wages when the employer shares their political stance, reflecting a preference to work for co-partisans. We conduct two field experiments with consumers, and find a preference for dealing with co-partisans, especially among those with strong partisan attachments. Finally, via a population-based, incentivized survey experiment, we find that the influence of political considerations on economic choices extends also to weaker partisans. Whereas earlier studies show the political consequences of polarization in American politics, our findings suggest that partisanship spills over beyond the political, shaping cooperation in everyday economic behavior.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {McConnell, Christopher and Margalit, Yotam and Malhotra, Neil and Levendusky, Matthew},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12330},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {9788578110796},
issn = {15405907},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {5--18},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{The Economic Consequences of Partisanship in a Polarized Era}},
volume = {62},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Teigen1999,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (The directionality of verbal probability expressions: Effects on decisions, predictions, and probabilistic reasoning. - Teigen, K H; Brun, W)

From Duplicate 1 ( The directionality of verbal probability expressions: Effects on decisions, predictions, and probabilistic reasoning. - Teigen, K H; Brun, W )



From Duplicate 2 ( The Directionality of Verbal Probability Expressions: Effects on Decisions, Predictions, and Probabilistic Reasoning* 1,* 2,* 3,* 4,* 5 - )
},
author = {Teigen, K H and Brun, W},
journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision  {\ldots}},
number = {2},
pages = {155--190},
title = {{The Directionality of Verbal Probability Expressions: Effects on Decisions, Predictions, and Probabilistic Reasoning* 1,* 2,* 3,* 4,* 5}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749597899928571},
volume = {80},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Valentin2002,
author = {{Valentino N.A.} and {Valentino, N.A.}},
issn = {1537-5943},
journal = {American Political Science Review},
language = {English},
month = {mar},
number = {01},
pages = {75--90},
title = {{Cues that Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S0003055402004240},
volume = {96},
year = {2002}
}
@article{levendusky_partisan_2009,
annote = {From Duplicate 1 (The partisan sort: how liberals became Democrats and conservatives became Republicans - Levendusky, M)

From Duplicate 2 ( 

The partisan sort: how liberals became Democrats and conservatives became Republicans

- Levendusky, M )

},
author = {Levendusky, Matthew S.},
keywords = {Asymmetry,asymmetry},
mendeley-tags = {Asymmetry},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
shorttitle = {The partisan sort},
title = {{The partisan sort: how liberals became Democrats and conservatives became Republicans}},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Baughman2011,
author = {Baughman, James L},
journal = {Center for Journalism Ethics},
title = {{The Fall and Rise of Partisan Journalism}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{simon1972theories,
author = {Simon, Herbert A},
journal = {Decision and organization},
pages = {161--176},
publisher = {North-Holland, Amsterdam},
title = {{Theories of bounded rationality}},
volume = {1},
year = {1972}
}
@article{Mullinix2016,
abstract = {Survey experiments have become a central methodology across the social sciences. Researchers can combine experiments' causal power with the generalizability of population-based samples. Yet, due to the expense of population-based samples, much research relies on convenience samples (e.g. students, online opt-in samples). The emergence of affordable, but non-representative online samples has reinvigorated debates about the external validity of experiments. We conduct two studies of how experimental treatment effects obtained from convenience samples compare to effects produced by population samples. In Study 1, we compare effect estimates from four different types of convenience samples and a population-based sample. In Study 2, we analyze treatment effects obtained from 20 experiments implemented on a population-based sample and Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). The results reveal considerable similarity between many treatment effects obtained from convenience and nationally representative population-based samples. While the results thus bolster confidence in the utility of convenience samples, we conclude with guidance for the use of a multitude of samples for advancing scientific knowledge.},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
arxivId = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
author = {Mullinix, Kevin J and Leeper, Thomas J and Druckman, James N and Freese, Jeremy},
doi = {10.1017/XPS.2015.19},
eprint = {arXiv:1011.1669v3},
isbn = {8474919916},
issn = {2052-2630},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Political Science},
keywords = {Survey experiments,causal inference,sampling},
number = {2},
pages = {109--138},
pmid = {25246403},
title = {{The Generalizability of Survey Experiments}},
url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract{\_}S2052263015000196},
volume = {2},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Converse2006,
abstract = {Intro: Belief systems have never surrendered easily to empirical study or quantification. Indeed, they have often served as primary exhibits for the doctrine that what is important to study cannot be measured and that what can be measured is not important to study. In an earlier period, the behaviorist decree that subjective states lie beyond the realm of proper measurement gave Mannheim a justification for turning his back on measurement, for he had an unqualified interest in discussing belief systems.1 Even as Mannheim was writing, however, behaviorism was undergoing stiff challenges, and early studies of attitudes were attaining a degree of measurement reliability that had been deemed impossible. This fragment of history, along with many others, serves to remind us that no intellectual position is likely to become obsolete quite so rapidly as one that takes current empirical capability as the limit of the possible in a more absolute sense. Nevertheless, while rapid strides in the measurement of "subjective states" have been achieved in recent decades, few would claim that the millennium has arrived or that Mannheim could now find all of the tools that were lacking to him forty years ago.},
author = {Converse, Philip E.},
issn = {0891-3811},
journal = {Critical Review: A Journal of Politics and Society},
number = {1-3},
pages = {1--74},
title = {{The nature of belief systems in mass publics (1964)}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08913810608443650},
volume = {18},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Slothuus2015,
abstract = {Despite generations of research, political scientists have trouble pinpointing the influence of political parties on public opinion. Recently, scholars have made headway in exploring whether parties in fact shape policy preferences by relying on experimental designs. Yet, the evidence from this work is mixed. I argue that the typical experiment faces a design problem that likely minimizes the extent to which parties apparently matter. Because parties have policy reputations, experimental participants may already know from real-world exposure to political debate where the parties stand before they are told in the experiment—they are “pretreated.” This study investigates how real-world political context interferes with party cue stimulus in experiments. In two experiments I show that two types of “pretreatment” from outside the experiment—exposure-based and reputation-based—dramatically moderate the effects of party cues in experiments. Moreover, the politically aware participants—who are most likely to have been pretreated before entering the experiment—are the most sensitive to this interference from real-world context. Paradoxically, experimenters are most likely to find no effect of parties at the very time that their influence is strongest outside the experiment. These findings emphasize the importance of keeping real-world context in mind when designing and analyzing experiments on political communication effects and might help reconcile disparate results of previous party cue experiments.},
author = {Slothuus, Rune},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2015.1052892},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
number = {October},
pages = {1--26},
title = {{Assessing the Influence of Political Parties on Public Opinion: The Challenge from Pretreatment Effects}},
url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2015.1052892},
volume = {4609},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Haugtvedt1992a,
abstract = {Hypotheses about the persistence and resistance of attitudes and beliefs formed by individuals scoring high or low in Need for Cognition (NC; J. T. Cacioppo and R. E. Petty, 1982) were derived from the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986). In Study 1, both high-NC and low-NC individuals formed evaluatively similar attitudes toward an unfamiliar attitude object (a new product) after exposure to a persuasive message (an advertisement). The newly formed attitudes of high-NC individuals decayed less than the newly formed attitudes of low-NC individuals over a 2-day period. In Study 2, both high-NC and low-NC individuals were persuaded by an initial message that a food additive was unsafe. However, when immediately exposed to a 2nd countermessage arguing that the product was safe, the initial experimentally created beliefs of high-NC individuals were shown to be more resistant to change than the experimentally created beliefs of low-NC individuals.},
author = {Haugtvedt, Curtis P and Petty, Richard E},
doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.308},
isbn = {0022-3514 1939-1315},
issn = {0022-3514},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
number = {2},
pages = {308--319},
title = {{Personality and persuasion: Need for cognition moderates the persistence and resistance of attitude changes.}},
url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.308},
volume = {63},
year = {1992}
}
@book{Binet1896,
author = {Binet, A},
publisher = {D. Appleton},
title = {{Alterations of personality}},
year = {1896}
}
@article{Karlsen2010,
abstract = {This article addresses the Internet as a campaign communication channel,and the approach is to explore voters' use of the Internet for electoral information in the contemporary Norwegian campaign.Theoretically it is argued for a distinction between party-controlled and uncontrolled online communication channels, and this distinction proves important as patterns of use differ between these two types of the new media. Based on digital inequalities and assertions of web campaigning being ‘preaching to the converted', the article explores the factors that contribute to the use of the Internet for electoral information,and to what extent online voters are available on the electoral market.The article finds that the Internet was an important information source for a relatively small, but nonetheless substantial, part of the electorate. However, most other channels of communication were considered more important. Digital inequalities related to socioeconomic status and gender are mostly about following the campaign on online newspapers (uncontrolled),not acquiring information from party websites (controlled).Moreover,while the youngest, most inexperienced voters visited party websites to a greater extent than their older cohorts,they did not follow the campaign on online newspapers to a greater extent.Furthermore, online voters are not ‘converted' to a party, but are available on the electoral market.},
author = {Karlsen, Rune},
issn = {00806757},
journal = {Scandinavian Political Studies},
keywords = {individual level,internet},
mendeley-tags = {individual level,internet},
month = {mar},
number = {1},
pages = {28--50},
title = {{Online and Undecided: Voters and the Internet in the Contemporary Norwegian Election Campaign}},
url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2009.00238.x},
volume = {33},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Chalmers1999,
author = {Chalmers},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Desktop/What{\_}Is{\_}This{\_}Thing{\_}Called{\_}Science{\_}{\_}----{\_}(CHAPTER{\_}5{\_}Introducing{\_}falsificationism).pdf:pdf},
journal = {What is this thing called Science?},
pages = {59--73},
title = {{Introducing falsificationism}},
url = {https://eleum.maastrichtuniversity.nl/bbcswebdav/pid-880866-dt-content-rid-3936467{\_}1/courses/2017-200-INT1001/Chalmers{\_}Falsification.pdf},
year = {1999}
}
@article{Shah2001,
author = {Shah, Dhavan V and Kwak, Nojin and Holbert, R.Lance},
doi = {10.1080/105846001750322952},
isbn = {1058-4609},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = { Studies, internet, relationship, social capital, social impact, trust,POWER},
number = {2},
pages = {141--162},
title = {{"Connecting" and "Disconnecting" With Civic Life: Patterns of Internet Use and the Production of Social Capital}},
url = {http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/105846001750322952},
volume = {18},
year = {2001}
}
@article{Mason2015,
author = {Mason, Lilliana},
doi = {10.1111/ajps.12089},
isbn = {1540-5907},
issn = {15405907},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
number = {1},
pages = {128--145},
title = {{"I disrespectfully agree": The differential effects of partisan sorting on social and issue polarization}},
volume = {59},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Woodworth1993,
author = {Woodworth, S H and Sanfilippo, J S},
isbn = {0307453421},
issn = {0015-0282},
journal = {Fertility and sterility},
keywords = { Growth Hormone, Growth Hormone: therapeutic use, Ovulation Induction,Fertilization in Vitro},
number = {1},
pages = {195--197},
pmid = {8513950},
title = {{"Round up the usual suspects!".}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15462483},
volume = {60},
year = {1993}
}
@article{Alexander,
author = {Alexander, Frank and Farquharson, Keith and Sutcliffe, John Vernon and Attewill, Laurence},
pages = {10},
title = {1 , 2 {\&} 3 1}
}
@article{Volume2017,
author = {Volume, Planners},
keywords = { 5 th april 2017, date of acceptance, date received, housing affordability, housing bubbles, property cycle, ratio analysis,28 th september 2017},
number = {3},
pages = {27--38},
title = {1 , 2 , {\&} 3 1},
volume = {15},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Bekasi,
author = {Bekasi, C Colection},
keywords = { clothing sales, system,adobe dreamweaver cs5},
pages = {1--11},
title = {1 , 2 , 3 1}
}
@article{Randomize2015,
author = {Randomize, Q},
number = {February},
pages = {1--14},
title = {{1 Pew Research Center}},
year = {2015}
}
@article{Topline2014,
author = {Topline, Final},
pages = {1--10},
title = {{1 Pew Research Center}},
year = {2014}
}
@article{Chen2017,
author = {Chen, Yuyu and Yang, David Y},
keywords = { authoritarian regime, belief, censorship, chen, chenyuyu, cn, d80, d83, dyang1, edu, email, ford university, gsm, guanghua school of management, information, jel classification, l86, matthew gentzkow, media, p26, peking university, pku, ran abramitzky, stan-, stanford, yang, yang is grateful to,and muriel},
title = {{1984 or the Brave New World ? Evidence from a Field Experiment on Media Censorship in China}},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Hedberg2012,
author = {Hedberg, Per},
journal = {Political Science},
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issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = { and, cal knowledge, civic engagement, civic infrastructure, current disengagement of young, exploratory examination of the, internet, politi-, political efficacy, political participation, roots of this disengagement, some thoughts on the, volunteerism, what follows is an, young citizens,americans from public life},
number = {4},
pages = {341--349},
pmid = {3888183},
title = {{Youth, Civic Engagement, and the New Information Environment}},
volume = {17},
year = {2000}
}
@article{Jennings2005,
author = {Jennings, M Kent},
doi = {10.3886/ICPSR04037},
keywords = {ICPSR 4037},
pages = {1965--1997},
title = {{Youth-Parent Socialization Panel Study, 1965-1997 Codebook}},
year = {2005}
}
@incollection{Neuman2011,
author = {Neuman, W Russell and Bimber, Bruce and Hindman, Matthew},
booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media},
pages = {22--42},
title = {{\{}$\backslash$textbackslash{\}}citep{\{}lohr{\_}how{\_}2016{\}}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Mitchell2016,
author = {Mitchell, Amy and Gottfried, Jeffrey and Barthel, Michael and Shearer, Elisa},
title = {{Тhe Modern News Consumers}},
url = {www.pewresearch.org},
volume = {7},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Anzia2011,
author = {Anzia, Sarah F},
journal = {Political Science},
pages = {1--41},
title = {{“ What Election ?” Timing , Turnout , and Public Policy in California Cities}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Picture2011VisualizationModels,
author = {Picture, The Big},
journal = {Chart},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Visualization Re-Design Last Time : Data and Image Models}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Heer2011VisualizationTools,
author = {Heer, Jeffrey},
journal = {Processing},
pages = {1--24},
title = {{Visualization Tools}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Wagner1,
title = {{Wagner, Bunge, {\&} Badre 1}},
volume = {2492}
}
@article{Jacob2016WhatBeliefs,
author = {Jacob, K and Romero, Julian},
title = {{What makes voters turn out: The effects of polls and beliefs}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Dunaway2017What,
author = {Dunaway, Johanna and Lawrence, Regina G and Dunaway, Johanna and Lawrence, Regina G},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2014.880975},
issn = {1058-4609},
journal = {Political Communication},
number = {1},
pages = {43--60},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{What Predicts the Game Frame ? Media Ownership , Electoral Context , and Campaign News What Predicts the Game Frame ? Media Ownership , Electoral Context ,}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2014.880975},
volume = {32},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Althaus2011WhatPerformance,
author = {Althaus, Scott L},
journal = {Political Communication},
title = {{What ' s Good and Bad in Political Communication Research ? Normative Standards for Evaluating Media and Citizen Performance}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{Heer2011WhyMotion,
author = {Heer, Jeffrey},
pages = {1--27},
title = {{Why use motion?}},
year = {2011}
}
@article{WithPomelo,
title = {{with Parmesan and White Truffle Fondue with Pomelo}}
}
@misc{ZallerOpinion.pdf,
title = {{Zaller 1991 APSR Information Values Opinion.pdf}}
}
@article{Turk2012d,
author = {Turk, Mechanical},
doi = {10.1093/aje/kwn018},
pages = {98109},
title = {{Your purchase of Mechanical Turk Prepaid HITs succeeded}},
year = {2012}
}
@article{2019YphtachLelkes,
author = {Communication, Mass},
number = {2017},
pages = {21569789},
title = {{Yphtach Lelkes}},
volume = {11},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Menengah2013a,
author = {Menengah, Sekolah and Negeri, Atas and Magister, Prodi and Matematika, Pendidikan and Magister, Prodi and Matematika, Pendidikan},
pages = {411--421},
title = {1 , 2 , 3 1},
year = {2013}
}
@article{Figure,
author = {Figure, Supplementary},
doi = {10.15713/ins.mmj.3},
isbn = {9789004310087},
number = {c},
pages = {1--4},
pmid = {29982528},
title = {{No Title No Title{\_}2015}}
}
@article{Bowman2018,
author = {Bowman, Karlyn and Lindberg, Tod and Wong, Felicia},
number = {1},
pages = {1--197},
title = {{Guide to the July 2017 Views of the Electorate Research Survey}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Lelkes2016Policyb,
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach},
title = {{Policy over party: The relative effects of candidate ideology and party on affective polarization ∗}},
volume = {19104},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Democracy2018UniversityReportb,
author = {Democracy, Internet V S},
pages = {1--4},
title = {{University of Pennsylvania {\textperiodcentered}Instructor and Course Evaluation Report University of Pennsylvania {\textperiodcentered}Instructor and Course Evaluation Report}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Pre2016a,
author = {Pre, Purchase and Hits, Paid},
pages = {3--4},
title = {{Requester Home | Amazon Mechanical Turk}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{RunningBehavior,
title = {{Running head: HIGH SPEED INTERNET AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 1 A bigger pie: High-speed internet increases news consumption and political behavior}}
}
@article{Lelkes2018PoliticalPersuasionc,
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach and Weiss, Rebecca and Ardekani, Kamyar},
pages = {1--19},
title = {{Political Persuasion and Pop-ups : Using the Browser as a Tool for Political Persuasion}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Rural2006a,
author = {Rural, Economia},
pages = {1--50},
title = {1 2 3 1.},
year = {2006}
}
@article{Davies2018ScienceExperience,
author = {Davies, J J and Anthony, H D},
pages = {1--17},
title = {{Science as knowledge derived from the facts of experience}},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Schudson2001,
author = {Schudson, Michael},
doi = {10.1177/146488490100200201},
isbn = {1464-8849},
issn = {14648849},
journal = {Journalism},
keywords = {,Norm,Objectivity,Partisan press,Professionalism},
number = {2},
pages = {149--170},
pmid = {9778079},
title = {{The objectivity norm in American journalism}},
volume = {2},
year = {2001}
}
@article{RunningReview,
pages = {1--45},
title = {{Running head: AFFORDANCES {\&} POLITICAL DISCUSSIONS 1 Brevity is the soul of Twitter: The constraint affordance and political discussion Author Information Redacted for Peer Review}}
}
@article{Paid2018c,
author = {Paid, Amount and Paid, Date and Method, Payment},
pages = {8--9},
title = {{Receipt from TurkPrime ( Prime Research Solutions LLC )}},
volume = {16},
year = {2018}
}
@article{Pasek2009DeterminantsConsiderations,
author = {Pasek, J and Tahk, A and Lelkes, Yphtach and Krosnick, J A and Payne, B K and Akhtar, O and Tompson, T},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfp079},
issn = {0033362X},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {5},
pages = {943},
publisher = {AAPOR},
title = {{Determinants of Turnout and Candidate Choice in the 2008 US Presidential Election: Illuminating the Impact of Racial Prejudice and Other Considerations}},
volume = {73},
year = {2009}
}
@article{Dirac1942a,
author = {Dirac, P A M},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.1942.0023},
issn = {1364-5021},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
number = {980},
pages = {1--40},
title = {{Bakerian lecture. the physical interpretation of quantum mechanics}},
url = {http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/180/980/1.short http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/content/abstract/180/980/1},
volume = {180},
year = {1942}
}
@article{Lelkes2016d,
abstract = {{\textcopyright} 2016 The Author. The debate on mass polarization is itself polarized. Some argue that the United States is in the midst of a culture war; others argue that the claims are exaggerated. As polarization is a multifaceted concept, both sides can be correct. I review four distinct manifestations of polarization that have appeared in the public opinion literature-ideological consistency, ideological divergence, perceived polarization, and affective polarization-and discuss ways in which each has been measured. Then, using longitudinal data from the American National Election Studies (ANES), I update past analyses in order to more clearly show the ways in which Americans have or have not polarized: Americans at the mass level have not diverged, nor have they become more consistent ideologically, but partisans have; perceptions of polarization have increased, but this change is driven by partisans, who increasingly dislike one another.},
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach},
doi = {10.1093/poq/nfw005},
isbn = {1537-5331},
issn = {15375331},
journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
number = {Specialissue1},
pages = {392--410},
title = {{Mass polarization: Manifestations and measurements}},
url = {http://poq.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/03/15/poq.nfw005.abstract},
volume = {80},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Payne2010ImplicitElection,
author = {Payne, B Keith and Krosnick, Jon A and Pasek, Josh and Lelkes, Yphtach and Akhtar, Omair and Tompson, Trevor},
doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.001},
isbn = {00221031},
issn = {00221031},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
keywords = {,Attitudes,Implicit prejudice,Political psychology,Social cognition},
number = {2},
pages = {367--374},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
title = {{Implicit and explicit prejudice in the 2008 American presidential election}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002210310900273X},
volume = {46},
year = {2010}
}
@article{Lelkes2016e,
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach},
doi = {10.1080/10584609.2015.1117031},
issn = {10917675},
journal = {Political Communication},
keywords = {,legitimacy gap,media bias,partisan news,trust},
number = {4},
pages = {523--543},
publisher = {Taylor {\&} Francis},
title = {{Winners, Losers, and the Press: The Relationship Between Political Parallelism and the Legitimacy Gap}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1117031 https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1117031},
volume = {33},
year = {2016}
}
@article{DeVreese2017LinkingPitfalls,
author = {{De Vreese}, Claes H and Boukes, Mark and Schuck, Andreas and Vliegenthart, Rens and Bos, Linda and Lelkes, Yph},
doi = {10.1080/19312458.2017.1380175},
isbn = {1931-2458},
issn = {19312466},
journal = {Communication Methods and Measures},
number = {4},
pages = {221--244},
publisher = {Routledge},
title = {{Linking Survey and Media Content Data: Opportunities, Considerations, and Pitfalls}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2017.1380175},
volume = {11},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Lelkes2016f,
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach and Malka, Ariel and Sheets, Penelope},
doi = {10.1017/XPS.2015.13},
issn = {20522649},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Political Science},
keywords = {,Ideology,Israel,anti-Semitism,political attitudes,prejudice},
number = {1},
pages = {97--107},
title = {{Democratic Like Us? Political Orientation and the Effect of Making Democracy Salient on Anti-Israel Attitude}},
volume = {3},
year = {2016}
}
@article{Malka2014b,
author = {Malka, Ariel and Soto, Christopher J and Inzlicht, Michael and Lelkes, Yphtach},
doi = {10.1037/a0036170},
isbn = {1939-1315(Electronic);0022-3514(Print)},
issn = {1939-1315},
journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
keywords = {,10,1037,Cultural conservatism,Economic conservatism,Ideology,Political attitudes,a0036170,attitudes have traditionally,cultural conservatism,doi,dx,economic conservatism,emphasized the social and,http,ideology,institutional origins of political,org,political attitudes,prefer-,social scientists studying political,supp,supplemental materials},
number = {6},
pages = {1031--1051},
pmid = {24841103},
title = {{Do needs for security and certainty predict cultural and economic conservatism? A cross-national analysis.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24841103},
volume = {106},
year = {2014}
}
@article{BrenesPeralta2017SelectiveCare,
author = {{Brenes Peralta}, Carlos and Wojcieszak, Magdalena and Lelkes, Yphtach and {De Vreese}, Claes},
doi = {10.1177/1077699016654681},
isbn = {10776990},
issn = {2161430X},
journal = {Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly},
keywords = {,evidence type,issue publics,motivated reasoning,selective exposure},
number = {3},
pages = {833--861},
pmid = {124988202},
title = {{Selective Exposure to Balanced Content and Evidence Type: The Case of Issue and Non-Issue Publics about Climate Change and Health Care}},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com.proxy.uba.uva.nl:2048/doi/pdf/10.1177/1077699016654681},
volume = {94},
year = {2017}
}
@article{lelkes2017limits,
author = {Lelkes, Yphtach and Westwood, Sean J},
doi = {10.1086/688223},
issn = {14682508},
journal = {The Journal of Politics},
number = {2},
pages = {485--501},
publisher = {University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL},
title = {{The Limits of Partisan Prejudice}},
url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/688223},
volume = {79},
year = {2017}
}
@article{Palfrey1987a,
abstract = {The question of voter sophistication is important for understanding voter and candidate behavior in mass elections. We develop an index of voter information--based on perceptual data--and find that it is significantly related to ideological extremism and voting behavior. Individuals with a high level of information tend to be more extreme than those with low levels and are much more likely to vote.},
author = {Palfrey, Thomas R. and Poole, Keith T.},
doi = {10.2307/2111281},
isbn = {0092-5853},
issn = {0092-5853},
journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
pmid = {2111281},
title = {{The Relationship between Information, Ideology and Voting Behavior}},
year = {1987}
}
@incollection{Voltmer2011,
author = {Voltmer, K},
booktitle = {Comparing Media Systems beyond the Western World},
editor = {Hallin, Daniel and Mancini, Paolo},
file = {:Users/ylelkes/Dropbox/Mendeley{\_}Files/Voltmer - 2011 - How far can media systems travel Applying Hallin and Mancini's comparative framework outside the western world.pdf:pdf},
pages = {224--245},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
title = {{How far can media systems travel: Applying Hallin and Mancini's comparative framework outside the western world}},
year = {2011}
}
